英譯漢的技巧分析.ppt

1、英譯漢常用的方法和技巧,一.詞義的選擇 八.分句法, 合句法 二.詞義的引伸 九.定語從句的譯法 三.詞類的轉(zhuǎn)譯 十.長(zhǎng)句的譯法 四.增詞法 十一. 習(xí)語的譯法 五.重復(fù)法 六.省略法(減詞法) 七.正反, 反正表達(dá)法,英譯漢常用的方法和技巧,一.詞義的選擇:根據(jù)詞在句中的詞類來選擇和確定詞義 Like knows like. 英雄識(shí)英雄.(n) Who is who. 名人錄.(n) He is the last man to come. 他是最后來的. He is the last man to do it. 他決不會(huì)干那件事. He is the last person for the

2、job. 他最不配干這個(gè)工作.,二. 詞義的引伸 1. 將詞義作抽象化的引伸 Every life has its roses and thorns. 每個(gè)人的生活都有苦有甜. 2. 將詞義作具體化的引伸 Vietnam War was his entre to the new administration. 越南戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)成了他進(jìn)入新政府的敲門磚. 三. 詞類的轉(zhuǎn)譯 1. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 1).名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞(由動(dòng)詞派生的名詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞.在政論,經(jīng)貿(mào)中出現(xiàn) 較多;含有動(dòng)詞意味的名詞可轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞.) The greatest benefits the accession to WTO will brin

3、g to China are a great push to the reforms and opening drive in the country nut there is also a real challenge. 加入世貿(mào)組織帶給中國(guó)的最大利益是可以極大地推進(jìn)改革和開發(fā)的進(jìn)程,當(dāng)然也會(huì)帶來真正的挑戰(zhàn). The Chinese government announced a unilateral reduction of customs duties on 225 products. 中國(guó)政府宣布單方面降低消耗225項(xiàng)產(chǎn)品的關(guān)稅.,2) 介詞轉(zhuǎn)譯成動(dòng)詞 “Coming!” Away sh

4、e skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch. “來啦!” 她轉(zhuǎn)身蹦跳著跑了,越過草地,跑上小徑,跨上臺(tái)階,穿過涼臺(tái),進(jìn)了門廊. 2. 轉(zhuǎn)譯成名詞 1) 名詞轉(zhuǎn)用的動(dòng)詞 Most U.S spy satellites are designed to burn up in the earths atmosphere after completing their missions. 美國(guó)大多數(shù)間諜衛(wèi)星,按其設(shè)計(jì),是在完成使命后,在大氣中焚毀. 2) 名詞派生的動(dòng)詞

5、 Formality has always characterized their relationship. 他們之間的關(guān)系有一個(gè)特點(diǎn), 就是以禮相待. Because he had struck a boss, he was blacklisted and lost his job. 由于打了一個(gè)工頭,他被列入黑名單, 并丟失了工作.,3. 轉(zhuǎn)換成形容詞 The security and warmth of the destroyers sick bay were wonderful. 驅(qū)逐艦的病室很安全也很溫暖, 好極了. The pallor of her face indicated

6、 clearly her feeling then. 她蒼白的臉色清楚地表明了她那時(shí)的情緒. As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help. 他對(duì)這城市完全陌生, 所以我希望你能給他必要的幫助. 4. 其他詞類的轉(zhuǎn)換(由于英漢兩種語言不同的表達(dá)方式,可以按漢語的習(xí)慣將詞類轉(zhuǎn)換來翻譯) This is sheer nonsense. 這完全是胡說. He was in a clear minority. 他顯然是屬于少數(shù). He is physically weak but

7、 mentally sound. 他身體虛弱, 但思想健全.,四. 增詞法 英漢兩種語言, 由于表達(dá)方式不盡相同, 翻譯時(shí)既可以將詞類轉(zhuǎn)換，又可在詞量上加以增減。“增詞法”就是在翻譯時(shí)按意義上、修辭上和句法上的需要增加一些詞，以便更忠實(shí)通順地表達(dá)原文的思想內(nèi)容。 1. 根據(jù)修辭或意義的需要. 1) 增加動(dòng)詞(反之, 在中譯英時(shí), 可省略動(dòng)詞, 用介詞,形容詞代替) They talked for almost eight hours, through dinner and well into night 他們談了差不多八個(gè)小時(shí), 中間吃了一頓飯, 接著談到深夜.,Their trip acro

8、ss the ocean was the single adventurous act of lives devoted after landing to security, respectability and fitting in. (Book4,reading course, P88. L.147-151) 他們漂洋過海的旅行是一生中唯一的一次冒險(xiǎn)行動(dòng), 登陸后他們把全部的精力都投入到追求穩(wěn)定, 體面的生活以及適應(yīng)新環(huán)境的努力中去了. 2) 增加形容詞 “This is grasping at straws, I know.” said the helpless man. “ 我知道,

9、這是在抓救命稻草,” 他無可奈何地說. 3) 增加副詞 The crows melted away. 人群漸漸散開了. As he sat down and began talking, words poured out. 他一坐下來就講開了, 滔滔不絕地講個(gè)沒完.,4) 增加名詞 He was wrinkled and black, with scant grey hair. 他滿臉皺紋, 皮膚黝黑, 頭發(fā)灰白稀疏. He felt the patriot rise within his breast. 他感到一種愛國(guó)熱情在胸中激蕩. Stephen came out of the hot

10、mill into the damp wind and cold wet streets, haggard and worn. 斯蒂芬面容憔悴, 精疲力竭, 從悶熱的工廠里走出, 到了凄風(fēng)冷雨的街上. It does not come suddenly, there is nothing dramatic about it, and thus it works with a dreadful advantage; it creeps upon us, and once it has us in its grip, it is hard for us to recognize what ails

11、 (折磨) us. (Book 4, reading course, P67, L.18-20) 它不是突然發(fā)生的, 毫無戲劇性可言, 因此它就有了一個(gè)極大的優(yōu)勢(shì), 它悄悄地一點(diǎn)一點(diǎn)地吞噬我們的心靈,一旦被它完全控制, 我們甚至很難看出是什么在折磨我們.,2. 根據(jù)句法上的需要 1) 增補(bǔ)原文句子中所省略的動(dòng)詞 Reading makes a full man, conference a ready man, writing an exact man. 讀書使人充實(shí), 討論使人機(jī)智, 寫作使人準(zhǔn)確. Glance at a man and you find his nationality wr

12、itten on his face, his means of livelihood on his hands, and the rest of his story in his gait(步態(tài)), mannerism(怪癖), tattoo (紋身) marks, watch chain ornaments, shoelaces, and in the lint(棉絨) adhering to his clothes. (Book 4,reading course, P59, L.9-13) 只要看一眼, 你就能從一個(gè)人的臉上看出他的國(guó)籍, 從他的手看出他的職業(yè), 從他的步態(tài), 怪癖, 紋身

13、圖案, 表鏈飾物, 鞋帶以及粘在衣服上的棉絨中發(fā)現(xiàn)其他的情況.,五. 重復(fù)法 1. 為了明確 He wanted to send them more aid, more weapons and more men. 他想給他們?cè)黾有┰? 增添些武器, 增派些人員. 2. 為了生動(dòng)(使用四字詞組, 重疊, 四字對(duì)偶) But there had been too much publicity about my case. 但我的事情現(xiàn)在已搞得滿城風(fēng)雨, 人人皆知了. Target priorities were established there. 目標(biāo)的輕重緩急是在那里決定的. I had b

14、een completely honest in my replies, withholding nothing. 我的回答完全是坦坦蕩蕩的, 直言不諱. He sat there and watched them, so changelessly, changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay. 他坐在那兒注視著, 覺得眼前的景色, 既是始終如一, 又是變化多端, 既是光彩奪目, 又是朦朧黑暗, 既是莊嚴(yán)肅穆, 又是輕松愉快.,great contributions 豐功偉績(jī) gratitude 感恩戴德 ingratitude 忘恩負(fù)義 et

15、ernal glory to 永垂不朽 arrogance 驕傲自大 in chaos 烏煙瘴氣 street gossip 街談巷議,六. 省略法(減詞法) 1. 省略做主語的人稱代詞 Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in China. 在中國(guó)處處可以看到新人新事. 2. 省略做賓語的代詞 The more he tries to hide his worry, the more he reveals it. 3. 省略物主代詞 He struggled his shoulders, shook his head, c

16、losed his eyes but said nothing 4. 省略非人稱的it It was raining cats and dogs. 5. 省略連詞(and) 6. 根據(jù)漢語習(xí)慣省略可有可無的詞 There was no rain, but the leaves were gone from the trees, and the grass was dead. 天未下雨, 但葉落草枯.,七. 正反, 反正表達(dá)法 (運(yùn)用較多) 1. 英語從正面(肯定)表達(dá), 譯文從反面(否定)表達(dá) Such a chance denied me. 我沒有得到這樣的機(jī)會(huì) The explanatio

17、n is pretty thin. 這個(gè)解釋相當(dāng)不充分. It is beyond his power to sign such a contract. 他無權(quán)簽訂這種合同. Both sides accepted the peace proposal with dignity. 雙方不失體面地接受了和平建議. 2. 英語從反面(否定)表達(dá), 譯文從正面(肯定)表達(dá) The signification of these incidents was not lost on us. 這些事件引起了我們的重視. 八. 分句法, 合句法(運(yùn)用較多,且非常重要) 1. 分句法: 把原文中的一個(gè)單詞譯成句

18、子, 使原文中的一個(gè)句子分譯成兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的句子.,The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements. 中國(guó)人似乎為他們?nèi)〉玫慕?jīng)濟(jì)成就而感到自豪, 這是合乎情理的. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, a universally accepted law. 能源既不能被創(chuàng)造, 也不能被消滅, 這是一條普遍公認(rèn)的規(guī)律. Characteristically, Mr. Harold concealed his feelings, watched and le

19、arned. 哈羅德先生沒有表露自己的感情, 只是察言觀色, 心領(lǐng)神會(huì). 這是他的特點(diǎn). Mr. Myles still smiled but his voice had a little bit of irritation in it, unusual to Rob. 麥爾斯先生面帶微笑, 可是他的語氣卻有點(diǎn)不耐煩了.羅布很少見到這種情況. 2. 合句法. 把原文中兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句譯成一個(gè)單句. When we praise the Chinese leadership and the people, we are not merely being polite. 我們對(duì)中國(guó)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)人和中

20、國(guó)人民的贊揚(yáng)不僅僅是處于禮貌.,九. 定語從句的譯法 (非常重要) 1. 限定性定語從句 1) 后置法(重復(fù)先行詞) This land had the ancient permanence which the sea can not claim. 這塊土地有著自古以來永恒不變的性質(zhì), 這種性質(zhì)連大海都不能與之相比. 2) 溶合法(把原文中的主語和定語從句溶合在一起, 譯成一個(gè)獨(dú)立的句子, there be結(jié)構(gòu)漢譯時(shí), 以及在科技英語中常用) There is a man downstairs who wants to see you. 樓下有人要見你. There are some meta

21、ls which posses the great power of conduct electricity. 有些金屬具有很強(qiáng)的導(dǎo)電能力. 2. 非限定性定語從句 1) 前置法 Miggles laugh, which was very infectious, broke the silence. Miggle富有感染力的笑聲打破了沉默.,2) 后置法(譯成并列句) Kissinger and his small group of aids toured the Forbidden City, where the Chinese emperors had once lived in loft

22、y splendor. 基辛格和他的一小組隨從參觀了故宮, 從前的中國(guó)皇帝曾在這里過著奢侈顯赫的生活。 It was an old woman, tall and shapely still, though withered by time, on whom his eyes fell when he stopped and turned. 他站住了, 轉(zhuǎn)過身來, 定睛一看, 是個(gè)年邁的婦女, 她身材很高, 仍然一副好模樣, 雖然受了時(shí)間的折磨而有點(diǎn)憔悴。 3. 兼有狀語職能的定語從句 英語中有些定語從句兼有狀語從句的職能, 在意義上與主句有狀語關(guān)系, 用以說明原因、結(jié)果、目的、讓步、假設(shè)等關(guān)

23、系。翻譯時(shí)應(yīng)善于從原文的字里行間發(fā)現(xiàn)這些邏輯關(guān)系, 然后譯成漢語的各種相應(yīng)的偏正復(fù)句. 1) 譯成“因果關(guān)系”的分句 The ambassador was giving a dinner for a few people whom he wished especially to talk to or to hear from. 大使只宴請(qǐng)了幾個(gè)人, 因?yàn)樗氐叵牒瓦@些人談?wù)? 聽聽他們的意見.,We know that a cat, whose eyes can take in many more rays of light than our eyes, can see clearly in

24、the night. 我們知道由于貓的眼睛比我們?nèi)说难劬δ芪嗟墓饩€, 所以在黑暗中也能看得很清楚. He did not remember his father who died when he was only three. 他已記不清父親了, 因?yàn)楦赣H在他三歲的時(shí)候就去世了. 2) 譯成“讓步”分句 He insisted on building another house, which he had no use for. 他堅(jiān)持要再造一幢房子, 盡管他并無此需要. 3) 譯成“條件、假設(shè)”分句 Men became desperately for work, any work,

25、which will help them keep alive their families. 人們極其迫切地要求工作, 不管什么工作, 只要它能養(yǎng)家糊口就行.,十. 長(zhǎng)句的譯法 翻譯長(zhǎng)句時(shí), 首先要弄清原文的句法結(jié)構(gòu), 找出整個(gè)句子的中心內(nèi)容及各層次的意思, 然后分析幾層意思之間的邏輯關(guān)系, 在按漢語的特點(diǎn)和表達(dá)方式, 正確地譯出原文的意思, 不拘泥于原文的形式. 1. 順序法: 這類長(zhǎng)句所敘述的一連串的動(dòng)作基本上是按動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間先后安排, 與漢語表達(dá)方式一致, 所以按順序翻譯. On August 1, the gunboat began her mission, which was,

26、in the eyes of the defenders, a provocative act and seemed to be part of the overall assault which had begun on July 31. 八月一日炮艦開始執(zhí)行任務(wù). 在防御者看來, 這是一次挑釁行為, 而且似乎是七月三十一日開始的全面攻擊的一個(gè)組成部分. 2. 逆序法: 有些英語長(zhǎng)句的表達(dá)次序與漢語習(xí)慣不同, 甚至是完全相反, 這時(shí)就必須從原文的后面譯起, 逆著原文的順序翻譯.(這種方法極為常見, 而且非常重要),It had been startling and disappointing

27、 to me to find out that story books had been written by people, that books were not natural wonders, coming up of themselves like grass. (BookV, P.3, L14-16) 當(dāng)我得知故事書原來是人寫出來的,書本原來不是什么大自然的奇跡,不象草那樣自生自長(zhǎng)時(shí),真是又震驚又失望. They must have sacrificed to give me on my sixth or seventh birthday-it was after I became

28、 a reader for myself-the ten-volume set of Our Wonder World. (BookV, P.5, L.70-72) 在我六歲或七歲生日時(shí)-那是在我自己讀書之后-他們送給我一套10卷本的我們的神奇世界,為此, 準(zhǔn)做了不少犧牲.,People on the interurban car used to crane their necks out of the windows when they passed along the edge of the field, started by the clattering pop pop of the o

29、ld Wright motor and the sight of the white biplane like a pair of ironingboards one on the top of the other chugging along a good fifty feet in the air. (Book IV, reading course, P.5, L. 121-125) 開車往返與城市之間的人們駛過田頭,聽到老式的萊特發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)發(fā)出連續(xù)不斷的砰砰聲,看到白色的雙翼飛機(jī)像一對(duì)摞在一起的熨衣板一樣在空中飛了足足50英尺, 這時(shí)他們總是驚奇地把脖子伸出窗外張望. By setting

30、up shop to give tourists a look-see at some of the last truly wild places on earth, the most environmentally sensitive tour companies and lodges are preserving bits of wilderness. (同上, P.12, L.15-17) 酷愛環(huán)保的旅游公司和游覽區(qū)小旅館在地球上僅存的幾塊保存完好, 貨真價(jià)實(shí)的原始林區(qū)開辟旅游點(diǎn), 給游客提供一個(gè)走馬觀花的去處.他們正在以這種方式保護(hù)僅存的幾片原始森林.,It has been star

31、tling and disappointing to me to find out that story books had been written by people, that books were not natural wonders coming up of themselves like grass. (Book 5, integrated course, P3, L.14-16) 當(dāng)我得知故事書原來是人寫出來的, 書本原來不是什么大自然的奇跡, 不象草那樣自生自長(zhǎng)是, 真是又震驚又失望. They must have sacrificed to give me on my si

32、xth or seventh birthday-it was after I became a reader for myself-the ten-volume set of Our Wonder World. (同上, P5, L70-72) 在我六歲或七歲生日時(shí)-那是在我自己能讀書之后-他們送我一套10卷本的我們的神奇世界, 為此, 準(zhǔn)是作了不少犧牲. It is arrogant, they say, to insist on being so incorruptible and so brave that you cause other people unnecessary embar

33、rassment or pain by compulsively assailing them with your honesty. ( 同上, P73, L.12-14) 他們說, 如果你要做到十分正直, 十分無畏, 不由自主地用你的誠(chéng)實(shí)使他人陷入不必要的窘境或痛苦之中, 這只能說你是傲慢自大.,3) 分譯法 有時(shí)英語長(zhǎng)句中主句與從句或主句與修飾語之間的關(guān)系并不十分密切, 翻譯時(shí)可以按漢語多用短語的習(xí)慣, 把長(zhǎng)句中的從句或短語化為分句, 分開來敘述, 為使語意連貫, 有時(shí)還可以增加詞語. The President said at a press conference dominated b

34、y questions on yesterdays election results that he could not explain why the Republicans had suffered such a widespread defeat, which in the end would deprive the Republican Party of long-held superiority in the House. 在一次記者招待會(huì), 問題集中在于昨天的選舉結(jié)果, 總統(tǒng)就此發(fā)了言. 他說他不能夠解釋為什么共和黨遭到了這樣大的慘敗.這種情況最終會(huì)使共和黨失去在眾議院中長(zhǎng)期享有的

35、優(yōu)勢(shì).,4) 綜合法 有時(shí)有些長(zhǎng)句順譯, 逆譯都不便, 分譯也有困難, 就應(yīng)按時(shí)間, 邏輯進(jìn)行綜合處理. 十一.英語習(xí)語的翻譯 1. 直譯法 2. 漢語同義習(xí)語套用法 To praise to the skies. 捧上天去了. To fish in troubles waters. 渾水摸魚. Walls have ears. 隔墻有耳.,Strike while the iron is hot. 趁熱打鐵. A drop in the ocean. 滄海一粟. To laugh off ones head. 笑掉大牙. To shed crocodile tears. 貓哭老鼠. To spend money like water. 揮金如土. One boy i