專題03-世界三分之二冰川將在2100年消失(學(xué)生版)

Two-thirdsoftheworld'sglaciersareontracktodisappearby2100世界2/3冰川將在2100年消失文章選自《洛杉磯時報》主題語境：人與自然子語境：環(huán)境保護(hù)原文出處：LosAngelesTimes語篇類型：說明文關(guān)鍵詞：glacier;climate;extinction;temperature;landscape篇章導(dǎo)讀：眾所周知，全球的氣候變暖會導(dǎo)致冰川融化，那你知道還有什么其他原因?qū)е逻@一變化嗎？冰川的消失對人類的生存環(huán)境又會產(chǎn)生怎樣的影響，我們該如何應(yīng)對？全球?qū)＜覀冋谘芯繉Σ摺锻饪喿x及模擬強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練Theworld'sglaciersareshrinkinganddisappearingfasterthanscientiststhought,withtwo-thirdsofthemprojectedtomeltoutofexistencebytheendofthecenturyatcurrentclimatechangerates,accordingtoanewstudy.Butiftheworldcanlimitfuturewarmingtojustafewadditionaltenthsofadegreeandfulfillinternationalgoals-technicallypossiblebutunlikely,accordingtomanyscientists-thenslightlylessthanhalftheglobe'sglacierswilldisappear,thestudysaid.Mostlysmallbutwell-knownglaciersaremarchingtoextinction.Inanalso-unlikelyworst-casescenarioofseveraldegreesofwarming,83%oftheworld'sglacierswouldlikelydisappearbytheyear2100,thestudysaid.ThestudyinThursday'seditionofthejournalScienceexaminedalloftheglobe's215,000land-basedglaciers-notcountingthoseonicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarctica-inamorecomprehensivewaythanpaststudies.Scientiststhenusedcomputersimulationstocalculate,usingdifferentlevelsofwarming,howmanyglacierswoulddisappear,howmanytrillionsoftonsoficewouldmeltandhowmuchitwouldcontributetosealevelrise.Theworldisnowontrackfora4.9-degreetemperaturerisesincepre-industrialtimes,whichbytheyear2100means68%ofglaciersdisappearing,amountingto32%oftheworld'sglaciermass,or53.5trilliontonsofice.Thatwouldincreasesea-levelriseby4?inchesinadditiontoseasalreadygrowinglargerfrommeltingicesheetsandwarmerwater,saidstudyleadauthorDavidRounce.“Nomatterwhat,we'regoingtolosealotoftheglaciers,”Rounce,aglaciologistandengineeringprofessoratCarnegieMellonUniversity,said.“Butwehavetheabilitytomakeadifferencebylimitinghowmanyglacierswelose.”“Formanysmallglaciersitistoolate,”saidstudyco-authorRegineHock,aglaciologistattheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanksandtheUniversityofOsloinNorway.“However,globallyourresultsclearlyshowthateverydegreeofglobaltemperaturematterstokeepasmuchiceaspossiblelockedupintheglaciers.”Projectedicelossby2100rangesfrom42.7trilliontonsto71trilliontons,dependingonhowmuchtheglobewarmsandhowmuchcoal,oilandgasisburned,accordingtothestudy.Thestudycalculatesthatallthatmeltingicewilladdanywherefrom3?inchestotheworld’ssealevelinthebest-casescenarioto6?intheworst-casescenario-4%to14%morethanpreviousprojections.That4?inchesofsea-levelrisefromglacierswouldmeanmorethan10millionpeoplearoundtheworld-andmorethan100,000peopleintheU.S.-wouldbelivingbelowthehigh-tideline,saidresearcherBenStrauss,CEOofClimateCentral.Sea-levelrisefromclimatechangeinthe20thcenturyaddedabout4inchestothesurgefrom2012SuperstormSandy,whichbyitselfcausedabout$8billionindamage,hesaid.Scientistssayfuturesea-levelrisewillbedrivenmorebymeltingicesheetsthanglaciers.Butthelossofglaciersisaboutmorethanrisingseas.Itmeansshrinkingwatersuppliesforabigchunkoftheworld'spopulation,moreriskfromfloodeventsfrommeltingglaciersandlosinghistoricice-coveredspotsfromAlaskatotheAlpstoevennearMountEverest'sbasecamp,severalscientiststoldtheAssociatedPress.“ForplacesliketheAlpsorIceland...glaciersarepartofwhatmakestheselandscapessospecial,”saidNationalSnowandIceDataCenterDirectorMarkSerreze,whowasn'tpartofthestudybutpraisedit.“Astheylosetheirice,inasensetheyalsolosetheirsoul.”HockpointedtotheVernagtfernerglacierintheAustrianAlps,whichisoneofthebest-studiedglaciersintheworld,butsaid“theglacierwillbegone.”TheColumbiaGlacierinAlaskahad216billiontonsoficein2015,butwithjustafewadditionaltenthsofadegreeofwarming,Rouncecalculatedthatitwouldshrinktohalfthatsize.Ifthere's7.2degreesFahrenheitofwarmingcomparedwithpre-industrialtimes,anunlikelyworst-casescenario,itwilllosetwo-thirdsofitsmass,hesaid.Glaciersarecrucialtopeople'slivesinmuchoftheworld,saidNationalSnowandIceCenterDeputyLeadScientistTwilaMoon,whowasn'tpartofthestudy.“Glaciersprovidedrinkingwater,agriculturalwater,hydropower,andotherservicesthatsupportbillions(yes,billions!)ofpeople,”Moonsaidinanemail.Inmostcases,theestimatedlossfiguresthatRounce'steamcameupwithareslightlymoredirethanearlierestimates.Iftheworldcansomehowlimitwarmingtotheglobalgoalof2.7degreesFahrenheitofwarmingsincepre-industrialtimes-theworldisalreadyat2degreesFahrenheit-theEarthwilllikelylose26%oftotalglacialmassbytheendofthecentury,whichis42.7trilliontonsoficemelting.Previousbestestimateshadthatlevelofwarmingresultingin18%oftotalmassloss.“IhaveworkedonglaciersintheAlpsandNorwaywhicharereallyrapidlydisappearing,”Mottramsaidinanemail.“It'skindofdevastatingtosee.”讀后強(qiáng)化訓(xùn)練I.單句語法填空1.Thesalarywillbefixedaccordingqualificationsandexperience.2.WhenIwatchedtheworkmen,Icameupanidea-Iwouldbuildacartodriveintothegarageincelebrationofit.3.Thesocietywassetuptopreserveendangeredspeciesfrom(extinct).4.Alanguageisafinelytunedinstrumentwhichitisacrime(damage).5.Ibelievethateachofuscancontributethefutureoftheworld.6.Myownproblemsseeminsignificant(compare)withotherpeople's.II.閱讀理解1.Inwhatwaydoestheauthordevelopparagraphthree?A.Makecomparisons.B.Presentarguments.C.Displaydata.D.Setexamples.2.Accordingtotheprediction,whenwillmostoftheglaciersontheearthdisappearfnomeasuresaretaken?A.Themiddleofthe21stcentury.B.Attheendofthe21stcentury.C.Atthebeginningofthe22ndcentury.D.Attheendofthe22ndcentury.3.Accordingtothearticle,whatisthemainreasonforthesealeveltoincrease?A.Thenumberofsmallglaciershasincreased.B.Theicesheethasthickened.C.Theglobaltemperaturehasdropped.D.Seawatergetswarmer.4.Whichsectionofthewebsiteisthearticlelikelytobeextractedfrom?A.Education.B.Science.C.Technology.D.Environment.詞匯積累Ⅰ.核心詞匯1.meltv.2.existencen.3.extinctionn.4.comprehensiveadj.5.rangen.v.6.damagen.v.7.landscapen.Ⅱ.核心短語1.accordingto2.lessthan3.trillionsof4.contributeto5.inadditionto6.makeadifference7.dependon8.comparedwith9.comeupwithШ.拓展詞匯1.shrinkv.收縮；縮小2.scenarion.設(shè)想；預(yù)測3.glaciologistn.冰川學(xué)家，冰河學(xué)家4.surgen.突發(fā)；(數(shù)量的)急劇上升，激增5.chunkn.厚塊；厚片6.crucialadj.關(guān)鍵的；至關(guān)重要的7.devastatev.毀滅；摧毀金句賞析1.Scientiststhenusedcomputersimulationstocalculate,usingdifferentlevelsofwarming,howmanyglacierswoulddisappear,howmanytrillionsoftonsoficewouldmeltandhowmuchitwouldcontributetosealevelrise.【句意】然后，科學(xué)家們使用計算機(jī)模擬，使用不同程度的變暖來計算有多少冰川會消失，有多少萬億噸的冰會融化，以及它對海平面上升的貢獻(xiàn)?！揪涫狡饰觥烤渥又鞲桑嘿p析：①usingdifferentlevelsofwarming是現(xiàn)在分詞短語作；②howmanyglacierswoulddisappear，howmanytrillionsoftonsoficewouldmelt以及howmuchitwouldcontributetosealevelrise是由and連接的并列。2.Itmeansshrinkingwatersuppliesforabigchunkoftheworld'spopulation,moreriskfromfloodeventsfrommeltingglaciersandlosinghistoricice-coveredspotsfromAlaskatotheAlpstoevennearMountEverest'sbasecamp,severalscientiststoldtheAssociatedPress.【句意】幾位科學(xué)家告訴美聯(lián)社，這意味著世界上大部分人口的水供應(yīng)減少，冰川融化導(dǎo)致洪水事件的風(fēng)險增加，從阿拉斯加到阿爾卑斯山，甚至珠穆朗瑪峰大本營附近的歷史性冰蓋消失?！揪涫狡饰觥烤渥又鞲桑嘿p析：①severalscientiststoldtheAssociatedPress是主謂的結(jié)構(gòu)，從結(jié)構(gòu)上被后置了；②Itmeans...MountEverest'sbasecamp是省略了that的，充當(dāng)主句severalscientiststoldtheAssociatedPress中tellsb.sth.中的；③shrinkingwatersuppliesforabigchunkoftheworld'spopulation，moreriskfromfloodeventsfrommeltingglaciers以及l(fā)osinghistoricice-coveredspotsfromAlaskatotheAlpstoevennearMountEverest'sbasecamp是由并列連詞and連接的結(jié)構(gòu)，充當(dāng)mean的。參考譯文Theworld'sglaciersareshrinkinganddisappearingfasterthanscientiststhought,withtwo-thirdsofthemprojectedtomeltoutofexistencebytheendofthecenturyatcurrentclimatechangerates,accordingtoanewstudy.Butiftheworldcanlimitfuturewarmingtojustafewadditionaltenthsofadegreeandfulfillinternationalgoals-technicallypossiblebutunlikely,accordingtomanyscientists-thenslightlylessthanhalftheglobe'sglacierswilldisappear,thestudysaid.Mostlysmallbutwell-knownglaciersaremarchingtoextinction.根據(jù)一項新的研究，世界上的冰川萎縮和消失的速度比科學(xué)家們想象的要快，按照目前的氣候變化速度，預(yù)計到本世紀(jì)末，三分之二的冰川將消失。但是，根據(jù)許多科學(xué)家的說法，如果世界能夠?qū)⑽磥淼淖兣拗圃趦H僅額外的十分之幾度，并實現(xiàn)技術(shù)上可能但不太可能實現(xiàn)的國際目標(biāo)，那么全球冰川的消失將略少于一半。大部分小但眾所周知的冰川正在走向滅絕。Inanalso-unlikelyworst-casescenarioofseveraldegreesofwarming,83%oftheworld'sglacierswouldlikelydisappearbytheyear2100,thestudysaid.ThestudyinThursday'seditionofthejournalScienceexaminedalloftheglobe's215,000land-basedglaciers-notcountingthoseonicesheetsinGreenlandandAntarctica-inamorecomprehensivewaythanpaststudies.Scientiststhenusedcomputersimulationstocalculate,usingdifferentlevelsofwarming,howmanyglacierswoulddisappear,howmanytrillionsoftonsoficewouldmeltandhowmuchitwouldcontributetosealevelrise.研究表明，在幾度變暖的最壞情況下，到2100年，全球83%的冰川可能會消失。周四出版的《科學(xué)》雜志上的這項研究以比以往研究更全面的方式研究了全球21.5萬條陸地冰川，不包括格陵蘭島和南極洲冰蓋上的冰川。然后，科學(xué)家們使用計算機(jī)模擬，使用不同程度的變暖來計算有多少冰川會消失，有多少萬億噸的冰會融化，以及它對海平面上升的貢獻(xiàn)。Theworldisnowontrackfora4.9-degreetemperaturerisesincepre-industrialtimes,whichbytheyear2100means68%ofglaciersdisappearing,amountingto32%oftheworld'sglaciermass,or53.5trilliontonsofice.Thatwouldincreasesea-levelriseby4?inchesinadditiontoseasalreadygrowinglargerfrommeltingicesheetsandwarmerwater,saidstudyleadauthorDavidRounce.“Nomatterwhat,we'regoingtolosealotoftheglaciers,”Rounce,aglaciologistandengineeringprofessoratCarnegieMellonUniversity,said.“Butwehavetheabilitytomakeadifferencebylimitinghowmanyglacierswelose.”“Formanysmallglaciersitistoolate,”saidstudyco-authorRegineHock,aglaciologistattheUniversityofAlaskaFairbanksandtheUniversityofOsloinNorway.“However,globallyourresultsclearlyshowthateverydegreeofglobaltemperaturematterstokeepasmuchiceaspossiblelockedupintheglaciers.”自前工業(yè)化時代以來，全球氣溫正在上升4.9度，到2100年，這意味著68%的冰川消失，相當(dāng)于全球冰川質(zhì)量的32%，即53.5萬億噸冰。這項研究的主要作者大衛(wèi)·魯恩斯說，這將使海平面上升4?英寸，此外，由于冰蓋融化和海水變暖，海平面已經(jīng)變大?！安还茉鯓?，我們都會失去很多冰川，”卡耐基梅隆大學(xué)冰川學(xué)家和工程學(xué)教授魯恩斯說?！暗覀冇心芰νㄟ^限制冰川的流失量來有所作為?！毖芯亢现?、阿拉斯加費爾班克斯大學(xué)和挪威奧斯陸大學(xué)的冰川學(xué)家雷吉恩·霍克說：“對于許多小冰川來說，這太晚了?！??！叭欢?，在全球范圍內(nèi)，我們的研究結(jié)果清楚地表明，全球溫度的每一個程度都對盡可能多地將冰鎖在冰川中至關(guān)重要?！盤rojectedicelossby2100rangesfrom42.7trilliontonsto71trilliontons,dependingonhowmuchtheglobewarmsandhowmuchcoal,oilandgasisburned,accordingtothestudy.Thestudycalculatesthatallthatmeltingicewilladdanywherefrom3?inchestotheworld’ssealevelinthebest-casescenarioto6?intheworst-casescenario-4%to14%morethanpreviousprojections.That4?inchesofsea-levelrisefromglacierswouldmeanmorethan10millionpeoplearoundtheworld-andmorethan100,000peopleintheU.S.-wouldbelivingbelowthehigh-tideline,saidresearcherBenStrauss,CEOofClimateCentral.Sea-levelrisefromclimatechangeinthe20thcenturyaddedabout4inchestothesurgefrom2012SuperstormSandy,whichbyitselfcausedabout$8billionindamage,hesaid.根據(jù)這項研究，預(yù)計到2100年，冰的損失將從42.7萬億噸到71萬億噸不等，這取決于全球變暖的程度以及煤炭、石油和天然氣的燃燒量。這項研究計算出，所有融化的冰將使世界海平面上升3?英寸（最佳情況下）至6?英寸（最壞情況下），比之前的預(yù)測多4%至14%。氣候中心首席執(zhí)行官本·斯特勞斯（BenStrauss）研究員表示，冰川導(dǎo)致海平面上升4.5英寸，意味著全球?qū)⒂?000多萬人和美國將有10多萬人生活在高潮線以下。他說，20世紀(jì)氣候變化導(dǎo)致的海平面上升使2012年超級風(fēng)暴桑迪（Sandy）增加了約4英寸，該風(fēng)暴本身造成了約80億美元的損失。Scientistssayfuturesea-levelrisewillbedrivenmorebymeltingicesheetsthanglaciers.Butthelossofglaciersisaboutmorethanrisingseas.Itmeansshrinkingwatersuppliesforabigchunkoftheworld'spopulation,moreriskfromfloodeventsfrommeltingglaciersandlosinghistoricice-coveredspotsfromAlaskatotheAlpstoevennearMountEverest'sbasecamp,severalscientiststoldtheAssociatedPress.科學(xué)家們表示，未來海平面上升的驅(qū)動力將更多地來自于冰蓋的融化，而不是冰川。但冰川的消失不僅僅是海平面上升。幾位科學(xué)家告訴美聯(lián)社，這意味著世界上大部分人口的水供應(yīng)減少，冰川融化導(dǎo)致洪水事件的風(fēng)險增加，從阿拉斯加到阿爾卑斯山，甚至珠穆朗瑪峰大本營附近的歷史性冰蓋消失?！癋orplacesliketheAlpsorIceland...glaciersarepartofwhatmakestheselandscapessospecial,”saidNationalSnowandIceDataCenterDirectorMarkSerreze,whowasn'tpartofthestudybutpraisedit.“Astheylosetheirice,inasensetheyalsolosetheirsoul.”HockpointedtotheVernagtfernerglacierintheAustrianAlps,whichisoneofthebest-studiedglaciersintheworld,butsaid“theglacierwillbegone.”國家冰雪數(shù)據(jù)中心主任馬克·塞雷澤（MarkSerreze）表示：“對于阿爾卑斯山或冰島這樣的地方來說，冰川是這些景觀如此特殊的一部分。”塞雷澤沒有參與這項研究，但對此表示贊賞?！爱?dāng)他們失去冰時，在某種意義上，他們也失去了靈魂?！?，但說“冰川會消失的。”TheColumbiaGlacierinAlaskahad216billiontonsoficein2015,butwithjustafewadditionaltenthsofadegreeofwarming,Rouncecalculatedthatitwoul