英語(yǔ)(Rhetoric).ppt

1、英語(yǔ)修辭學(xué)(Rhetoric),English Figures of Speech,英語(yǔ)修辭的一般規(guī)律與特點(diǎn) General principles and features of English rhetoric,1. 關(guān)系詞豐富，介詞、連詞、關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞等的充分利用，使英語(yǔ)成為一種更為形式的語(yǔ)言，即以形合為主的語(yǔ)言。而漢語(yǔ)是以意合為主的語(yǔ)言。That is our policy and that is our declaration. 這就是我們的國(guó)策。這就是我們的宣言。 If winter comes, can spring be far behind? 冬天來(lái)了，春天還會(huì)遠(yuǎn)嗎？ T

2、his is the reason why he is leaving so soon. 這就是他所以這么快就要離開的原因。,2. 英語(yǔ)名詞用得多，漢語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用得多。因此，從總體修辭效果上看，英語(yǔ)呈靜態(tài)，漢語(yǔ)呈動(dòng)態(tài)。 I fell madly in love with her, and she with me. 我瘋狂地愛上了她，她也瘋狂地愛上了我。 A woman with fair opportunities, and without an absolute hump may marry whom she likes. 一個(gè)女人只要不是駝背駝得厲害，機(jī)會(huì)好的話，想嫁給誰(shuí)就嫁給誰(shuí)。 Laser

3、 is one of the most sensational developments in recent years, because of its applicability to many fields of science and its adaptability to practical uses. 激光可以應(yīng)用于許多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域，又適合于各種實(shí)際用途，因此成了近年來(lái)轟動(dòng)一時(shí)的科學(xué)成就之一。,3. 英語(yǔ)有“物稱傾向”，即主語(yǔ)往往是表示無(wú)生命物體的名詞或表示事物的名詞詞組。漢語(yǔ)則有明顯的“人稱傾向”，即句子的主語(yǔ)往往是人或有生命的東西。 My heart went out to the

4、old warrior as spectators pushed by him to shake Darrows hand. 觀眾從他身邊擠過(guò)去爭(zhēng)相與達(dá)羅握手時(shí)，我很同情這位久經(jīng)沙場(chǎng)的老將。 Bitterness fed on the man who had made the world laugh. 這位曾使全世界的人發(fā)出笑聲的人自己卻飽受辛酸。 The sight of his native place called back his childhood. 見到自己的故鄉(xiāng)，他想起了童年的情景。 The old mans death was calm and peaceful. （那位）老人

5、死得很安詳。,4. 英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)句用得多，漢語(yǔ)主動(dòng)句用得多。這更說(shuō)明了英語(yǔ)的“物稱傾向”。 An illustration is furnished by an editorial in the Washington Post (January 17, 1962). 華盛頓郵報(bào)（1962年1月17日）的一篇社論提供了一個(gè)例子。 It has been known for a long time that there is a first relationship between the heart and liver. 長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)，大家知道心臟和肝臟的關(guān)系是最重要的。 The challenge f

6、rom the Third World has always been foreseen by our shipping companies. 我國(guó)的海運(yùn)公司總能預(yù)見來(lái)自第三世界的挑戰(zhàn)。,5. 英語(yǔ)多用長(zhǎng)句和復(fù)合句。 With the gaining of our political freedom you will remember that there came a conflict between the point of view of Alexander Hamilton, sincerely believing in the superiority of government by

7、 a small group of public-spirited and usually wealthy citizens, and, on the other hand, the point of view of Thomas Jefferson, and advocate of government by representatives chosen by all the people, and advocate of the universal right of free thought and free personal living and free religion and fr

8、ee expression of opinion and, above all, the right of free universal suffrage. 想必你們還記得，在我們獲得政治自由之后，亞歷山大漢密爾頓和托馬斯杰弗遜兩人在觀點(diǎn)上發(fā)生了分歧。漢密爾頓對(duì)于由一小群熱心公益且往往有錢的公民掌管的政府的優(yōu)越性堅(jiān)信不疑。杰弗遜則主張政府必須由全民選出的代表掌管。他還主張公民普遍享有思想自由、居住自由、宗教自由和言論自由的權(quán)利，特別是享有普選權(quán)利。,6. 英語(yǔ)大量使用抽象名詞，這類名詞涵義概括，指稱籠統(tǒng)，覆蓋面廣，往往有一種“虛”、“泛”、“暗”、“曲”、“隱”的魅力，因而便于用來(lái)表達(dá)復(fù)雜的思

9、想和微妙的情緒。 The signs of the times point to the necessity of the modification of the system of administration. 管理體制需要改革，這已越來(lái)越清楚了。 No year passes now without evidence of the truth of the statement that the work of government is becoming increasingly difficult. 行政管理工作已變得越來(lái)越困難了，每年都證明確實(shí)如此。,What is Rhetoric

10、?,Why Do We Learn Rhetoric?,To understand the authors intention better. To find out the common ways people know the world and ways people express themselves. To appreciate the beauty, explicit or not, of the language. To learn how to achieve an effective communication.,Division of Rhetoric,Communica

11、tive Rhetoric 交際修辭 (Negative Rhetoric 消極修辭) - To add to peoples knowledge; accurate, plain; Aesthetic Rhetoric 美學(xué)修辭 (Positive Rhetoric 積極修辭) - To get people affected, or moved; vivid, brilliant, colorful.,一、語(yǔ)義修辭 1明喻（simile）俗稱直喻，是依據(jù)比喻和被比喻兩種不同事物的相似關(guān)系而構(gòu)成的修辭格。 1.The snow was like a white blanket drawn o

12、ver the field. 2.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow. 認(rèn)真觀察以上各例，我們會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)它們的特點(diǎn)，由（as）. as, like等引導(dǎo)，這些引導(dǎo)詞被稱作比喻詞（acknowledging word），它們是辨別明喻的最顯著的特征，明喻較為直白，比喻物和被比喻物之間相似點(diǎn)較為明顯，所以明喻是一種比較好判斷的修辭手。,1. Simile(明喻),拉丁語(yǔ) similis (like) 1.three parts : subject (主體) reference （喻體） indicator

13、of resemblance （比喻詞） My love is like a red red rose. 2。主體和喻體一般指兩個(gè)不同的事物。 John is as tall as a Maypole.五朔節(jié)花柱(慶祝五朔節(jié)圍繞此柱歌舞),五朔節(jié)歐洲傳統(tǒng)民間節(jié)日。用以祭祀樹神、谷物神、慶祝農(nóng)業(yè)收獲及春天的來(lái)臨。歷史悠久，最早起源于古代東方，后傳至歐洲。每年5月1日舉行。五朔節(jié)前夕，在英國(guó)、法國(guó)、瑞典的一些地區(qū)，人們通常會(huì)在家門前插上一根青樹枝或栽一棵幼樹，并用花冠、花束裝飾起來(lái)。少女們手持樹枝花環(huán)，挨家挨戶去唱五朔節(jié)贊歌，祝福主人。在一些農(nóng)村，每年5月1日凌晨，青年們便奏著音樂(lè)、唱著贊歌，結(jié)伴

14、去樹林砍樹枝，待太陽(yáng)出來(lái)后返回，將樹枝插在門窗上。,What is simile? E.g. The snow was like a white blank drawn over the field. The structure: The signified, the simile marker, and the signifier 本體, 比喻詞, 喻體,The three uses of similes:,Descriptive描述型明喻; Illuminative啟示型明喻; Illustrative說(shuō)明型明喻;,;,Descriptive 描述型,Her lips were red,

15、her locks were yellow as gold. Pop looked so unhappy, almost like a child whos lost his piece of candy. The big black flies hit us like bombs.,Illustrative說(shuō)明型,E.g. What is tennis? Tennis is like a pingpong game scaled up to a sizable court. Its function is to explain abstract or complicated ideas or

16、 things unfamiliar to you in simple, concrete ideas, or things familiar to you.,Illuminative啟發(fā)型,E.g. What happened to a dream deferred (postponed)? Like a raisin (葡萄干) in the sun? Or fester (化膿) like a sore? Does it stink like a rotten meat? Its function is to give deeper insight into persons or thi

17、ngs.,Compare the following sentences: Jim looks like his brother Billy. My car runs as fast as the train. A real friend is like a mirror that can help you see any dirt on your face. Life was like a journey full of pitfalls. - (The first two sentences are not cases of simile.) Simile is a comparison

18、between two unlike things across domains (跨領(lǐng)域).,Like and as型,Marriage is like a beleaguered fortress; those who are without want to get in, and those within want go get out . 婚姻象是一個(gè)被包圍的 堡壘；外面的想要進(jìn)去，里面的人想要出來(lái)。,Love goes towards love , as schoolboys from their books; But love from love , towards school

19、with heavy looks.(Shakespeare) 赴情人的約會(huì)， 象學(xué)童拋開書一樣， 和情人分別，象學(xué)童板著臉上學(xué)堂。,虛擬句型和what 型,The first time I read an excellent book, it is to me as if I had gained a new friend. 我頭一回讀到一本好書， 對(duì)我來(lái)說(shuō)好象交到一位新朋友。,Judicious praise is to children what the sun is to flowers. (Bovee) 明智的表?yè)P(yáng)對(duì)于孩子的作用，就象陽(yáng)光對(duì)于花朵的作用。,Than and And 型,

20、We have no more right to consume happiness without producing it than to consume wealth without producing it . 我們不創(chuàng)造幸福便無(wú)權(quán)享受幸福， 正如不創(chuàng)造財(cái)富也就無(wú)權(quán)享受財(cái)富一樣。,Love and cough can not hid. 戀愛如同咳嗽， 難逃他人耳目。 A word and a stone let go cannot be recalled. 說(shuō)出的話猶如拋出的石頭， 是收不回來(lái)的,E.g. The world is a stage. The theory is tota

21、lly based on solid foundation. A romance was budding. The economy is overheating. She exploded. I notice tears welling up in her eyes. Embarrassed at our noisy children, we sheepishly tried to sneak into the dining room, hoping not to be noticed by others. The temperature fell to a murderous -40.,Tw

22、o steps involved: What do these n., v., adv., adj imply? Structure: The signified is the signifier. 本體 是 喻體。 The theory is a building. The romance was a plant. The economy is machinery. She was a container. My tears is a well. We are sheep. The temperature is a murderer.,、This elephant is like a sna

23、ke as anybody can see. 這頭象和任何人見到的一樣像一條蛇。 、He looked as if he had just stepped out of my book of fairytales and had passed me like a spirit. 他看上去好像剛從我的童話故事書中走出來(lái)，像幽靈一樣從我身旁走過(guò)去。 、It has long leaves that sway in the wind like slim fingers reaching to touch something. 它那長(zhǎng)長(zhǎng)的葉子在風(fēng)中擺動(dòng)，好像伸出纖細(xì)的手指去觸摸什么東西似的。,2. M

24、etaphor,隱喻（Metaphor）,希臘語(yǔ)Metapherein (transfer )轉(zhuǎn)換 無(wú)需借助比喻詞，直接將甲事物當(dāng)作乙事物來(lái)描寫。也稱隱喻，是依據(jù)比喻和被比喻兩種不同事物的相似或相關(guān)關(guān)系而構(gòu)成的修辭格。 例如： 1.His friend has become a thorn in his side.（他的朋友已變成眼中釘肉中刺。） 2.You are your mothers glass.(你是你母親的翻版。) 3.Hope is a good breakfast, but its a bad supper.,由以上各例可知，暗喻沒有引導(dǎo)詞，這是明喻和暗喻在形式上的最大區(qū)別。換

25、句話說(shuō)，有為明喻，沒有為暗喻。如：He has a heart of stone. He has a heart like stone.很顯然，前句是暗喻，后句是明喻。暗喻時(shí)，比喻物和被比喻物之間的相似點(diǎn)較為含蓄，猛一看它們毫無(wú)關(guān)系，實(shí)際卻有著某種內(nèi)在聯(lián)系。 Compressed simile (簡(jiǎn)縮了的明喻) The solider was as brave as a lion in the battle . The soldier was a lion in a battle .,談到暗喻，有必要說(shuō)說(shuō)它的兩種變體（variety）：博喻（sustained metaphor）和延喻（ext

26、ended metaphor），它們是英語(yǔ)比喻中的特殊類型。 （1）博喻 連續(xù)使用多個(gè)喻體去比喻主體的方法就叫做博喻。比如：,There again came out the second flash, with the spring of a serpent and the shout of a fiend, looked green as an emerald, and the reverberation was stunning.(爆發(fā)了第二次閃電，她像蛇一樣蜿蜒，如魔鬼般嘶叫，像翠玉般碧綠，轟隆隆震耳欲聾。) 這個(gè)例子中對(duì)閃電的比喻就用了三個(gè)喻體，spring of a serpent

27、（動(dòng)態(tài)），shout of a fiend（聲音），green as an emerald(顏色)，它們從不同角度繪聲繪色地把閃電呈現(xiàn)在讀者面前。由此可見，多喻體的使用其優(yōu)勢(shì)是單一喻體所無(wú)法比擬的。它可以多角度、多側(cè)面、多層次、多結(jié)構(gòu)地表現(xiàn)主體。,（2）延喻 據(jù)Longman Modern English Dictionary解釋，延喻即make an initial comparison and then develop it, expanding the authors idea（作出初次比較再擴(kuò)展，以延伸作者的意圖）。請(qǐng)看下例：,A photographer is a cod, whic

28、h produces a million eggs in order that one may reach maturity. (攝影師像鱈魚，產(chǎn)卵百萬(wàn)為的是長(zhǎng)成一條。) 攝影師通常拍片成堆，難覓一成功之作，似鱈魚產(chǎn)卵無(wú)數(shù)，長(zhǎng)成者廖廖。故蕭伯納把攝影師先比作cod，再進(jìn)一步用cod的習(xí)性比喻之，生動(dòng)地道出了攝影師的艱辛。這里which后的從句就顯示了延喻的功能。,與一般比喻相比延喻的使用更復(fù)雜。一般比喻只需抓住主、喻體之間的相似之處，延喻不僅要注意比喻本身，還要注意延伸部分是否與喻體保持了一致。也就是說(shuō)，延伸部分應(yīng)當(dāng)是喻體的一部分，不能游離于其外。,延喻的構(gòu)成分以下幾種： 由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成 The

29、mist, like love, plays upon the heart of the hills.（薄霧，如心靈深處的愛，在山的深處飄蕩。） b.Her eyes, pools of love, were rippling in tenderness.(她的雙眼似愛的池塘，正泛著柔情蜜意的漣漪。),由介詞短語(yǔ)構(gòu)成 a.The stone shaped as a kitten with crystal eyes.（石頭形如小貓，眼似水晶 b.The huge sunlight flamed like a monstrous dahlia with petals of yellow fire.

30、（煤氣燈燃得像一朵巨大的大麗花，黃黃的火舌恰似花瓣。）,由句子構(gòu)成 He is as poor as a church mouse, and a church mouse like him eats like a horse. （他一貧如洗，赤貧的他又特別能吃。） 由從句構(gòu)成 The chess-board is the world, where the rules of the game are what we call the laws of nature. (棋盤如世界，游戲規(guī)則如同自然法則。),總的來(lái)說(shuō)，延喻是喻體的一部分，能夠進(jìn)一步描繪喻體發(fā)出的動(dòng)作或產(chǎn)生的狀態(tài)，對(duì)喻體特性進(jìn)行擴(kuò)展，

31、解釋喻體的功用。它使喻體由單一性變化為多樣性，在結(jié)構(gòu)、內(nèi)涵等方面具有單一喻體無(wú)法比擬的修辭效果，所以學(xué)習(xí)好延喻對(duì)于提高寫作效果是非常有幫助的。,More.,、German guns and German planes rained down bombs, shells and bullets. 德國(guó)人的槍炮和飛機(jī)將炸彈、炮彈和子彈像暴雨一樣傾瀉下來(lái)。 、The diamond department was the heart and center of the store. 鉆石部是商店的心臟和核心。,名詞型和動(dòng)詞型,Marriage is a book of which the first

32、chapter is written in poetry and remaining chapters in prose . 結(jié)婚， 是一本第一章以詩(shī)寫成，其余各章以散文寫就的書。,He that cannot forgive others breaks the bridge over which he must pass himself for every man has need to be forgiven . 不能原諒別人的人， 等于毀掉了他自己必須經(jīng)過(guò)的橋，因?yàn)槊總€(gè)人都有需要?jiǎng)e人原諒的時(shí)候。,形容詞型和of短語(yǔ)型,她對(duì)細(xì)節(jié)有照相機(jī)般的記憶力。 She has a photograph

33、ic memory for detail.,A policeman waved me out of the snake of traffic and flagged me to stop. 一位警察招手 要我從長(zhǎng)蛇陣般的車流中出來(lái)， 并招呼我停下。,1) 何等動(dòng)人的一頁(yè)又一頁(yè)篇章！ 這是人類思維的花朵。（徐遲：哥德巴赫猜想）What inspiring chapters! They are the flowers of the human brainwork. 2) 霎時(shí)間，東西長(zhǎng)安街成了喧騰的大海。（袁鷹：十月長(zhǎng)安街）At once，the Eastern and Western Chang

34、an Roads became roaring oceans.,3) Janes uncle is an old fox，up to all kinds of evils. 簡(jiǎn)的叔叔是個(gè)老狐貍，什么壞事都干得出來(lái)。 4) After that long talk，Jim became the sun in her heart. 那次長(zhǎng)談之后，吉姆成了她心中的太陽(yáng)。,a bed of roses 安樂(lè)窩 clean hands 兩袖清風(fēng) curtain-lecture 枕頭風(fēng),like mushroom 雨后春筍 mushroom fame 一夜成名 a mushroom millionaire

35、 暴發(fā)戶,3. Personification: (擬人）,It gives human form of feelings to animals, or life and personal attributes(賦予) to inanimate(無(wú)生命的) objects, or to ideas and abstractions(抽象). 把事、物、觀念等擬作人，賦予它們以人的思想。感情與行為方式。 e.g The wind whistled through the trees. Money talks; money prints; money broadcasts; money reign

36、s.,擬人（personification） 擬人手法是把物，諸如動(dòng)物、植物、物體、思想或抽象概念等比作人，賦予它們?nèi)说奶匦浴⑼獗?、思維、動(dòng)作。即把本來(lái)適用于人的詞匯用于物，使之人格化。 請(qǐng)看下面舉例： 1.Freedom blushed for shame.（自由因羞愧而臉紅。） 2.How rarely reasons guide the stubborn choice.(固執(zhí)的選擇很少是理智的。) 3.The sun looks over the mountains rim.(太陽(yáng)掛在山邊。) 4. The moans of the autumn wind wound in the de

37、ep of the mountains.(秋風(fēng)的呻吟縈繞在大山深處。) 5. Flu stalked about, touching one here and there with his evil finger. (流感四處游蕩，用它罪惡的手指碰碰這個(gè)，碰碰那個(gè)。),4. Euphemism(委婉),Euphemismos (good speech) 以較文雅，悅耳或溫婉的說(shuō)法來(lái)代替粗野，刺耳或直露的話。,委婉的英語(yǔ)定義是speak with good words，就是把話說(shuō)得好聽些，婉轉(zhuǎn)些，使聽者感到愉快。委婉法在各種語(yǔ)言中都有使用，十分廣泛。 英語(yǔ)中的委婉修辭大致可以分為兩類，一類是用暗

38、示手法，轉(zhuǎn)換角度使語(yǔ)言溫和愉悅，另一類是用好字眼來(lái)代替不好的刺眼的字眼。 1.Your painting is not so good. (畫畫得差，卻說(shuō)成“不太好”，good總比bad好聽。)2.He wasnt at all embarrassed by her low-income, and decided to marry her soon.(這里的low-income其實(shí)是貧窮poverty的婉轉(zhuǎn)暗示。) 3.Jackson, a black brought up in the inner city, ran swiftly along the track and beat all

39、the others. (inner city用來(lái)婉稱slum貧民窟，表示了對(duì)那位黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)員的尊重。),有關(guān)疾病、殘疾等/人體，排泄，性愛，生育等,疾?。簂ook off color Under the weather Social disease(AIDS) 殘疾：disabled; auditory-impaired; visually retarded 衰老：golden age: feel ones age 死亡：be at rest ; return to dust; be no longer with us,人體：in a state of nature ; In ones bir

40、thday suit 排泄: pass air ; make a noise (放屁) wash ones hands ; relieve oneself , answer the call of nature (大小便) 性愛：have relations with ; make love Sleep around (亂搞那女關(guān)系) 生育：in trouble (未婚先孕) In the family way ;eating for two (懷孕),有關(guān)職業(yè)，社會(huì)問(wèn)題的委婉語(yǔ),職業(yè)： 補(bǔ)鞋匠 shoetrician 垃圾清運(yùn)工garbologist 園丁land architect 家庭婦

41、女domestic engineer 商場(chǎng)巡視員aisle manager,To hook ; to palm; to walk away with (順手牽羊) 吸毒：to blow snow; Joy powder（毒品） Lady snow (可卡因) Do time (服刑),有關(guān)政治、經(jīng)濟(jì)、軍事、外交的委婉語(yǔ),政治：eyes only (絕密文件) 經(jīng)濟(jì)：adjustment downward（效益不佳） 軍事：adjustment of the front (撤退) 外交：an underdeveloped country 貧窮落后的國(guó)家,More Examples,And , i

42、t being low water, he went out with the tide.(Charles Dickens,Davidcopperfield) 正是退潮的時(shí)候，他跟潮水一道走了。（溺水而死） If you will allow me , I will call your carriage for you .（Oscar Wilde） 如果你愿意的話，我去給你叫輛車。（下逐客令）,I am afraid she cant act that part-She is a little on the plump side. 恐怕她扮演不了那個(gè)角色-她有些發(fā)福。 We had three

43、 main difficulties with regard to those documents. 關(guān)于那些文件，我們有三個(gè)主要的不便同意之處。Difficulty=disagreement,The U.S. side declared: The United States acknowledges that all the Chinese on either side of the Taiwan Strait maintain there is but one China and that Taiwan is part of China. The United States does no

44、t challenge that position. 美國(guó)方面聲明，美國(guó)認(rèn)識(shí)到，在臺(tái)灣海峽兩岸的所有中國(guó)人都認(rèn)為只有一個(gè)中國(guó)，臺(tái)灣是中國(guó)的一部分，美國(guó)政府對(duì)這一立場(chǎng)不提出異議。,提喻（synecdoche）,又稱舉隅法，主要特點(diǎn)是局部代表全體，或以全體喻指部分，或以抽象代具體，或以具體代抽象。例如： 、The Great Wall was made not only of stones and earth, but of the flesh and blood of millions of men. 長(zhǎng)城不僅是用石頭和土建造的，而且是用幾百萬(wàn)人的血和肉建成的。 句中的“the flesh an

45、d blood”喻為“the great sacrifice”（巨大的犧牲）,“.saying that it was the most beautiful tongue in the world,.”,他說(shuō)這是世界上最美的語(yǔ)言。 這里用具體的“tongue”代替抽象的“l(fā)anguage”,Many eyes turned to a tall,20year black girl on the U.S. team. ”。,很多人將眼光投向美國(guó)隊(duì)一個(gè)高高的歲的黑姑娘。 這里的“many eyes”代替了“many persons,Metonymy借代,Metonymia (希臘語(yǔ))changing

46、 of name 故意不用需要說(shuō)明的人或物的本稱，而是借與該人或該物密切相關(guān)的事物來(lái)代替。指兩種不同事物并不相似，但又密不可分，因而常用其中一種事物名稱代替另一種。 What is learned in the cradle is carried to the grave .(幼小所學(xué)， 終身不忘) Cradle (birth ), grave (birth ) 表達(dá)簡(jiǎn)練， 具體， 生動(dòng)， 有趣。,5.夸張（hyperbole）,夸張手法是人們從主觀出發(fā)，有意識(shí)地把事實(shí)夸大，故意言過(guò)其實(shí)，以達(dá)到強(qiáng)調(diào)或突出的一種修辭手法。它偏重于情感，而不太注重事實(shí)，表達(dá)得比實(shí)際事情更高、更強(qiáng)烈、更有集中性，具

47、有詼諧、譏諷、褒貶等功用。一般說(shuō)來(lái)，凡事物，都可適當(dāng)?shù)乩每鋸埲バ揎棥?例如：1.The tumult reached the stars.(鬧聲震天。) 2.My gray hair can make a long long rope.(白發(fā)三千丈。) 3.I havent seen you for ages.(幾輩子不見了。) 4.Having been elected chairman, he felt as if he were on the top of the world.(被選為主席后，他感覺似乎站在了地球之巔。) 5.He hurried to the railway stat

48、ion, looking at his watch a hundred times.(他匆匆朝火車站去，看了一百遍表。),夸張的最常用手法有以下幾種： （1）利用數(shù)詞 His eyes fell on the page, but his mind was a million miles away.(他的眼睛在書頁(yè)上，可心思卻在十萬(wàn)八千里之外。) I am ten times better than you in handwriting.(我寫字比你好十倍。),（2）利用極端概念 Ill keep it a secret till the end of the world.(我將把秘密保持到世界

49、末日。) I will love you till the seas gone dry, the rocks melt with the sun.(我愛你到海枯石爛。),（3）利用形容詞和副詞 The cost mounted to astronomical figures.(花銷達(dá)到天文數(shù)字。) I am thirsty to death for the book.(我想那本書想得要命。) 如果用terrible, terrific, awful, horrible, fantastic等感情強(qiáng)烈的詞去修飾并不重要的事情，就具有夸張的成分。,（3）利用形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí) Im the ha

50、ppiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人。) Shakespeare is universally well known. (莎士比亞名冠天下。) （5）利用介詞短語(yǔ) Bill Gates rounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比爾蓋茨聚財(cái)無(wú)數(shù)。) Dont let the chance slip through fingers.(不要讓機(jī)會(huì)溜掉。),（3）利用形容詞和副詞的最高級(jí) Im the happiest man in the world.(我是世界上最幸福的人。) Shakespeare is universal

51、ly well known. (莎士比亞名冠天下。) （5）利用介詞短語(yǔ) Bill Gates rounded up a wealth beyond calculation.(比爾蓋茨聚財(cái)無(wú)數(shù)。) Dont let the chance slip through fingers.(不要讓機(jī)會(huì)溜掉。),（6）利用名詞 He is always punctual as the Big Ben.(他總是守時(shí)如大本鐘。) They cried to high heaven for a timely rainfall.(他們喊聲震天乞求及時(shí)雨。),6矛盾修飾法（oxymoron）,顧名思義，這種修飾法就

52、是把明顯矛盾的詞用在一起，以產(chǎn)生語(yǔ)言上的奇效。既然是矛盾的詞，其詞匯意義往往相對(duì)立，形成反義關(guān)系，它們用在一塊可以深刻地揭示事物間矛盾對(duì)立，同時(shí)又協(xié)調(diào)統(tǒng)一的方面。例如：,1.The interview lasted for an endless morning, I got quite exhausted. (“morning”不可能“endless”，因?yàn)椤癷nterview”把人搞得“exhausted”，才有了時(shí)間上的“endless”。把有限和無(wú)限的東西放在一起，形成矛盾修飾。) 2.He sat there and watched them, so changelessly chan

53、ging, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.(他坐在那兒注視著他們，覺得眼前的景象既是始終如一，又是變化多端，既是光彩奪目，又是朦朧黑暗，既是莊嚴(yán)肅穆，又是輕松愉快。),矛盾修飾法的特點(diǎn)就是構(gòu)成相互關(guān)聯(lián)的、屬于反義的詞被安排在一塊，二者之間彼此對(duì)立，卻又有著必然的聯(lián)系，其產(chǎn)生的語(yǔ)言效果非常獨(dú)特，令人過(guò)目不忘。比如：,cruel kindness 殘酷的仁慈 painful pleasure 悲喜交加 ugly beautiful 丑中帶俊 wise fool 聰明的傻瓜 loving hate 愛恨交織 unfaithful faith 不堅(jiān)定的信心

54、old young man 事故的年輕人 walking dead 行尸走肉,從以上這些例子，我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)它們結(jié)構(gòu)上的一個(gè)特點(diǎn)，即意義相反的詞都存在修飾和被修飾的關(guān)系，我們可以總結(jié)為以下幾方面： （1）形容詞+名詞：cruel kindness, orderly chaos, wise fool, painful pleasure (2)動(dòng)詞分詞+名詞：loving hate, walking dead (3)形容詞+形容詞：ugly beautiful, bitter sweet, poor rich,(4)副詞+形容詞：mercifully fatal, deadly alive, dis

55、agreeably pleasant (5)副詞+動(dòng)詞分詞：changelessly changing, stably moving (6)名詞+名詞：enemy friend, life-and-death (7)動(dòng)詞+副詞：hurry slowly, talk silently, live deadly,7移位修飾法（transferred epithet）,移位修飾法就是將僅可用于修飾某種東西的詞匯移植修飾到另類東西上的一種語(yǔ)言使用手法，即將甲事物的修飾成分轉(zhuǎn)移到乙事物上，使風(fēng)馬牛不相及的成分湊在一起，反而使得語(yǔ)言簡(jiǎn)練凝縮，形象生動(dòng)。比如我們經(jīng)常使用的“Happy New Year!”,

56、 “year”是不會(huì)“happy”的，如果非要生硬地說(shuō)“You feel happy in the new year.”，反倒累贅了。其它如“a sleepless night”，“the smiling spring”，“hurrying autumn”，等等，都是常見的例子。由于這種修辭手法的獨(dú)特性和形象生動(dòng)性，其在英語(yǔ)中的使用頗為廣泛。,1.由修飾人物轉(zhuǎn)為修飾事物 (1)He lay in bed, smoking his thinking pipe.（他躺在床上，抽煙思考。） (2)Mother simply couldnt fall asleep on his painful pil

57、low.（一落枕就想頭疼的事，母親簡(jiǎn)直睡不著。）,2.由修飾動(dòng)物轉(zhuǎn)為修飾事物 (1)The neighborhood couldnt stand to hear the gnawing cry from the husband over his wifes death. (鄰居們不忍聽到丈夫因妻子去世而撕心裂肺的哭聲。gnaw指蟲子等的“咬嚙”，形容的那種哭聲難以言狀。) (2)The crawling minutes seem to be ever-lasting. (慢逝的分秒似乎永無(wú)止境。crawl爬行。),3.由修飾人轉(zhuǎn)為修飾人的某部分或與人有關(guān)的狀態(tài) （1）Hans shrugged

58、 a scornful shoulder.(漢斯輕蔑地聳聳肩。scornful常用于修飾人的心理狀態(tài)。) （2）She showed me an appalled gesture.(她向我作了一個(gè)吃驚的手勢(shì)。),4.由修飾具體事物轉(zhuǎn)為修飾抽象事物 （1）I have mountainous difficulty in understanding Shakespeares works.(我理解莎士比亞的作品有極大困難。mountainous表示“多山的”，如mountainous district, mountainous continent用來(lái)修飾“困難”，則表示“巨大的”。) （2）They

59、 are in deep friendship.(他們友誼深厚。deep表示具體尺度的詞用來(lái)修飾抽象的“友誼”。),（3）He changed his shouting into a purple roar.（他由叫喊轉(zhuǎn)為面紅耳赤的咆哮。purple是表示具體色澤的詞，用來(lái)修飾抽象事物roar。） 5.由修飾抽象事物轉(zhuǎn)為修飾具體事物 （1）The sky turned to a tender palette of pink and blue.（天空變成了粉紅碧綠的柔色色板。） （2）They had to bear pitiless wind at night.(他們不得不忍受夜里無(wú)情的風(fēng)。),6.事物之間轉(zhuǎn)移修飾 （1）He lift swiftly as the baking interview completed.(倍受煎熬的面試一結(jié)束他便急速離開。baking原意是烤面包，此處修飾interview，為了烘托難熬的氣氛。) （2）Mark Twain had to leave the city because of the scathing column he w