小學(xué)英語語法

1、小學(xué)英語 語 法,一、名詞（可數(shù)名詞和不可數(shù)名詞） 二、人稱代詞 三、冠詞 四、動(dòng)詞 五、介詞 六、數(shù)詞 七、形容詞和副詞,八、there be結(jié)構(gòu) 九、句式 1.肯定句 2.否定句 3.疑問句 4.祈使句 十、時(shí)態(tài)： 1. 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí) 2. 一般過去時(shí) 3. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí) 4. 一般將來時(shí) 十一、“wh”的特殊疑問句,一、名詞,英語語法中，名詞有兩種數(shù)的形式：1）單數(shù)（表示一個(gè)人或事物）； 2）復(fù)數(shù)（表示多于一個(gè)的人或數(shù)）。只有可數(shù)名詞才有復(fù)數(shù)形式。,名詞的數(shù)：,名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式的構(gòu)成,不規(guī)則名詞的復(fù)數(shù),由元音字母的變化構(gòu)成： man-men, tooth-teeth, foot-feet, mo

2、use-mice, woman-women 2. 有些名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式與單數(shù)的形式一樣： sheep, deer, fish(但也可以是fishes) 有些名詞變成復(fù)數(shù)時(shí)加-en: child-children, ox-oxen,Practise,peach_ 2. zoo _ 3. glass _4. fox _ 5. lady _6. policewoman _ 7. house _8. photo _ 9. monkey _10. wife _ 11. rose _12. path _ 13. judge _14. map _,peaches,zoos,glasses,foxes,ladi

3、es,policewomen,houses,photos,monkeys,wives,roses,paths,judges,maps,二、人稱代詞,主格： I we you she he it they 賓格： me us you her him it them 形容詞性 物主代詞： my our your her his its their 名詞性 物主代詞： mine ours yours hers his its theirs,第一人稱,第二人稱,第三人稱,后跟名詞,能夠在句子中獨(dú)立作主語、賓語或表語,Practise,_(他) is my brother. 2. I had a let

4、ter from _ (她). 3. Its all right; its only _(我). 4. Today _(我們) went in _(我們的) car; tomorrow _(我們) are going in _(他們的). 5. _(我) lend _(我的) books gladly to _ (我的) friends and to _(你的). 6. Can you help _(我) with _(我的) English. 7. When _(你) go to see _(你的) father, please take these books to _(他). 8. _(

5、他們) found _(它) difficult to learn German.,He,her,me,we,our,we,theirs,I,my,my,yours,me,my,you,your,him,They,it,所有格,所有格的形式 單數(shù)人稱名詞末尾加 schild-childs 以-s結(jié)尾的單數(shù)人稱名詞末尾加swaitress-waitresss 不規(guī)則的復(fù)數(shù)人稱名詞末尾加schildren-childrens 以-s結(jié)尾的復(fù)數(shù)人稱名詞末尾加girls-girls 以-s結(jié)尾的一些人名末尾加sJames-Jamess,下列情況一般用 “of”結(jié)構(gòu)： 東西(沒有現(xiàn)成的復(fù)合名詞時(shí)): t

6、he book of the film 2. 東西的一部分: the bottom of the box 3. 抽象的概念: the price of success 4. 當(dāng)of短語中的名詞被另一個(gè)短語或從句修飾時(shí)： Cant you look at the book of the boy behind you?,雙重,s結(jié)構(gòu)也可以用于 “of”結(jié)構(gòu)之后，如：a friend of my fathers , 出現(xiàn)這種情況是因?yàn)樵谝粋€(gè)名詞前通常只用一個(gè)限定詞，又如：this son of mine, a friend of yours, a cousin of hers等等。 Isnt Fra

7、nk a friend of yours? That silly uncle of Toms has told me the same Joke five times.,冠詞,不定冠詞a,an,定冠詞the,只能用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞之前,單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞 不可數(shù)名詞,零冠詞,名詞前可不用冠詞,不定冠詞的用法： 表示“一”，“任何一個(gè)”或“不管哪一個(gè)”的意思。 I have a sister and two brothers. 2. 在某些度量表示法中： We have PE lessons three times a week. 3. 用在單數(shù)的表語名詞前，以表示職業(yè)、行業(yè)、宗教、等級(jí)等

8、。 George wants to be an engineer. 4. 在以what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句中，單數(shù)的可數(shù)名詞前。 What a pretty girl! 5. 一些常用短語中。 have a good time, half an hour, have a headache.,定冠詞的用法： 用來表示“獨(dú)一無二”的意思。 The sun rises in the east and sets in the west. 2. 表示“說話的人剛剛提到過的人或事物”。 There is a boat in the river. The boat is made of wood. 3. 用在后面跟

9、有限定性介詞短語的名詞前。 the letter from America, the fourteenth of April 4. 用在泛指的樂器名詞前。 He plays the piano. 5. 一些常用短語。 by the way, in the morning, Whats the matter?,零冠詞的用法： 泛指的抽象名詞前。Life is very hard for some people. 2. 泛指的物質(zhì)名詞前。Water is very useful. 3. 泛指的復(fù)數(shù)名詞前。Books are my best friends. 4. 泛指的“餐”名前。Come to

10、have dinner/breakfast with me. 5. 大多數(shù)的專有名詞前。He comes from France. 6. 語言的名詞前。She can speak French. 7. 在季節(jié)和節(jié)日的名詞前。Winter is the best time for skating. 8. 當(dāng)名詞前已有一些代詞修飾時(shí)。My brother is a soldier. 9. 在體育項(xiàng)目的名詞前。play basketball 10. 一些常用短語。 at home, go to school, at night,1. There is _notebook on my desk. I

11、use _ notebook to keep a diary. 2. There is _bottle on the table. _ water in it is sweet. 3. Wangs mother is _English teacher. She teaches in _ primary school. 4. China is _ ancient country with _ long history. 5. China has _ population of 12 hundred million. _ Chinese people are _ great people. 6.

12、Her mother is _ university teacher. She is _ honest woman. 7. None of _books should be taken out of _ room without _ permission of _ librarian. 8. _Party always teaches us to work for _ people heart and soul. 9. She studies at _No. 3 Middle School. She goes to _ school by _ bus every day. 10. My eld

13、er sister is _student of _ English. She studies at _ college. 11. _ Monday before _ Spring Festival was very cold. 12. Have you had _dinner?,Practise,a,the,a,The,an,the,an,a,the,The,/,a,an,the,the,the,/,The,/,/,/,/,/,a,a,The,/,/,四、動(dòng)詞,動(dòng)詞主要表示動(dòng)作，其次表示狀態(tài)或性質(zhì)，有時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)、語氣等形式的變化。,小學(xué)階段所涉及的動(dòng)詞主要有：實(shí)義動(dòng)詞、be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞ca

14、n等。,Be動(dòng)詞,am, is, are,was, were,been,Practise,1. He _ very good at English. 2. My father and I _ going to Beijing next month. 3. _ you on duty the day before yesterday? 4. Mr. King _ in London two weeks ago. 5. There _ many kinds of animals in the zoo. 6. What _ the date yesterday? 7. Look! A little

15、girl _ flying a kite. 8. Who _ not at school last Monday? 9. Have you ever _ to Japan? 10. I _ not a nurse. I work as a doctor.,is,are,Were,was,are,was,is,was,been,am,動(dòng)詞的基本形式,第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式,動(dòng)詞be和have的第三人稱單數(shù)現(xiàn)在式分別是is和has。,動(dòng)詞的過去式,現(xiàn)在分詞,has,had,having,gives,gave,giving,gets,got,getting,reads,read,reading,swee

16、ps,swept,sweeping,plays,played,playing,carries,carried,carrying,Practise,五、動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài),動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)是表示動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)發(fā)生或存在的時(shí)間和表示方式的一種動(dòng)詞形式。,小學(xué)階段所學(xué)的時(shí)態(tài)有： 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)：work/works 2. 現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)：am/is/are working 3. 一般過去時(shí)：worked 4. 一般將來時(shí)：am/is/are going to work,一般現(xiàn)在時(shí),通常表示經(jīng)常發(fā)生的或習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或目前的狀態(tài)。 常與時(shí)間副詞連用：always, often, usually, every, on Sundays

17、, twice a week等。,基本結(jié)構(gòu),現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí),通常表示說話時(shí)或現(xiàn)階段正在發(fā)生或進(jìn)行著的動(dòng)作。它所表示的動(dòng)作具有持續(xù)性、暫時(shí)性和未完成性。 常見的與現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)有關(guān)的詞有：now, these days, look, listen等。,基本結(jié)構(gòu),一般過去時(shí),通常表示過去某一時(shí)間所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或 存在的狀態(tài)，其中也包括習(xí)慣性動(dòng)作。 常與表示過去的時(shí)間狀語連用：yesterday, last, ago, just now, in 1998等。,基本結(jié)構(gòu),一般將來時(shí),表示將來發(fā)生的動(dòng)作或情況。 常與一些表示將來的時(shí)間狀語連用：tomorrow, next, Be going to do表示主體現(xiàn)

18、在打算在最近或?qū)硪瞿呈?；也可以表示“預(yù)見”，即現(xiàn)在已有跡象表明將要發(fā)生或即將發(fā)生某種情況。,基本結(jié)構(gòu),Peter _ (play) basketball twice a week. 2. Do you believe what he _ (say) just now? 3. Look! The lazy cat _ (sleep) in the sofa. 4. There _(be) a book and two pens on the desk. 5. _you _(see ) a film tomorrow morning? 6. She _(not play) the guitar

19、 at the moment. 7. What _his father usually _(do) in the evening ? 8. They _ ( have ) a meeting next week, arent they? 9. Both he and I _ (be) teachers. 10. I _ (not feel ) very well yesterday . 11. He put on his coat and _ (go) out. 12. Lei Feng often _ (help) others and he was helpful. Next Sunday

20、, we _ (clean) up the park. 14. Hurry! Your mother _ (wait) for you at the school gate.,Practise,plays,said,is sleeping,is,Are,going to see,isnt playing,does,do,are going to have,are,didnt feel,went,helps,are going to clean,is waiting,六、介詞,介詞在句子中表示名詞或代詞等與其他詞之間的關(guān)系。不能單獨(dú)作句 子成分，常位于名詞或代詞（或與之相當(dāng)?shù)钠渌~類、短語、從句

21、） 前面構(gòu)成介詞短語。介詞后面的成分作介詞的賓語。,方位介詞,in, on, at, under, to, behind, beside, near, before, in front of, next to, between,時(shí)間介詞,in, on, at, after, before, fromto, past, between,其它,of, by, with, into, out of, for,Practise,1. Look _ the picture. Its picture_ my school. 2. There is a school building _ my school

22、. It has five floors._ the school building, there is a big playground. _school, the children always play ball games there. 3. My classroom is_ the fifth floor. Its big and clean. 4. Miss Li is our class teacher. She comes _ school early every morning. She comes _bicycle. Then she does morning exerci

23、ses _us. She likes sports. Tomorrow is her birthday. We will make a card _ her. We love her very much. 5. There are some apples _ the tree. 6. Wheres your study? Its next _ my bedroom. 7. The car _ the tree is Jacks. 8. The ball is_ the door, so you cant see it. 9. _ _ _the house, there are many tre

24、es. 10. Listen! Someone is knocking _the door. 11. There is something wrong _ my computer.,at,of,in,Near,After,on,to,by,with,for,on,to,under,behind,In front of,at,with,七、數(shù)詞,表示數(shù)目的詞稱為基數(shù)詞 表示數(shù)目順序的詞稱為序數(shù)詞,112的基數(shù)詞： one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve 1319的基數(shù)詞： thirteen

25、, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen 2090的基數(shù)詞： twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety 2129的基數(shù)： twenty-one, twenty-two, twenty-three, twenty-four, twenty-five, twenty-six, twenty-seven, twenty-eight, twenty-nine thirty-nine, forty-eight, fifty-seven.,-teen

26、,-ty,十位數(shù)和個(gè)位數(shù)之間要加連字符號(hào)“-”,2. 百位數(shù)： one hundred, two hundred, three hundred, four hundred five hundred and eight-six, six hundred and ninety-nine, seven hundred and eight, eight hundred and one 3. 千位數(shù)： one thousand, four thousand, seven thousand one hundred and five,百位數(shù)和十位數(shù)之間加and。,注意,英語中沒有“萬”這個(gè)單位，所以常用th

27、ousand來表示。,ten thousand, thirty thousand, fifteen thousand one hundred, five hundred and one thousand four hundred and thirty-two,英語序數(shù)詞第1-19除了first, second與third有特殊形式外，其余的都由基數(shù)詞加后綴-th構(gòu)成。 注意：fifth, eighth, ninth和twelfth的拼法。 2. 十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞的構(gòu)成方法是：先把十位數(shù)的基數(shù)詞的詞尾ty中的y變?yōu)閕，然后加后綴-eth,如： twentytwentieth, fortyforti

28、eth 3.十位數(shù)的序數(shù)詞如果含有1-9的個(gè)位數(shù)時(shí)，十位數(shù)用基數(shù)詞，個(gè)位數(shù)用序數(shù)詞，中間用“-”連字符。如： twenty-fourth, ninety-fifth 4. 百、千、萬等的序數(shù)詞由hundred, thousand, million等加-th,前面加有關(guān)的基數(shù)詞構(gòu)成。如： one hundredth, one thousandth 注意：序數(shù)詞前的one不能用a代替。 one hundred and twenty-first,Practise,1. There are _ days in a year. A. three hundreds sixty-five B. three

29、hundreds and sixty-five C. three hundred and sixty-five D. three hundred and sixty five2._people visit this museum every day.A. Hundred B. Hundreds C. Hundred of D. Hundreds of3.There are two_ people in the meeting room.A. hundred B. hundreds C. hundreds of D. hundred of4._ trees have been planted i

30、n our school in the past 10 years.A. Thousands of B. Two thousands C. Thousand of D. Two thousand of5. My brother is in_.A. Three Class, One Grade B. Class Three, Grade One C. Grade One, Class Three D. class three, grade one6. We are going to learn_ this term. A. book six B. six book C. the book six

31、 D. Book Six 7. We can say the number 78, 645 in English like this_. A. seventy-eight thousand and six hundred and forty-five B. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty five C. seventy-eight thousand six hundred and forty-five D. seventy eight thousand six hundred and forty-five,C,D,A,A,B,D,C,8

32、. The year 1999 should be read The year_. A. nineteen and ninety-nine B. nineteen ninety-nine C. one thousand nine hundred and ninety-nine D. nineteen hundred and ninety-nine9. He will come here _ tomorrow morning.A. at fifth B. at ten C. on two D. till tenth 10. Every day he begins to do his homewo

33、rk _.A. at ten past seven B. at seven pass tenC. on ten past seventh D. until ten 11. We all like the_ boy.A. of ten years old B. ten-year-old C. at ten old D. of age of ten 12. There are_ months in a year. December is the _ month of the year.A. twelve; twelve B. twelve; twelfth C. twelfth; twelve D

34、. twelve; twelveth 13. During_ century, the world population has already reached 6 billion.A. twenty B. the twentieth C. twentieth D. the twenty14. Jenny was born_.A. on July 10, 1987 B. in July 10, 1987 C. in 1987, July 10 D. on 1987, July 10,B,B,A,B,B,B,A,八、形容詞和副詞,形容詞是用來描寫或修飾名詞（或代詞）的詞。,副詞是用來修飾動(dòng)詞、形

35、容詞、其他副詞以及全句的詞。,He is a good student. 2. The film is very interesting. 3. There is something wrong with the bike. 4. Lucy is older than Helen.,The problem is very difficult. 2. He wrote the letters carefully.,方式副詞：carefully, quickly, suddenly 2. 地點(diǎn)副詞：here, there, up, down 3. 時(shí)間副詞：yesterday, today, no

36、w 4. 程度副詞：very, quite, much, just,形容詞和副詞的比較級(jí)和最高級(jí),比較級(jí)的用法,1. 用來把彼此獨(dú)立的事和人進(jìn)行比較，表示“比更一些”的意思，通常用一個(gè)由從屬連詞than引導(dǎo)的狀語從句來表示和什么相比。為了避免重復(fù)，從句中有些成分可以省略。如： Helen is taller than Lucy. He got more information than I did. He runs faster than I.,2. 如果我們要說兩個(gè)東西在某一方面是一樣的，我們就可以用 “as+形容詞/副詞+as”, 形容詞不用比較級(jí)而用原級(jí)。在作否定比較時(shí)，可以用not a

37、sas, not soas, 也可以用lessthan，如： Jimmy is as tall as his father. I dont write as/so well as Helen. This film is less interesting than that one.,比較級(jí)的用法,3. 為了表示持續(xù)不斷的變化，我們可以用“雙重比較”的方法，這種結(jié)構(gòu)后面不可跟than引導(dǎo)的比較狀語從句。如： He is crying harder and harder. Our country gets more and more beautiful. Computers are getting

38、 smaller and smaller, and computing faster and faster.,4. 表示兩個(gè)變化是一起發(fā)生的，可以把比較級(jí)形式和the一起用，表示“越，就越”的意思。如： The higher the mountain is, the thinner the air is. The earlier you start, the sooner you will be back.,Practise,1. Shanghai is _than Beijing. It is _ city in our country. (large) 2. Bill isnt as _

39、as Mike. Tom is _ than Mike. Who is _ of the three boys? (old) 3. Mary draws as _ as Bill, and she is much _ than him at singing. (well, good) 4. Spring is coming. The weather is getting _ and _.(warm) 5. Tom, Jon and I bought a computer each last week. Johns computer is much _ than Toms and mine. I

40、t is _ of the three. (expensive) 6. It is a little _ today than yesterday. (wet) 7. Mrs Brown is much _ than she was two years ago. (healthy) 8. Which do you like _, basketball, volleyball, or football? (well),larger,the largest,old,older,the oldest,well,better,warmer,warmer,more expensive,the most

41、expensive,wetter,healthier,best,Beijingers are true _ to the world. (friend) 2. Look! How _ Kitty is laughing! (happy) 3. I think July is _ than any other month in our country. (hot) 4. She always listens to the teacher _ in class. (care) 5. The park is one of the _ parks in Beijing. (beautiful) 6.

42、She speaks English, but not as _ as his brother. (good) 7. I was _ by the _ sound. (frightened, frightening) 8. The music sounds _. (beautiful, beautifully) 9. Dont make so much noise, or you will wake up the _ boy. (sleeping, asleep) 10. Yesterdays concert was wonderful. Ive never heard such an _ o

43、ne before. (excited, exciting),Practise,friendly,happily,hotter,carefully,most beautiful,well,frightened,frightening,beautiful,sleeping,exciting,There be 的結(jié)構(gòu),肯定句： There is/was a There are/were 一般疑問句:Is/Was there ? Yes, there is/was. No, there isnt/was. Are there? Yes, there are/were. No, there arent

44、/werent. 否定句： There isnt/wasnt . There arent/werent.,There be表示 “存在有”,即當(dāng)我們告訴某人某事存在(或不存在)常用這種結(jié)構(gòu)。其中there是引導(dǎo)詞,本身無詞義;be為謂語動(dòng)詞,后面跟的是名詞,也就是主語,也就是說there be結(jié)構(gòu)的運(yùn)用也就是倒裝的具體運(yùn)用。其真正的主語在there be 之后。,There be 的結(jié)構(gòu),Some 和 any 一般情況下， some用于肯定句中， any用于否定句中。如： There is some milk in the bottle. There arent any pictures on

45、 the wall. Is there anything new in todays newspaper?,3. 特殊疑問句： Whats in the basket? There are some eggs in it. 2) How many students are there in your class? There are fifty students.,2. Be動(dòng)詞與后面所跟名詞的就近原則： There is a pen and two pencils in the box. There are some students and a teacher in the classro

46、om.,Practise,1There _ no tea in the cup Ais Bare Chas Dbe 2There_ in the next room Ais Tom Bare some boys Care they Dis the boy 3There is some _on the plate Aapple Bbread Cbanana Dsandwich 4There _ some paper and a pen on the desk Ais Bare Chave Dhas 5Theres going to _ in tomorrows newspapers Ahave

47、something new Bhave new something Cbe something new Dbe new something 6There is some milk in the bottle， _ ？ Aisnt there Barent there Cisnt it Dare there 7 _ is there on the table？ AHow many apples BHow much bread CHow much breads DHow many food 8There is _ old woman in the car A Ba Cthe Dan,A,B,B,A

48、,C,A,A,D,9Theres _ orange tree behind _ house Aan ；the Ba；a Cthe；the 10There is _ map in the classroom_ map is on the wall Aa；A Bthe；The Ca；The Dthe；A 11There is _ “f”and _ “u”in the word“four” Aan；a Ba；a Can；an Da；an 12There _ not any water in the glass Ahas Bis Care 13There _ an apple and ten bana

49、nas in the basketYou can take any of them Aare Bis Chas Dhave 14 _ any flowers on both sides of the street？ AIs there BAre there CHas DHave 15There is little water in the glass， _ ？ Aisn t there Bisnt it Cis it Dis there 16There _ some water in the bottle Aare Bis Chas Dhave 17How many _ are there i

50、n your classroom？ Adesks Bdesk Cchair Ddoor,A,C,A,B,B,B,D,B,A,“Wh”的疑問句,What1) Whats this/that? 2) Whats your name? 3) What are you doing? 4) What do you like/need? 5) What did you do? 6) What is his job? 7) What do you usually do at the weekends? 8) What are you going to do? 9) What colour is it? 10) Whats the weather like? 11) What time is it? Whats the time? 12) What day is it? Whats the dat