語法講解-主謂一致A

1、,主謂一致,主謂一致是指謂語動詞在人稱、數(shù)和意義方面必須和主語保持一致。把握主謂一致問題，主要解決的是對不同結(jié)構(gòu)的主語單復(fù)數(shù)的認(rèn)定，進(jìn)而選擇適當(dāng)?shù)闹^語。,解決主謂一致主要遵循三個原則： 語法一致原則 概念一致原則 毗鄰一致原則 很多情況下應(yīng)該綜合利用這三個原則來處理主謂一致，在不同情況下可能應(yīng)用三個原則中的不同原則，具體應(yīng)用哪種原則應(yīng)該視具體情況而定?？偨Y(jié)如下：,一. 謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況 二. 謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)的情況 三. 謂語動詞可用單數(shù)，也可以用復(fù)數(shù)的情況,一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,1動名詞短語、不定式短語、名詞性從句做主語，謂語用單數(shù)。 如： Buying clothes is ofte

2、n a time-consuming job. To understand them (be) impossible. Reading without comprehension (be) no good.,一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,2. 表示時間、距離、金額、重量、面積、體積、容積等度量的名詞短語做主語時，謂語用單數(shù)。 如： Two weeks was too long .Five times five makes twenty five. Seventy miles (be) covered in a single night.,3. 當(dāng)anybody, anyone, each, eit

3、her/neither, everybody, everyone, nobody 或 no one, one, somebody/someone 等代詞作主語時，其謂語動詞要用單數(shù)形式： Is anybody there? Neither of them knows the truth. Nobody is willing to give up their chance.,一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,注意,“either, neither 和 none + of +復(fù)數(shù)名詞或代詞” 作主語時，謂語動詞一般要用單數(shù)，但有些語法學(xué)家認(rèn)為應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)形式： Either of the girls is/a

4、re on their way home. Neither of them has/have replied. None of the suggestions was/were accepted.,4當(dāng)and 連接的兩個單數(shù)形式的名詞作主語，在意義上指同一人、同一物、同一事或同一概念時，謂語動詞用單數(shù).如: law and order 法制 soap and water 肥皂水 fork and knife 刀叉 time and tide 歲月 trial and error 反復(fù)嘗試，不斷摸索 bread and butter 奶油面包,一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,His warmest a

5、dmirer and severest critic was his wife. 他的妻子是他最熱心的崇拜者和最嚴(yán)厲的批評者。 Whisky and soda (be) always my favorite drink. War and peace (be) a constant theme in history.,一. 謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,注意：在each and each, every and every 等結(jié)構(gòu)后，謂語動詞則只能用單數(shù)形式： Each boy and each girl is asked to help. Every meeting room and every bed

6、room is occupied.,一.謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,5表示學(xué)科和某些疾病名稱的名詞以及表示國家、組織等名稱的專有名詞是復(fù)數(shù)形式，作主語時候謂語動詞用單數(shù)形式 arthritics關(guān)節(jié)炎 statistics統(tǒng)計學(xué) measles 麻疹 phonetics 語音學(xué) optics 光學(xué) genetics 遺傳學(xué) General Motors 通用公司 the Netherlands 荷蘭 the New York Times 紐約時報 the United Nations 聯(lián)合國,如：Linguistics is a branch of study on human language .

7、 語言學(xué)是研究人類語言的分支學(xué)科。 Statistics is an indispensable analytical tool in modern society. 統(tǒng)計學(xué)是現(xiàn)代社會必不可少的分析工具。 Measles (be) much less common now than it used to be . General Motors (be) a large multinational company.,一. 謂語動詞用單數(shù)的情況,6. a pair of + 由兩部分構(gòu)成的物體的名詞（如：shoes, scissors, glasses, jeans, pants, trouser

8、s 等）做主語時，謂語動詞用單數(shù)。 如： My new pair of pants is being altered. A pair of glasses costs quite a lot these days. 但是這些名詞直接作主語時，謂語用復(fù)數(shù)。 如： My black trousers have worn out. 我的黑褲子已經(jīng)穿破了。,二. 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況 1.由and, both and, 連接的并列主語，和both ,a few, many ,several 等修飾語后面謂語動詞通常用復(fù)數(shù)形式 如： Few people know he and I were classmat

9、es when we were at college. 注意：此處應(yīng)注意 and 連接的并列主語的兩種情況。 見P8,二. 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況,2.集體名詞police, public, militia(國民軍), cattle ,class ,youth后常用復(fù)數(shù)形式的動詞 如：The Chinese people are brave and hardworking. The cattle are grazing in the sunshine .,二. 謂語用復(fù)數(shù)情況,3當(dāng)表示民族的詞與冠詞合用當(dāng)主語，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 翻譯：日本民族曾經(jīng)很具有侵略性。 The Japanese were

10、once very aggressive . 4某些形容詞前面加定冠詞表示一類人，做主語時候，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù) 翻譯：有錢人并不都自私。 The rich are not always selfish.,三. 謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的情況,1 就近一致原則 這種情況下，謂語動詞使用單數(shù)還是復(fù)數(shù)取決于最靠近該動詞的主語的單復(fù)數(shù)，存在這種情況的主要由以下幾種可能：,就近一致原則,1） 由連詞 eitheror; neithernor; whether or; not onlybut (also) ; 等連接的并列主語 如： Neither money nor fame (have) influence o

11、n me . Not only you but also he (be) wrong .,就近一致原則,2) 在倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)中，謂語動詞與后面的第一個主語一致 如：1. Beside the gate stands a tall grave-faced policeman. 2. Just outside the ruins is a magnificent building surrounded by tall trees.,三. 謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的情況,2 主語帶有（together/along）with, accompanied by, as well as, no less than, e

12、xcept, besides, combined with, in addition to , including, 等等附加成分，謂語的數(shù)不受附加成分的影響仍然與主語保持一致. 如： The president of the college, together with the deans, (be) planning a conference for the purpose of laying down certain regulations.,三. 謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的情況,3一些表示數(shù)量的短語與名詞連用時候，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于名詞的數(shù)，名詞是復(fù)數(shù)，謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)，反之就用單數(shù)。這些短語包

13、括： a lot of /lots of; plenty of/heaps of; half of; two thirds (three fourths) of; eighty (ten, twenty) percent; part of; rest of 等等,如： Two thirds of people present are women. Lots of damage (be) caused by the fire .,注意：all, half, some 及most 做主語時，其謂語動詞及其相應(yīng)的代詞應(yīng)按照概念一致的原則，根據(jù)其表達(dá)的概念或所接of 后的名詞的數(shù)來確定。 All th

14、at he wants (be) a quiet room. All of the fruit (look) ripe. All of the cherries (look) ripe.,Most of the food tastes delicious. Most of the books are interesting. Some of the sugar is damp. Some of the students go there by us.,三. 謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的情況,4集體名詞作主語時，謂語動詞的數(shù)取決于主語表示的意思和數(shù)，當(dāng)表示整體時候，謂語動詞就用單數(shù)，當(dāng)強(qiáng)調(diào)集體中的個體時候

15、，謂語動詞就用復(fù)數(shù)。 這些集體名詞如：army, audience, band ,government ,group ,flock, police, public ,staff ,team ,troop, crowd, firm, family 等等 The family (is/are) the basic unit of our society. The family (were/was) watching the TV .,三. 謂語用單數(shù)或復(fù)數(shù)的情況,5. 在“one of + 復(fù)數(shù)形式+形容詞從句”結(jié)構(gòu)中， 關(guān)系代詞who, that 或which 的先行詞是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞而不是o

16、ne, 所以，從句中的謂語動詞要按毗鄰一致的原則，采用復(fù)數(shù)形式。 He is one of those persons who always think they are right. One of the tourist cars which (be) brand-new went dead because of a loose wire.,但是，如在one 前面有修飾the only 時， 關(guān)系代詞指代的則是one, 而不是靠近它的復(fù)數(shù)名詞，所以，從句中的謂語動詞按語法一致的原則用單數(shù)形式： He is the only one of those boys who is willing t

17、o take on another assignment.,6某些固定結(jié)構(gòu)中主語與謂語的數(shù) 第一組： a great many + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) a number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) the majority of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用復(fù)數(shù) 第二組； the number of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) each/every of+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) neither/either of + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) one and a half + 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù),第三組； more than one + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù) many

18、 a + 可數(shù)名詞單數(shù) 謂語用單數(shù),Lets do the exercises!,語法一致原則,語法上一致就是謂語動詞和主語在單、復(fù)數(shù)形式上一致，即根據(jù)主語來決定其謂語動詞的單、復(fù)數(shù)形式。主語為單數(shù)形式，謂語動詞也用單數(shù)；主語為復(fù)數(shù)形式，謂語動詞亦為復(fù)數(shù)： The content of these books is very good. The results of examination show that you have all made good progress.,概念一致原則,概念上一致指的是動詞和主語在數(shù)上的一致不是根據(jù)其外部語法形態(tài)，而是根據(jù)主語所表達(dá)的內(nèi)在涵義。有時，主語形式雖為單數(shù)，但意義