七大環(huán)境污染類型.ppt

1、*7* types of environmental pollutions,Nuclear Pollution Desertification Greenhouse Effect light pollution water pollution pm2.5 white pollution,*nuclear pollution,Contents 1.Source of ways 2.Definition 3.Dangers of nuclear pollution 4.related accidents 5.individual steps,1.Source of ways(cause),Nucl

2、ear weapons test, use, the leaking from nuclear power plant, industrial or medical use of nuclear material loss and so on. Nuclear explosion: thermal radiation damage(熱輻射傷害), nuclear radiation damage(核輻射傷害), radioactive lifetime(放射性存留).,2.Definition,Nuclear pollution mainly refers to the environment

3、al damage is caused by the release of radioactive material (核輻射), including nuclear radiation(核輻射), atomic dust(原子塵埃) and other pollution caused by itself, as well as the secondary pollutant(次生污染) is brought by those materials, such as the hurts to human and animal by the water which was polluted by

4、 neclear materials.,3.Dangers of nuclear pollution,People will appear those symptoms: dizziness,headache, loss of appetite, if countinue, they will appear the symptom of leukopenia(白細(xì)胞) and thrombocytopenia(血小板減少). If the ultra dose of radiation persist in peoples body for a long time, it can cause

5、tumorh(腫瘤), leukemia(白血病), and genetic disorder.,4.related accidents,The former Soviet Union Chernobyl accident(蘇聯(lián)切爾諾貝利核電站事故): The Chernobyl accident in Ukraine in 1986 was the worst in the industrys history, as an explosion led to a cloud of radioactive material being spewed over big parts of Europ

6、e.,The U. S. Three Mile Island nuclear accident (美國三里島核電站事故): The accident at the Three Mile Island nuclear plant in Pennsylvania in 1979 was the biggest in U.S. history.,The nuclear accident in Fukushima Nuclear Plant in Japan(日本福島核電站事故): The crisis at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant is t

7、he worst nuclear accident since Chernobyl in Ukraine in 1986.,5.individual steps,Please use fabric bags Take buses Use double-sided paper Do not somke Understand the symbol and meaning of the green food Know some eco-marks,-the cancer of the earth,Desertification,Definition:,Desertification is a typ

8、e of land degradation in which a relatively dry land region becomes increasingly arid, typically losing its bodies of water as well as vegetation and wildlife.,Manifestation(表現(xiàn)):,rocky desertification (石質(zhì)荒漠化),secondary salinization (次生鹽漬化),Caused by,cultivated land degradation (耕地退化),grassland degra

9、dation (草地退化),forest land degradation (林地退化),Factors caused desertification:,Natural reasons,Man-made reasons,The harm of desertification:,Firstly, worsen the ecological environment, and threaten infrastructure, such as railway, villages, and reservoirs and so on. Secondly, provide plenty of sand fo

10、r sand storm. Thirdly, destroy the vegetation and surface configuration, and reduce agriculture productivity level and result in reduction of foods output and lead to famine. Furthermore, affect the surrounding countries and regions, even the whole world.,Drought is the main causes of desertificatio

11、n. Firstly, affected by global warming, it increases drought degree of arid and semi-arid regions, and objectively accelerates the desertification development; Secondly, more unbalanced distribution of annual rainfall. It makes drought time lengthen, and the phenomenon of spring drought connected wi

12、th summer drought more common, and affects the vegetation restoration of arid and semi-arid regions. Thirdly, rainfall generally decreases, which aggravates the desertification.,Because of the excessive growth of population and backward mode of production, and for lack of protection consciousness ab

13、out land resource and ecological environment, it has caused the predatory development of resources and intensifies the process of desertification.,Huangjiali,Light pollution,can you see these stars in night sky?,Light pollution dramatically reduces the visibility ofstars.,Sources,Maps,North America,

14、Middle East,Europe,Japan,North Africa,航拍京津“不夜城”2010年12月，美國國家航空航天局官方發(fā)布了一幅令人吃驚的太空照片。國際空間站的航天員將鏡頭對準(zhǔn)了中國華北地區(qū)。照片中，北京和天津的城市夜景一覽無余，道路照明輪廓十分清晰，夾在兩城之間的廊坊以及東北部幾個(gè)開發(fā)區(qū)也有明亮的燈光。圖中黑色區(qū)域主要是農(nóng)田,Four types,Light trespass Over-illumination Glare Light clutter Skyglow,Light trespass,How ： a strong light enters the window o

15、f ones home from the outside Problems :sleep deprivationor the blocking of an evening view.,Over-illumination,Glare,TYPES: Blinding glare, Disability glare, Discomfort glare Glare light scattering in the eye causes loss of contrast and leads to unsafe driving conditions, much like the glare on a dir

16、ty windshield from low-angle sunlight or the high beams from an oncoming car.In essence bright and/or badly shielded lights around roads can partially blind drivers or pedestrians and contribute to accidents.,Light clutter,HOW:Groupings of lights may generate confusion, distract from obstacles (incl

17、uding those that they may be intended to illuminate), and potentially cause accidents PLACE:on roads where the street lights are badly designed, or where brightly lit advertising surrounds the roadways a hazard in the aviation environmen,Skyglow,How: It is the combination of all light reflected from

18、 what it has illuminated escaping up into the sky and fromallof the badly directed light in that area that also escapes into the sky, being scattered (redirected) by the atmosphere back toward the ground. Measure: Direct skyglow is reduced by selecting lighting fixtures which limit the amount of lig

19、ht emitted more than 90 above thenadir. Indirect skyglow produced by reflections from vertical and horizontal surfaces is harder to manage; the only effective method for preventing it is by minimizing over-illumination.,Consequences,Energy waste Effects on animal and human health and psychology Disr

20、uption of ecosystems Effect on astronomyIncrease in atmospheric pollution,Energy waste,Lighting is responsible for one-fourth of all electricity consumption worldwide,and case studies have shown that several forms ofover-illuminationconstitute energy wastage, including non-beneficial upward directio

21、n of night-time lighting.,Adverse health effects,increased headache incidence, workerfatigue medically defined stress decrease insexualfunction increase in anxiety. increased incidence of breast and prostate cancer obscuring night vision,Disruption of ecosystems,While light at night can be beneficia

22、l, neutral, or damaging for individualspecies, its presence invariably disturbs ecosystems. poses a serious threat in particular tonocturnalwildlife, having negative impacts on plant and animal physiology light pollution around lakes prevents zooplankton, such asDaphnia, from eating surfacealgae, he

23、lping causealgal bloomsthat can kill off the lakes plants and lower water quality. Lights on tall structures can disorient migrating birds,Effect on astronomy,Increase in atmospheric pollution Reduction of natural sky polarization,Reduction,Utilizing light sources of minimum intensity necessary to a

24、ccomplish the lights purpose. Turning lights off using a timer or occupancy sensor or manually when not needed. Improving lighting fixtures, so that they direct their light more accurately towards where it is needed, and with less side effects. Adjusting thetypeof lights used, so that the light wave

25、s emitted are those that are less likely to cause severe light pollution problems. Evaluating existing lighting plans, and re-designing some or all of the plans depending on whether existing light is actually needed.,Movements,Since the early 1980s,a globaldark-sky movementhas emerged, with concerne

26、d people campaigning to reduce the amount of light pollution. “地球一小時(shí)”行動(dòng)：地球一小時(shí)（Earth Hour）是世界自然基金會(huì)（WWF）為應(yīng)對全球氣候變化所提出的一項(xiàng)倡議，希望個(gè)人、社區(qū)、企業(yè)和政府在每年3月最后一個(gè)星期六晚8點(diǎn)半至9點(diǎn)半熄燈1小時(shí)，來表明他們對應(yīng)對氣候變化行動(dòng)的支持。關(guān)注氣候變化和能源問題的同時(shí)，“地球一小時(shí)”行動(dòng)也是在對光污染說“不”,theInstitution of Lighting Engineersin theUnited Kingdomprovides its members informatio

27、n about light pollution, the problems it causes, and how to reduce its impact,TheInternational Dark-Sky Association(IDA) is one non-profit advocacy group involved in this movement,Water Pollution,Industrial pollution Agricultural pollution Domestic pollution,Industrial wastewater, which contains muc

28、h pollutant and complex composition, not only difficult to be purified in the water, but also more difficult to deal with it. Industrial wastewater is the most important cause of water pollution which caused by industrial pollution. It accounts for the majority of industrial emissions of pollutants.

29、 In addition to discharge industrial wastewater directly into the water, solid waste and emissions will pollute the water too.,Agricultural pollution sources including livestock manure(牲畜糞便), pesticide(農(nóng)藥), fertilizer(化肥) and so on. In the agricultural pollution water, the organic matter, nutrients

30、of plant and pathogenic(致病的) microorganism(微生物) content is high. Besides, there also is a high content of pesticide, chemical fertilizer. Whats more, agricultural pollution is due to land reclamation projects which made farming land surface loose, and a natural water flows into the river with a mass

31、 of silt.,The main sources of domestic pollution are all kinds detergents(洗滌劑) that used in city life, sewage(污水), garbage and feces(糞便). Our country has more than 1200 rivers been monitored, at present more than 850 was polluted, more than 90% of the city water have been contaminated.,Water polluti

32、on does harm to peoples health by drinking water or food chain. Pollutants enter into peoples body and will make people have acute or chronic poisoning. If the industries want to use the water that was polluted, they must put more costs to deal with it. It will cause the resources waste and energy w

33、aste. Water for food industry requirements are more stringent. If the water is not qualified, it will made a halt in production. This is the reason why the enterprise benefit is not high and the quality of food is not good.,Agricultural sewage will reduce the crop of farmland, and even make people a

34、nd animals be affected. Whats more, large tracts of farmland were polluted, and that will reduce the quality of soil. Eutrophication of water(水的富營養(yǎng)化)：the water is black, and smelly water formed “Dead Lake” “Dead River” and “Dead Sea”, and then become a swamp. This phenomenon is call eutrophication o

35、f water. This kind of water cannot be used directly, and fish cannot survive from this kind of water.,White Pollution,1.What is White Pollution? White pollution means the pollution of wasted plastics. Because most packing materials are white, so it is called white pollution. White pollution is worldwide, and the pollution resources come from the nature but they cannot degrade naturally. 2.Plastic bags main components polyethylene（聚乙烯） polypropylene(聚丙烯) polyvinyl chloride（PVC聚氯乙烯）polystyrene（聚苯乙烯）,3.Harms of white pollution A .To human Plastics contain vinyl chloride monomer(VCM氯乙烯單體),with