定語從句和同位語從句.ppt

1、Relative and Appositive Clauses,定語從句和同位語從句,定語從句,一.定語從句及相關(guān)術(shù)語1.定語從句：修飾一個(gè)名詞或代詞的從句稱為定語從句，一般緊跟在它所修飾的先行詞后面。2.關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)聯(lián)詞成為關(guān)系詞關(guān)系詞有關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系代詞有that, which, who, whom, whose, as等；關(guān)系副詞有where, when, why等。關(guān)系詞常有3個(gè)作用： 1）引導(dǎo)定語從句 2）代替先行詞 3）在定語從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,二.關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1.who指人，在從句中做主語e.g. The boys who are playing

2、 football are from Class One. Yesterday I helped an old man who lost his way.2. whom指人，在定語從句中充當(dāng)賓語，常可省略。e.g. Mr. Liu is the person (whom) you talked about on the bus. Mr. Ling is just the boy whom I want to see.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語和非正式語體中常用who代替，可省略,3. which指物，在定語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略e.g. Football is a game w

3、hich is liked by most boys. This is the pen (which) he bought yesterday.4. that指人時(shí)，相當(dāng)于who或者whom；指物時(shí)，相當(dāng)于which。在賓語從句中做主語或者賓語，做賓語時(shí)可省略。e.g. The number of the people that/who come to visit the city each year rises one million. Where is the box (that/which) I saw this morning?,5. whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語

4、e.g. He has a friend whose father is a doctor. I once lived in a house whose roof has fallen in.whose指物時(shí)，常用以下結(jié)構(gòu)來代替e.g. The classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired. The classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.,三.介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中做介詞賓語時(shí)，從句常由介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)e.g. The sc

5、hool (that/which) he once studied in is very famous. The school in which he once studied is very famous. 注意：1. 含有介詞的動(dòng)詞短語一般不拆開使用，如：look for, look after, take care of等e.g. This is the watch which/that I am looking for. (T) This is the watch for which I am looking. (F),2. 若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時(shí)用whom，不可用who

6、或者that；指物時(shí)用which，不能用that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時(shí)用whosee.g. The man with whom you talked is my friend. (T) The plane in which we flew to Canada is very comfortable. (T),3. “介詞+關(guān)系代詞”前可有some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few等代詞或者數(shù)詞(1) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.(2) I

7、n the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.(3) There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities.,四關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的定語從句 1. when指時(shí)間，在定語從句中做時(shí)間狀語 I still remember the day when I first came to the school 2. where指地點(diǎn)，在定語從句中做地點(diǎn)狀語 Shanghai is the city where I

8、was born 3. why指原因，在定語從句中做原因狀語 Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.,注意：關(guān)系副詞引導(dǎo)的從句可以由“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”引導(dǎo)的從句替換e.g. The reason why/ for which he refused the invitation is not clear, From the year when/in which he was going to school he began to know what he wanted. Great changes have taken place

9、in the city in which/where I was born,五限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句形式上 不用逗號和主句隔開 用逗號和主句隔開意義上 是先行詞不可缺少的定語，是對先行詞的補(bǔ)充 不可刪除說明， 刪除后意思仍完整譯法上 翻譯成先行詞的定語， 通常翻譯成 主句的并列句 關(guān)系詞的使用上 A. 做賓語時(shí)可省略 B. 可用that C可用who代替whom e.g. China is a country which has a long history . China, which was founded in 1949, is becomin

10、g more and more powerful.,難點(diǎn)分析（一）限制性定語從句只能用that的幾種情況1當(dāng)先行詞是anything, everything, nothing (something 除外), few, all, none, little, some等代詞時(shí)，或者是由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修飾時(shí)(1) Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li has said?(2) There seems to be nothing that seems impossible for

11、 him in the world.(3) All that can be done has been done.(4) There is little that I can do for you.注意：當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who,2. 當(dāng)先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾 The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.3. 當(dāng)先行詞被形容詞最高級修飾時(shí) This is the best film that I have seen.4. 當(dāng)形容詞被the very, the only 修飾時(shí) This is the very d

12、ictionary that I want to buy, After the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owned.當(dāng)先行詞指人時(shí)，偶爾也可以用who,5. 當(dāng)先行詞前面有who, which等疑問代詞時(shí)(1) Who is the man that is standing there?(2) Which is the T-shirt that fits me most?6. 當(dāng)先行詞既有人，也有動(dòng)物或者物體時(shí) Can you remember the scientist and his theory t

13、hat we have learned?,同位語從句,在復(fù)合句中用作同位語的從句叫同位語從句。它一般跟在某些名詞后面，用以說明該名詞表示的具體內(nèi)容。如： I heard the news that our team had won我聽到了我們隊(duì)獲勝的消息。 I had no idea that you were here我不知道你在這里。,可以跟同位語從句的名詞通常有news，idea，fact，promise，question，doubt，thought，hope，message，suggestion，word（消息），possibility等。如： Ive come from Mr. Wa

14、ng with a message that he wont be able to see you this afternoon 我從王先生那里來，他讓我告訴你他今天下午不能來看你了,英語中引導(dǎo)同位語從句的詞通有連詞 that，whether，連接副詞 how, when, where等。（注：if通常不引導(dǎo)同位語從句。）如： l have no idea When he will be back我不知道他什么時(shí)候回來。 He must answer the question whether he agrees to if or not. 他必須回答他是否同意這樣一個(gè)問題。,有時(shí)同位語從句可以

15、不緊跟在說明的名詞后面，而被別的詞隔開。 如： Several years later，word came that Napoleon himself was coming to inspect them 幾年以后，有消息傳來說拿破侖要親自視 察他們。 The thought came to him that maybe the enemy had fled the city 他突然想起可能敵人已經(jīng)逃出城了。,同位語從句與定語從句的區(qū)別。,1、同位語從句與前面的名詞是同位關(guān)系，即說明它前面名詞的內(nèi)容；而定語從句與前面的名詞是修飾與被修飾關(guān)系，即限定它前面的名詞范圍，或補(bǔ)充一些情況。如： The news that l hove passed the exam is true我通過了考試這一消息是真的。 （同位語從句，即從句所表達(dá)的意思就是前面名詞的內(nèi)容。） The news that he told me just now is true他剛才告訴我的消息是真的。 （定語從句，從句對前面名詞起修飾限制作用，即“他告訴我的”那個(gè)消息，而不是別的消息。）,2、引導(dǎo)同位語從句的that是連詞，在從句中不充