語言學(xué)課件第十章語言習(xí)得

Chapter10LANGUAGEACQUISITIONdefinition

languageacquisition----referstothechild’sacquisitionofhismothertongue,i.e.howthechildcomestounderstandandspeakthelanguageofhiscommunity..differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearningThetermacquisition:thegradualdevelopmentofabilityinalanguagebyusingitnaturallyincommunicativesituations.Thetermlearning:appliestoaconsciousprocessofaccumulatingknowledgeofthevocabularyandgrammarofalanguage,particularlythroughformalinstruction.differencesbetweenthetermofacquisitionandlearninglearningacquisitionintentionalprocessUnconsciousprocess

Presupposesteaching

DoesnotpresupposeteachingTeachercontrolspaceChildcontrolspaceusesgrammaticalrulesusesgrammatical"feel"

語言習(xí)得：通常指在自然的語言環(huán)境中，通過旨在溝通意義的言語交際活動(dòng)，不自覺地，自然地掌握或獲得第一語言。典型的例子是兒童習(xí)得第一語言。

語言學(xué)習(xí)：通常指在學(xué)校環(huán)境下，有專門的教師指導(dǎo)，嚴(yán)格按照教學(xué)大綱和課本，通過講解，練習(xí)，記憶等活動(dòng)，有計(jì)劃，有系統(tǒng)，有意識地對語言規(guī)則的掌握。典型的例子是成人在學(xué)校學(xué)習(xí)第二語言。example:thesubject"Mathematics"islearned,notacquired.

wecannotseparatelanguagelearningfromacquisitioncompletely.Forthesecondlanguagelearners,learningplaysanimportantroleatthebeginning,thentheportionofacquisitionbeginstoincreasegradually

inthelearningprocess.3differenttheoriesconcerningchildlanguageacquisitionthebehavioristview行為主義理論theinnatistview語法積極天生主義理論theinteractionistview互動(dòng)主義理論

thefocusoftheirdebateiswhether

theinnateabilityorthelanguageenvironmentplaysacrucialroleintheprocessofachild'slanguageacquisition.ThreemaindifferenttheoriesconcerninghowlanguageislearnedBehavioristviewInnatistviewInteractionistviewthebehaviorist（行為主義論）proposedbyB.F.Skinners(斯金納)Traditionalbehavioristsviewlanguageasbehaviorandbelievethatlanguagelearningissimplyamatterofimitationandhabitformation.

Imitation

Recognition

Reinforcement

theoryofthebehaviorist

children'slanguageabilitycomesfromaseriesof

stimulation.theygiveanreactionthroughimmitation,ifthechildrepeatstherightsoundorpatterns,itwillbe

reinforced.thestimulationandcorrespondingreactionhasbeenrepeatedmanytimes,itwillbecomeahabitandlanguageislearnt.

examplesaboutimitationcase1:Supposeababyishungry,shebabbles.

Allthetimethebabyisobservingandimitatingthespeechsound[milk].ifshefailstoproducetherightsound[milk],shegetsrewarded(shedoesnotgetthemilkshewants);ifsheimitatesthecorrectsoundandgetsunderstood,shegetspunished(shedidn'tgetthemilkshewants).case2

mother:wouldyoulikesomebreadandbutter?

child:somebreadandbutter.

case3

Icanhandleit.Emmacanhandleit.Weallcanhandleit.

C:wantotheronespoon,Daddy.F:Youmean,youwanttheotherspoon.C:Yes,Iwantotheronespoon,pleaseDaddyF:Canyousay”theotherspoon”?C:Other…one…spoon.F:Say“other”C:Other.F:”Spoon”C:Spoon.F:“Otherspoon”.C:Other…spoon.Nowgivemetheother

spoon.advantages

althoughthebehavioristviewisunderchallengeandcriticismbecauseofitsinadequacy,butitseemstobereasonableinsomedegree.

forexample,children'slearningofalanguageneedsimmitationandreinforcememt;it'snecessarytoformcertainhabitinordertomasteralanguage.disadvantages

itfailstoexplainhowchildrenqcquiremorecomplexgrammaticalstructuresofthelanguage.Examples:a.Johni’smotherloveshimi,j.b.*HeilovesJohni’smother.c.Hisi,motherlovesJohni.

Theinadequacyofbehavioristviewliesinthefactthatchildrendonotimitateadults’languageinmuchthesamewayasparrotsdo.theinnatistview（語法天生主義論）proposedbyChomsky

Accordingtotheinnatistviewoflanguageacquisition,humanbeingsarebiologicallyprogrammedforlanguage.

theory

theinnatistviewbelievesthatlanguageisakindofcomplexsystembasedonrules,notthesumofhabits.

thereasonwhychildrencanmasteralanguageisthathumanhaveinnateabilityoflearningalanguage,andthisabilityisdeterminedbygeneticfactors.LAD-languageacquisition

device

LAD語言習(xí)得機(jī)制Chomskyreferredtotheinnatelanguageabilityaslanguageacquisitiondevice(LAD).TheLanguageAcquisitionDevice(LAD)isapostulated“organ”ofthebrainthatissupposedtofunctionasainborndeviceforlanguageacquisition.featuresofLADithastwofeatures:1.itisauniquehumanability.thelanguage

acquisitiondeviceplaysarolesincewearebornuntilabout12yearsold.2.LADcouldexistwithoutotherfunctionsofhuman,itevenhasnorelationwithintelligence.UG普遍語法LaterChomskyreferstothisinnateendowment天資

asUniversalGrammar.UniversalGrammarincludesasetofprincipleswhichcanbeusedtoexplainchildlanguageacquisition.UGisanendowmentthatallchildrenarebornwith.Ifchildrenarepre-equippedwithUG,thenwhattheyhavetolearnisthewayinwhichtheirownlanguagemakesuseoftheseprinciples.LogicalProblemofLanguageAcquisition邏輯問題Thelogicalproblemreferstothefactthatchildrencometoknowmoreabouttheirlanguagethanwhattheycouldreasonablybeexpectedtolearnfromtheirlivingenvironment.so,whenexposedtoconfsinginformationorwhenguidanceorcorrectionisnotavalable,childrencandiscoverforthemselvestheultimaterulesofthelanguagesystem.examples

Johnsawhimself.

HimselfsawJohn.

(thereflexivepronounmustfollowthenounitrefersto)

lookingathimselfboresJohn.

JohnsaidthatFredlikedhimself.

JohnsaidthatFredlkehimself.

(theclosestnounphraseuauallybetheantecedent)

JohnpromisedBilltowashhimself.

Merit&DeficiencyMerit:inawayservesasananswertothelogicalproblemoflanguageacquisitionthatthebehavioristviewfailstorecognize.Deficiency:noevidenceaboutwhattheUG(universalgrammar)isandhowdoesitwork.interactionistview互動(dòng)主義理論Theinteractionistviewholdsthatlanguagedevelopsasaresultofthecomplexinterplaybetweenthehumancharacteristicsofthechild（兒童身上的人類特點(diǎn)）andtheenvironmentinwhichthechilddevelops.Theinteractionisttheoryemphasizestheimportanceoftheinteractionbetweenbiologicalandsocial(natureandnurture)aspectsoflanguageacquisition.Case1:motherese保姆式語言“Motherese”Childdirectedspeech(CDS)

Caretakertalkcharacteristics:ShorterandsimplersentencestructuresFrequentrepetitionParaphrasingandlimitedvocabularyTopiccloselyrelatedtothe“hereandnow”environmentcase2Jim,ahearingboyborntodeafparents,hadlimitedcontactwithhearingadultsbeforehewas9yearsold.Whenheenteredhiskindergarten,hislanguageabilitywasfarworsethantheotherchildrenofthesameage.Hewasusingsomeungrammaticalsentencestoexpresshimself.However,afteraperiodofconversationsessions,Jim’slanguageabilityimproveddramatically.conclsionItisimportantforchildrentobeexposedtocomprehensiblelanguage.Theinteractionistviewcallsforthequalityofthelanguagesamplesavailableinthelinguisticenvironment,onlywhenthelanguageismodifiedandadjustedtothelevelofchildren’scomprehension,dotheyprocessandinternalizethelanguageitems.SummaryofthesethreetheoriesThebehavi