雙語：NanjingMassacre南京大屠殺

雙語：NanjingMassacre南京大屠殺NanjingMassacre南京大屠殺Inlate1937,overaperiodofsixweeks,ImperialJapaneseArmyforcesbrutallymurderedhundredsofthousandsofpeople--includingbothsoldiersandcivilians--intheChinesecityofNanking(orNanjing).ThehorrificeventsareknownastheNankingMassacreortheRapeofNanking,asbetween20,000and80,000womenweresexuallyassaulted.Nanking,thenthecapitalofNationalistChina,wasleftinruins,anditwouldtakedecadesforthecityanditscitizenstorecoverfromthesavageattacks.

1937年底，日本帝國陸軍部隊對中國軍人和南京百姓進行長達(dá)6周的血腥大屠殺，史稱南京大屠殺。其中20,000至80,000婦女被強奸。南京，這座當(dāng)時中國國民黨統(tǒng)治下的首都，淪為了人間地獄，而后南京人民歷經(jīng)數(shù)十年從這場慘絕人寰的浩劫中恢復(fù)過來。PreparingforInvasionFollowingabloodyvictoryinShanghaiduringtheSino-JapaneseWar,theJapaneseturnedtheirattentiontowardsNanking.Fearfuloflosingtheminbattle,NationalistleaderChiangKai-ShekorderedtheremovalofnearlyallofficialChinesetroopsfromthecity,leavingitdefendedbyuntrainedauxiliarytroops.Chiangalsoorderedthecityheldatanycost,andforbadetheofficialevacuationofitscitizens.Manyignoredthisorderandfled,buttherestwerelefttothemercyoftheapproachingenemy.

預(yù)謀侵略抗日戰(zhàn)爭期間，繼淞滬會戰(zhàn)得利后，日本人開始對南京虎視眈眈。由于擔(dān)心南京失守，國民黨首腦蔣介石下令中國軍隊撤退，僅余未經(jīng)訓(xùn)練的輔助部隊留守。蔣介石還下令不惜一切代價守衛(wèi)南京，并禁止市民撤離。許多人不遵守命令，紛紛逃離，然而余人皆遭日軍鐵蹄蹂躪。AsmallgroupofWesternbusinessmenandmissionaries,theInternationalCommitteefortheNankingSafetyZone,attemptedtosetupaneutralareaofthecitythatwouldproviderefugeforNanking'scitizens.Thesafetyzone,openedinNovember1937,wasroughlythesizeof

NewYork'sCentralParkandconsistedofmorethanadozensmallrefugeecamps.OnDecember1,theChinesegovernmentabandonedNanking,leavingtheInternationalCommitteeincharge.Allremainingcitizenswereorderedintothesafetyzonefortheirprotection.一小群西方商人和傳教士成立了南京安全區(qū)國際委員會，試圖建立一個中立地區(qū)，給來不及撤退的南京平民提供避難所。南京安全區(qū)成立于1937年11月，面積（約3.86平方公里）相當(dāng)于美國的紐約中央公園，包括十幾難民營。12月1日，中國政府棄守南京，將爛攤子留給國際委員會。所有余留的平民被命令進入安全區(qū)避難。ArrivaloftheTroopsOnDecember13,thefirsttroopsofJapan'sCentralChinaFrontArmy,commandedbyGeneralMatsuiIwane,enteredthecity.Evenbeforetheirarrival,wordhadbegunspreadingofthenumerousatrocitiestheyhadcommittedontheirwaythroughChina,includingkillingcontestsandpillaging.Chinesesoldierswerehunteddownandkilledbythethousands,andleftinmassgraves.Entirefamiliesweremassacred,andeventheelderlyandinfantsweretargetedforexecution,whiletensofthousandsofwomenwereraped.Bodieslitteredthestreetsformonthsaftertheattack.Determinedtodestroythecity,theJapaneselootedandburnedatleastone-thirdofNanking'sbuildings.南京陷落12月13日，日軍進占南京城，日本華中方面軍在司令官松井石根的帶領(lǐng)下首先攻入了南京城。而在他們到來之前，已經(jīng)犯下了累累罪行，他們所過之處，無惡不作，包括殺人競賽和搶劫掠奪。被逮捕和殺害的中國士兵數(shù)以千計，然后埋在萬人坑里。挨家挨戶被屠殺，連老人和嬰兒也不放過，幾萬名婦女被強奸。南京被占后數(shù)個月，街頭隨處可見尸體。為了屠城滅證，日軍洗劫并燒毀至少三分之一的南京建筑物。ThoughtheJapaneseinitiallyagreedtorespecttheNankingSafetyZone,ultimatelynoteventheserefugeesweresafefromtheviciousattacks.InJanuary1938,theJapanesedeclaredthatorderhadbeenrestoredinthecity,anddismantledthesafetyzone;killingscontinueduntilthefirstweekofFebruary.Apuppetgovernmentwasinstalled,whichwouldruleNankinguntiltheendof

WorldWarII.

盡管日本最初承認(rèn)南京安全區(qū)，但他們?nèi)我怅J入安全區(qū)搶劫擄掠，自始至終，毫不收斂其暴行。1938年1月，日本聲稱已經(jīng)恢復(fù)了南京城的秩序，并撤銷了安全區(qū)。殺戮一直持續(xù)到二月的第一周。隨后，一個傀儡政府（“中華民國維新政府”）成立，統(tǒng)治南京直到二戰(zhàn)結(jié)束。AftermathoftheMassacreTherearenoofficialnumbersforthedeathtollintheNankingMassacre,thoughestimatesrangefrom200,000to300,000people.Soonaftertheendofthewar,MatsuiandhislieutenantTaniHisao,weretriedandconvictedforwarcrimesbytheInternationalMilitaryTribunalfortheFarEastandwereexecuted.AngerovertheeventsatNankingcontinuestocolorSino-Japaneserelationstothisday.Thetruenatureofthemassacrehasbeendisputedandexploitedforpropagandapurposesbyhistoricalrevisionists,apologistsandJapanesenationalists.Someclaimthenumbersofdeathshavebeeninflated,whileothershavedeniedthatanymassacreoccurred.大屠殺的后果雖然南京大屠殺的死亡人數(shù)沒有官方統(tǒng)計數(shù)字，但估計在20萬至30萬人之間。戰(zhàn)爭結(jié)束后不久，松井和他的副手谷久雄，受到遠(yuǎn)東國際軍事法庭的審判，被判為犯有戰(zhàn)爭罪，并被處決。對于南京大屠殺事件的憤怒，至今仍影響著中日關(guān)系。日本的歷史修正主義者、辯護士和民族主義者一直對大屠殺的真實性存有爭議，并加以利用，以達(dá)到其宣傳的目的。一些人聲稱死亡人數(shù)被夸大，而另一些人則否認(rèn)發(fā)生過任何大屠殺。OnceoneofChina'smostprosperouscitiesandindustrialcenters,Nankingtookdecadestorecoverfromthedevastationitexperienced.Abandonedasthenationalcapitalin1949for