句子的成分與種類(完整課件).ppt

1、句子的成分與種類,句子的種類（一）,句子按結(jié)構(gòu)分可分為簡(jiǎn)單句、并列句和復(fù)合句。 簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語（或并列主語）和一個(gè)謂語動(dòng)詞（或并列謂語動(dòng)詞）。例如： He likes swimming and often swims in the river. 并列句由并列連詞把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。例如： I learn English and he learns French. 復(fù)合句中含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。例如： It was raining hard when I got home yesterday.,句子按功能分可分為陳述句、疑問句、祈使句和感嘆句。 陳述句用來說明一件事實(shí)或表

2、達(dá)一種看法； 疑問句用來提出問題； 祈使句用來發(fā)出請(qǐng)求或命令； 感嘆句用來表達(dá)強(qiáng)烈的感情。,句子的種類（二）,句子的成分 句子一般可以分為幾個(gè)部分，每一個(gè)部分在句子中具有一定的功能，稱為句子的成分。句子的成分有主語、謂語、表語、賓語、補(bǔ)語、定語和狀語。 1主語是一個(gè)句子的中心，主語的位置一般在句首。 2謂語動(dòng)詞說明主語的動(dòng)作與狀態(tài)，一般在主語之后。 3表語位置在連系動(dòng)詞之后，說明主語的身份、特征和狀態(tài)。 4賓語表示動(dòng)作的對(duì)象，即動(dòng)作的承受者，一般放在及物動(dòng)詞后。 5補(bǔ)語補(bǔ)充說明賓語或主語的特征或狀態(tài). 6定語修飾名詞、代詞 7狀語修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞以及全句。,主語、動(dòng)詞（不及物動(dòng)詞、及物動(dòng)

3、詞、雙賓動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞、賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞)、賓語及補(bǔ)語可以稱為基本句子成分。 完整的句子一般至少包含2個(gè)基本成分，至多4個(gè)基本成分。,基本句子成分,附屬成分,附屬成分是基本成分的修飾語。可以是： 定語：即用來修飾名詞的單詞、短語或從句 狀語：即用來修飾名詞或代詞以外的詞的單詞、短語或從句。,簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型,1.主語 不及物動(dòng)詞 （ S + Vi ） 2.主語 及物動(dòng)詞 賓語 ( S + Vt + O) 3.主語 系動(dòng)詞 表 (S + LV + predicative) 4.主語雙賓動(dòng)詞+間賓+直賓 (S +Vt +O.i+O. d) 5.主語 賓補(bǔ)動(dòng)詞 賓語 賓語補(bǔ)語 (S + Vt. + O +

4、 O. c),基本句型 一 +（主謂） 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。 這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。,基本句型 二 + +（主系表） 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, feel,smell,taste,sound等屬一類，表示情況；get, grow, become, turn,go等屬另一類，表示變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其

5、部分詞義.,基本句型 三 + +（主謂賓） 此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。,基本句型 四 + +OI +d（主謂間賓直賓） 此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)：謂語動(dòng)詞必須跟有兩個(gè)賓語才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這兩個(gè)賓語一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的直接承受者，另一個(gè)是動(dòng)作的間接承受者。 通常這一間接承受者用一個(gè)介詞來連接，當(dāng)動(dòng)作的間接承受者在動(dòng)作的直接承受者之前時(shí)，這一介詞往往被省略。,基本句型 五 + + +O（主謂賓賓補(bǔ)） 此句型的句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：動(dòng)詞雖然是及物動(dòng)詞，但是只跟一個(gè)賓語還不能表

6、達(dá)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)補(bǔ)充成分來補(bǔ)足賓語，才能使意思完整。,簡(jiǎn)單句的基本詞序,主語 動(dòng)詞部分 賓語 狀語 （謂語） （方式地點(diǎn)時(shí)間） I bought a hat yesterday. The children ran home. The taxi driver shouted at me angrily. We ate our meal in silence. The car stopped suddenly. A young girl walked confidently in the room. They drove him away in a police car.,附屬成分,定

7、語 1.Poor John tottered toward a hospital nearby 2.She likes oranges imported from the USA. 3.John gave Mary many books，which are full of illustrations 4.Have you seen the book on the desk? 5.The boy playing over there is my brother. 6.People there like sports.,附屬成分,狀 語,1.John often came to chat with

8、 me 2.John likes oranges very much 3.Whenever he gets drunk，John makes Mary very angry 4.Hearing the news, he jumped with joy. 5.As he was ill, he didnt come to class yesterday. 6.She is sitting at the desk, doing her homework. 7.My father worked in this school ten years ago.,祈使句 表示請(qǐng)求、命令、禁止、勸告或建議的句子

9、叫祈使句。祈使句的主語往往省略。其常見的句式結(jié)構(gòu)可歸納為四種基本形式： （1）肯定祈使句； （2）否定祈使句； （3）以Lets開頭的祈使句； （4）以助動(dòng)詞do開頭的祈使句。,1肯定祈使句。如： Stop talking! Come here in time! 2否定祈使句，即以Dont或Never開頭的句子。如： Dont talk in class. Never leave todays work for tomorrow. 3以Lets 或let開頭的句子。如： Lets go together. Let him go first. 4以助動(dòng)詞do開頭的祈使句，在句中起加強(qiáng)語氣的作用，

10、譯成“一定，務(wù)必”。如： Do come to see me if you have time.,感嘆句 含有表示情緒色彩的句子叫感嘆句。感嘆句的結(jié)構(gòu)通常有三種形式： （1）what引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的名詞； （2）how引導(dǎo)的感嘆句，強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的形容詞或副詞； （3）由感情色彩的單詞或詞組構(gòu)成的感嘆句。,1What引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。What+a/an+adj.+n.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)?。ㄓ袝r(shí)主謂結(jié)構(gòu)可省略）。如： What a hot day （it is）! What good advice the teacher gave us! What high buildings （they are）! 2

11、How引導(dǎo)的感嘆句。How+adj./adv.+主謂結(jié)構(gòu)！如： How interesting the book is! How hard they are working!,1 .Her doctor said: “_ work so hard” A Stop B Dont C Cant D No 2. Sindy, _ to be here at 8 oclock. A is sure B is sure that C will be sure D be sure 3._ when you cross the road. A Do care B Care C Do be careful D

12、 To be careful 4. _him the secret, will you? A Dont tell B Not to tell C Not telling D No telling 5. _ in bed. Its bad for your eyes. A Not to read B Dont read C Dont to read D Not read,B,D,C,A,B,B,C,B,D,B,6. _ your child. Well look after him. A Not to worry about B Dont worry about C Not worry for

13、D Dont worry with 7.They are very tired. Why _ have a rest? A not they B do not they C dont they D not to 8 -You look rather tired. _ stopping to have a rest? - All right. A Why not B How about C Why not to Dwhy dont 9 _ tell a lie. A Hardly B Not C No D Never 10.Please _ look outside. Look at the b

14、lackboard. A not B dont C arent D cant,11.! You should take this chance to attend it. A.How important conference is it B.How an important conference it is C.What an important conference is it D.What an important conference it is 12. What sport do you like best? Springboard diving(跳板跳水). to dive into

15、 water from high board! A.What a fun is it B.How fun it is C.How a fun is it D.What fun it is 13.for us to surf(沖浪) on the sea in summer! A.What exciting is it B.How exciting is it C.What exciting it is D.How exciting it is,D,D,D,14.he gave that we should take more exercise in our spare time! A.What a good advice B.How a good advice C.What good advice D.How good advice 15.We havent seen each other for many months.! A.What I missed you B.What did I miss you C.How I missed