非謂語動詞作定語和狀語.ppt

1、非謂語動詞作定語和狀語 韋正洪,模塊7 UNIT 4 語法,非謂語動詞 (Nonfinitive Verbs),高考語法,作定語和狀語,謂語：說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。它有人稱、數(shù)、時態(tài)和語態(tài)的變化。 e.g. He works. He takes care of the baby. He will go to Shanghai. He didnt go to Shanghai. He has gone to Shanghai. You are students. You look smart.,單謂語或動詞短語,情態(tài)動詞/助動詞+ v.,系動詞+表語,非謂語：主要包括不定式（to

2、 do），ving形式以及過去分詞（done）。無人稱，數(shù)的變化，不單獨作謂語，但保留動詞特點，可以有賓語或狀語。 e.g. He works. He wants to work here. He is working now. He has done his work. You are students, so you dont work in the factory. Being students, you dont work in the factory.,非謂語動詞和謂語動詞的識別 顧名思義，非謂語動詞就是在英語中不 能作句子謂語而具有其他語法功能的動詞。近 年來高考命題常常通過改變熟

3、悉的句型結(jié)構(gòu)或 利用一些“ 貌合神離” 的手段，加大考生辨別 非謂語動詞的難度。 一句話通常不能有兩個或兩個以上的謂 語動詞， 除非動詞是并列謂語或者分別出現(xiàn) 在主從復(fù)合或并列句中；一句話也不可能無謂 語動詞（謂語省略的情況除外）。,例1). At last, we found ourselves in a pleasant park with trees providing shade and _ down to eat our picnic lunch. (2005上海） A. sitting B. having sat C. to sit D. sat 解析： 此題大家易受習慣心理影響選

4、擇分詞，即 或項，而and實際上作為并列連詞并列的 是found及sat兩個動作，而非并列providing與 sitting.,D,例2) Prices of daily goods _ through a computer can be lower than store prices. A. are bought B. bought C. have been bought D. buying 解析：此題學生最易錯選的答案為或。依據(jù)上面陳述，填入或句子都有兩個謂語動詞，而此處兩個動詞并非并列謂語，也不是分別出現(xiàn)在主從句中，故答案有誤。該題正確答案為，bought through a comp

5、uter為一過去分詞短語作后置定語，句中只有一個謂語can be lower than。當然此題如改為Prices of daily goods which have been bought through也是正確的，因為這一動作出現(xiàn)在從句中。,B,小試牛刀 1). If you are planning to spend your money having fun this week, better_ it youve got some big bills coming A. forget B. forgot C. forgetting D. to forget 2). Daddy didn

6、t mind what we were doing, as long as we were together, _ fun. A. had B. have C. to have D. having,A,D,3) We often provide our children with toys, footballs or basketballs, _ that all children like these things. A. thinking B. think C. to think D. thought 4). Five people won the “Chinas Green Figure

7、” award, a title _ to ordinary people for their contributions to environmental protection. A. being given B. is given C. given D. was given,A,C,非謂語,不定式（to do),分詞,動名詞(-ing),過去分詞(-ed),現(xiàn)在分詞(-ing),- ing 分詞,-ed 分詞,非謂語動詞使用條件,一個句子當中，已經(jīng)存在一個主句（謂語動詞）,又沒有連詞的情況下, 還有別的動詞出現(xiàn)時。,She got off the bus, leaving her hand

8、bag on her seat. She got off the bus, but left her handbag on her seat.,非謂語動詞的句法功能,不定式和分詞,都可充當:定語, 狀語.,一. 非謂語動詞作定語 不定式、動名詞和分詞都可以作定語，主要區(qū)別在于它們的時態(tài)意義和語態(tài)意義。 不定式作定語和被修飾的名詞具有 “動賓關(guān) 系”, 即被修飾的名詞是不定式的動作的承受 者; 如果不定式是不及物動詞，就要在不定式 動詞后加上相應(yīng)的介詞。 Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. He was the last

9、one to leave school yesterday. The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.,當作定語的不定式所修飾的名詞或代詞是不 定式動作的承受者時，不定式既可以用主動語 態(tài)，也可用被動語態(tài)，但其含義有所不同。 1). Im going to Beijing next week. Do you have anything _(take) to your son? 2). Are you going to Beijing? Do you have anything _(take) to your son?,to be taken

10、,to take,2. 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語和被修飾的名詞具有“主謂關(guān)系”，即現(xiàn)在分詞用主動式時，被修飾的名詞正在執(zhí)行其動作；現(xiàn)在分詞用被動式時，被修 飾的名詞正在承受其動作(即與名詞是動賓關(guān)系),1)Please tell the children playing outside not to make so much noise.,2) The factory making (= that makes) such tools is a small one run by Tom. 3)They lived in a room facing (= that faced) the south. 4)

11、Barking dogs seldom bite. 5) The building being built will be completed next year.,（=who are playing),進去分詞作定語與其修飾的名詞有“動賓關(guān)系”，表 示一個被動或完成的動作，相當于一個被動的定語從句。 1) Some of the experiments _ in the book are easy to perform. A. describing B. to be described C. described D. to describe 2) It is said that Beijin

12、g University was the first institute of higher learning_ in China. A. established B. being established C. to be established D .having been established,C,A,Practise 1). The wild flower looked like a soft orange blanket _ the desert. A. coving B. covered C. cover D. to cover. 2). There have been sever

13、al new events _ to the program for the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. A. add B. to add C. adding D. added 3). The disc, digitally _ in the studio, sounded fantastic at the party that night. A. recorded B. recording C. to be recorded D. being recorded,A,D,A,4). Reading is an experience quite different f

14、rom watching TV; there are pictures _ in your mind instead of before your eyes. A. to form B. form C. forming D. having formed 5)The English exam is not difficult, is it?_. Even Tom _ to the top students failed in it. A. Yes; belongs B. No; belonged C. Yes; belonging D. No; belonging,C,C,6). The flo

15、wers _ sweet in the botanic garden attract the visitors to the beauty of nature. （04上海） A. to smell B. smelling C. smelt D. to be smelt 7). A man is being questioned in relation to the _ murder last night. （04江蘇） A. advised B. attended C. attempted D. admitted,該題的謂語動詞是 attract，“聞起來很香”用來作定語 修飾主語 flow

16、ers。,“謀殺”只能被預(yù)謀，故該用過去分詞作定語表示被動。,B,C,3.分詞作定語與動詞不定式作定語的區(qū)別是： 現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動、進行之意；過去分詞表 示被動與完成；而不定式表示在謂語動詞表 示的動作之后即將發(fā)生的動作。例如： The question _ (discuss) at the meeting yesterday is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting now is of quite importance. The question _ (discuss) at the meeting tom

17、orrow is of quite importance.,discussed,being discussed,to be discussed,4.只有單個動名詞能做定語，放在所修飾的名詞前表示所修飾的名詞的用途。 There is a swimming pool in the back yard. Only after repeated practice can we improve our teaching method. 注：動名詞作定語與現(xiàn)在分詞作定語的區(qū)別： 現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示所修飾的名詞的動作。 flying fish 飛魚 a running dog 走狗 a falling t

18、ide 落潮 a crying boy 哭著的孩子,(= a pool for swimming),(=a method for teaching),(=A boy is crying ),practice 分詞作定語： 1). Do you know the man _(speak ) at the meeting? 2). Do you know the man _( praise ) at the meeting? 3). The building _( put ) up last now is our library. 4). The building _( put ) up now

19、will be our new company.,5). The building _( put ) up next year will be our new company. 6). There was an old temple _ ( stand ) at the top of the hill. 7). There is a sports meeting _ ( hold ) next Tuesday. 8). There was an old man _( live ) in the village.,二、非謂語動詞作狀語 能作狀語的有不定式、現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞。作什么樣的狀語往往取

20、決于它們的位置和在句中的意義。,1、不定式做狀語，只表示目的、結(jié)果或原因： Hehurriedhomeonlytofindhismoneystolen. （結(jié)果狀語） Tomakehimselfheard,heraisedhisvoice. （目的狀語） Allofusaresurprisedtoseehisrapidprogress. (原因狀語),不定式短語放在句首多作目的狀語，在句 末多作原因狀語，結(jié)果狀語。,2、分詞做狀語可表示時間、條件、原因、伴隨、讓步、方式： 1). Given a chance, I can surprise the world. （條件狀語） 2). Comi

21、ngintotheroom,hefoundhisfatherangry. （時間狀語） 3). Beingtired,theywentonworking. 4). Havingbeenhitbythebigboyonthenose,the littleboybegantocry. 5). Heputafingerinhismouth,tasteditandsmiled, lookingratherpleased.,（讓步狀語）,（原因狀語）,（伴隨狀語）,practice 分詞作狀語： 1). When _(heat), water will be changed into vapour. W

22、hile _ (heat) water, we can change it into vapour. 2) _(see) from the hill, the city looks beautiful. _ (see) from the hill, you will find the city beautiful. 3) Generally speaking, when _(take) according to the directions, the drug has no side effect. If _(take) the drug according to the directions

23、, you will be better soon.,heated,heating,Seen,Seeing,taken,taking,3.分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題 分詞作狀語時，其邏輯主語必須同句子的主語一致；如果不一致，需在分詞前加一個邏輯主語，分詞和它的邏輯主語合稱獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或用狀語從句。 1) Being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 2) He being an orphan, the nurse treated him kindly. 3) As he was an orphan, the nurse treated him k

24、indly. 關(guān)于分詞作狀語時的邏輯主語問題，在試題中 可以看到各種不同的命題技巧。,F,T,T,(True or false),例：Written in a hurry, _ . How can it be satisfactory? A. they found many mistakes in the report B. Sam made lots of mistakes in the report C. there are plenty of mistakes in the report D. the report is full of mistakes 試題分析：這時一道非常典型的試題

25、。四個選項均為 完整的句子，初看起來似乎不容易領(lǐng)悟試題的意圖。 其實，本題的意圖仍然是考察分詞作狀語的知識。抓 住試題意圖就容易產(chǎn)生正確的思路哪個句子的主 語能夠同過去分詞written的邏輯主語一致。沿著這個 思路向前走，不難想到the report was written in a hurry, 試題的答案不言自明。,D,1). - Mum, why do you always make me eat an egg every day? - _ enough protein and nutrition as you are growing up. A. Get B. Getting C.

26、To get D. To be getting 2). In order to make our city green, _. A. it is necessary to have planted more trees B. many more trees need to plant C. our city needs more trees D. we must plant more trees,C,D,3). _ the general state of his health, it may take him a while to recover from the operation. A.

27、 Given B. To give C. Giving D. Having given 4). He sent me an E-mail, _ to get further information. A. hoped B. hoping C. to hope D. hope,given 作狀語意為“考慮到”，意思相當于 considering。,注意 hoping 為伴隨狀語而非目的狀語，真正的目的是后面的 to get 。,B,A,現(xiàn)在分詞與不定式作結(jié)果狀語時的區(qū)別 1). European football is played in 80 countries , _ it the most

28、 popular sport in the world . A. making B. makes C. make D. to make 2). He hurried to the station only _ that the train had left . A. to find B. finding C. found D. to have found 現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語往往表示“正常出現(xiàn)的、自 然而然的或意料之中”的結(jié)果。不定式作結(jié)果狀語 時通常表示“偶然的、出乎意料的”一種結(jié)果,A,A,三、考查連詞之后加分詞 分詞短語常?？梢杂迷谀承┻B詞如since, when, while, when

29、ever, no matter how, once, until 等之后，可以看作是狀語從句中的省略現(xiàn) 象。 1). No matter how frequently _, the works of Beethoven will still attract people all over the world. A. performed B. performing C. to be performed D. being performing,A,2). When _ different cultures, we often pay attention only to the difference

30、s without noticing the many similarities. A. compared B. being compared C. comparing D. having compared 3). The research is so designed that once _ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun 4) When _, the museum will be open to the public next year. A. complet

31、ed C. completing C. being completed D. to be completed,C,D,A,注意點： 1. 不定式在表語形容詞后作狀語，用主動形式表被動意義。 This question is difficult _ (answer). Do you think him easy_ (work) with? We find this rule hard _ (remember).,2. 有些分詞已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)楠毩⒊煞郑?含有“泛指”意義，在句中常作插入語。如：generally speaking, judging from, talking of, supposing

32、 that, considering, compared to., given.,Given their inexperience, they have done a good job.,注意點： 3. 獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：名詞/代詞分詞,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)在句中作狀語，相當于狀語從句。,1）. Weather permitting, well go outing tomorrow. 2）. There being no interesting programs, he turned off the TV set. 3）All things considered, the plan should be p

33、ut off. 4）. He rushed into the room, his face covered with sweat.,As there was nobody， he had to go alone. There _ nobody, he had to go alone. If time permits, I will go to see you. Time _ , I will go to see you. As the worked had been finished, he went to bed. The work_,he went to bed.,being,permit

34、ting,當存在不同主語時，可以用V-ing形式的獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。,獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。,finished,例：The key_，she went through her handbag carefully. A. hadnt been found B. having not been found C. not having been found D. wasnt found 試題分析： 選項A、D均為謂語形式，選擇其中的任何一項 前半部分便成為一個分句，與后面的分句必須使用 連詞。以表示前后分句的邏輯關(guān)系，因此全部排除。 選項B是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動式，凡非謂語動詞的否 定形式，not必須加在最前面，

35、因此也應(yīng)排除。not having been found同其邏輯主語the key構(gòu)成獨立主 格結(jié)構(gòu)，作原因狀語。本試題中句子的主語 she不能 充當分詞的邏輯主語。,C,四、非謂語動詞時態(tài)形式的確定 弄清非謂語動詞表示的動作與謂語動詞表示的動作 之間的先后關(guān)系是解題的關(guān)鍵所在。一般來說，非謂 語動詞的時態(tài)有以下三種形式。,在謂語表示的動作之后,與謂語表示的動作同時發(fā)生,在謂語表示的動作之前,to do,doing 或to be doing,to have done 或having done,1). - Is Bob still performing? - Im afraid not. He

36、is said _ the stage already as he has become an official. A. to have left B. to have C. to have been left D. to be left 2). Aids is said _ the biggest health challenge to both men and women in that area over the past few years. (2006湖北) A. that it is B. to be C. that it has been D. to have been ( =

37、It is said that Aids have been the biggest health challenge to both men and women in),A,D,3). The flu is believed _ by viruses that like to produce in the cells inside human nose and throat. A. causing B. being caused C. to be caused D. to have caused 4). You must make every effort to find the perso

38、n _ the car. A. who damaged B. damaging C. damaged D. that damaging,A,C,討論：此題為什么不能選B？,五、非謂語動詞語態(tài)形式的確定 非謂語動詞的被動語態(tài)通常有以下幾種情況：,動詞不定式,動名詞,現(xiàn)在分詞,過去分詞,to be done,to have been done,being done,having been done,being done,having been done,及物動詞的過去分詞既表示被動又表 示動作已完成, 個別動詞的過去分詞只 表示完成(多數(shù)為不及物動詞),He insisted on being sent to hospital. He insisted on sending her to hospital.,對比下列句子,The voic