語言學(xué)第三章chapter3

1、河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,chapter 3 morphology,3.1 introduction 3.2 morpheme 3.2.1 free morpheme 3.2.2 bound morpheme 3.3 morphs and allomorphs 3.4 types of word formation 3.4.1 compounding 3.4.2 derivation 3.4.3 other ways (conversion, backformation, clipping, blending, acronym, initialism),outline,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰

2、,3.1 introduction,definition of morphology morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure, forms and classes of words. un -+-ly unfriendly;unhappily; unkindly; unlonely -fy purify; simplify; falsify; amplify,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.2 morpheme,it is a minimal unit of meaning or grammat

3、ical function. tourists: tour; -ist; -s talks; talker; talked; talking types of morpheme: free morpheme and bound morpheme,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.2.1 free morpheme,free morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves. friend, happy, kind, simple, false, tour, talk, etc. r

4、oot: the basic element of a word that can stand by itself: talk, internationalism, work/shop, black/bird stem: the element involved in a word without the last added bound morpheme: friends, friendships,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,stem,a stem may be: a simple stem consisting of only one morpheme, in which case the

5、root and the stem are the same: work, talk a root plus a derivational affix: workers two or more roots: workshops,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,lexical (open) morphemes vs functional (close) morphemes,lexical (open) morphemes are the set of ordinary nouns, verbs and adjectives that carry the content of message we co

6、nvey. since we can create new lexical morphemes for the language rather easily, they are called an open class of words: book, desk, house, love, look, long, happy,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,functional (close) morphemes consist of the functional words in the language such as conjunctions, articles, prepositions an

7、d pronouns. as we almost never add new functional morphemes to the language, they are called a closed class of words: and, but, because, if, when, on, above, in, it, the, that,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.2.2 bound morpheme,bound morphemes are those that cannot be used independently but have to be combined with o

8、ther morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word. they are actually affixes, including prefixes and suffixes: -ly, un-, -ist, -s, -er, -ed, -ing. in some languages, there are also infixes.,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,prefixes are joined to the beginning of the root or stem. they can change the meaning or funct

9、ion of the word. impossible, unbelievable, enrich suffixes are joined to the end of the root or stem. they can also change the meaning or function of the word. hopeless, kindness,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,derivational morphemes vs inflectional morphemes,derivational morphemes are often used to make new words of

10、a different grammatical category from the stem. ness, -less, -ful, -ly; re-, pre-, dis-, co-, im-, un- inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree and case.,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,inflectional morphemes in english,english has only eight

11、 inflectional morphemes: -s: possessive -s: plural -s: 3rd person present singular -ing: present participle -ed: past tense and past participle -en: past participle -er: comparative -est: superlative,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,differences between derivational morpheme and inflectional morpheme,derivational morphe

12、mes can change the grammatical category of a word, creating an entirely new word. inflectional morphemes never alter the grammatical category of a word.,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,summary,morpheme,free morpheme,bound morpheme,lexical morpheme,functional morpheme,derivational morpheme,inflectional morpheme,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)

13、院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.3 morphs and allomorphs,morphs: the smallest meaningful phonetic segments of an utterance on the level of parole. they are the phonological (spoken) or orthographic (written) forms which realize morphemes. they are minimal carriers of meaning. allomorph: a member of a set of morphs which rep

14、resent the same morpheme. allomorphs are phonological or orthographic variants of the same morpheme.,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,allomorph,allomorphs are in complementary distribution.,-ed past tense -t: talked -d: stayed -id: created ( phonological) -d: changed -ed : worked (orthographic),-s (plurality) -z: meani

15、ngs -s: maps -iz: watches -ai-: mice -i:-: feet 0: deer,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.4 types of word formation,word formation or word building is the creation of new words, which is useful to us because it can enrich our vocabulary by learning some major ways. the most important ways are compounding and derivatio

16、n.,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.4.1 compounding,definition: putting two words together. the first element receives the main stress, and the second one determines the new words class. typewriter, workshop, tractor-driver, blackboard,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,types of compound words,a. noun compounds noun + noun: armchair, rain

17、bow verb + noun: pickpocket, washcloth adjective + noun: bluebird, highchair b. verb compounds noun + verb: vacuum-clean, manhandle verb + verb: sleepwalk adjective + verb: dry-clean c. adjective compounds noun + adjective: color-blind, snow-white verb + adjective: stir-crazy adjective + adjective:

18、dark-blue, pale-yellow,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,3.4.2 derivation,definition: adding affixes to other words or morphemes free morpheme + bound morpheme: unhappy; misunderstand; careful; careless affixes can be described by function or meaning: childhood; childlike; childless; childish the derivational process ma

19、y alter the grammatical or morphological form: anti-terrorist; computation; placement; colorful,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,computer words,-ware: software, hardware, shareware, freeware cyber-/e-: cyberspace, cyberchat, e-commerce, e-cash techno-: technobabble, technostress, technophobia,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,conversion: z

20、ero derivation,hes papering the bedroom walls. nv: elbow; milk; skin; hammer; nurse; e-mail vn: doubt; attempt; must, guess, spy adjv: dry; free; better; down, dirty, empty adjn: native; short, crazy, nasty,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,backformation,definition: remove the suffix to get a new word edit; opt; enthuse

21、; typewrite tlvision (french) televise,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,clipping,definition: abbreviation of longer words fridge; bike; ad; copter; bus; gym; telecom; flu, prof, phone, gas, plane, sitcom,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,blending,definition: combining two separate forms, taking only the beginning of one word and joining it

22、 to the end of another word brunch: breakfast + lunch motel: motor + hotel; smog: smoke + fog,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,acronym,definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced as single words. nato: north atlantic treaty organization unesco: united nations education, s

23、ocial and cultural organization aids: acquired immune deficiency syndrome sars: severe acute respiratory syndrome,河南大學(xué)外語學(xué)院 馬應(yīng)聰,initialism,definition: forming words from the first letters of a series of words, which are pronounced by saying each letter. cd: compact disk vip: very important person wto: world trade organization cpu: central processing unit id: identificatio