外文翻譯-無人工作面綜合機(jī)械化刨煤機(jī)機(jī)組的研究和應(yīng)用

Mining Science and Technology - Wang, Ge & Guo (eds.)(c) 2004 Taylor& Francis Group, London, ISBN 04 1536 1443Research and practice of unmanned mining face with full mechanized plowGuobing Liu & Hongmei LiNorth China Institute of Science and TechnologyDongcai LiuTiefa Coal Mining Group Ltd Co.ABSTRACT: The unmanned face mining is an important way to deal with tile mining technique for the thin coal seam. Because such the problems as the root-control and the automatic control of the safe equipment have not been solved, the development of the unmanned mining face has been protected. China is the first country to realize unmanned mining with the full-mechanized plow successfully. The roof control, the safe equipment autoimmunization control and the thin or low seam producing realized efficiently. It pushes the development and progress of the unmanned mining technology in china and lays the foundation for tick or medium-thick coal seam mining with full-mechanized unmanned working face.1 ANALYSIS OF THE PRESHNT CONIDITION OF THE THIN COAL SEAM MINING TECHNOLOGYCoal is tile primary energy source ill China. China is rich in coal resources and has possessed about 770 billion tons of explored reserves. But the conditions of coal reserve are quite various - thin seam, thick seam and medium-thickness seam. The inclinations are very different - near level seam, pitching seam and steep seam. The distribution of thin coal seam is very wide in China. Among 95 key coal bureaus in China, 445 coalmines of 80 coal Bureaus are rich in thin coal seam, which occupies 17.76% of the total reserves. The state-owned key coalmines deposit 2.529 billion tons. The thin coal seam resources are relatively concentrated in Shanxi, Hebei, Sichuan, Inner Mongolia, Guizhou, Northeast and Chongqing Coal Company (Liu 2001).The mining of thin coal seam has been an important subject. People try to find a proper technology for mechanized mining thin coal seam and expect to realize safe and high production with high efficiency. Mining thin seam with the shearer is a major method. There are about 20 kinds of different shearers which mainly belong to two types of the shearers: the conveyor-mounted shearer and the off-pan shearer. The shearers used in Jixi, Shuangyashan, Qitaihe and Kailuan Coal Bureau are effective, but they are low in power and the production efficiency and the mining safety cannot be guaranteed. The full mechanized mining used thin coal seam has been developed in China. But there are some following problems for thin coal seam mining, such as: small working; large capacity, high safety, small in size, simple structure, good adaptability to various roof and floor and high automatization for the shearer, reducing the height between the roof and the floor; enlarging space for working; ensuring mine ventilation. Therefore, thin seam mining is still unsatisfied.Mining coal with the plow is an ideal mining technique for the thin and the thinnest coal seam. Since 1965, there have been four types of plows developed in China. They are type MB J, type HI - 26 drag-hook plow, type T11 - 26 sliding plow and a few scraper plows. They were used effectively in Xuzhou. Fengcheng, Handan, Hancheng, Huainan. Hegang and Jixi, etc, (Liu 1995).At about the middle of 1960s, China introduced the Reisshaken Type D drag-hook plow made in Germany. In 1968, it was used in Pingyi Coal Mine in which coal height is averagely 1.8 m. It obtained 30000 tons per month and the work efficiency 10 t/per man. In 1978, the Mega Type 3G drag-hook plow was put into use in Xinzhuangzi coal mine in Huainan and also gamed good efficiency. In 1979, China introduced the type 8-30 sliding plow. It was used in coal seam of 1.8 m in Qishan. Xuzhou Coal Bureau which obtained 30656 tons per month in the first half of 1981 and 34357 tons per month in the second half of t 1982.At the same time, the plow also was used in Jiahe Coal Mine, Xuzhou Coal Bureau and got good effect. But there is still a big gap to reach high production and efficiency.In 20th century, tile plow mining technology in China lagged behind and was equivalent to the technology level of 1950-60s. The power of the plow was small, the tramming speed was slow, the breaking strength of the plow chain was not big, its structure was not perfect and cannot ensure the plowing depth, and also the operation resistance was large. Because of without balanced control in the plow body, the coal production and plowing area were limited when the plowing climbed up or penetrated into the floor.2 ANALYSIS OF THE KEY TECHNOLOGY OF UNMANNED MINING FACEThe unmanned mining is one of the effective methods for the thin or thinnest coal seam. It can improve the poor mining conditions and safety problems for the miners, meanwhile, it can increase the coal productivity. So many countries pay regard to it. But the unmanned mining technology still had some unsolved problems in 20th Century.The unmanned mining with the helical drill has been developed well, but its production is low. For example, the most advanced helical drills efficiency is 40t/d, but the annual production is only 210000 tons, and the pillar loss is large, the dustproof in the drill hole is not good, the openings are excavated largely with a amount of debris, and the excavation rate is high(Liu 1993).The roof control is a common problem in mining with the plow and the unmanned full-mechanized shearer. Therefore, a lot of experiments in foreign countries include the choke-type support and wedge-shaped support. The automatic moving of the choke support has not been solved, so the roof cannot be controlled effectively and the normal mining can not be carried out. In addition, the coal face with choke support lacks pressure to the coal seam from the plow head. It causes low efficiency of mining and the coal face becomes arc to keep from the mining. The coal face with wedge-shaped support also has no fixed way for the plow. It causes the plows slot is unstable and the coal wall isnt trim, the support cannot be installed in good way. These lead to the failure of the roof control and the mining to be stopped.The key reason of the wire line coal saw not used widely is the unsettled roof control that causes the roof to be collapsed wire line to be cut and mining to be stopped. The roof of the left pillars can increase the coal extraction loss and cause to move the equipments of the coal face.Above all, if the problems of the roof-control, the equipment automatization, and safety and production can not be solved well, it will be very difficult to develop and improve the technology.3 PRACTICE OF THE UNMANNED MINING FACE WITH THE FULL MECHANIZED PLOWThe unmanned full-mechanized mining with the plow and powered support has successfully been experimented in Xiaoqingshan Coal Mine, Tiefa Mining Group. That is a remarkable breakthrough in unmanned face mining technology in China.3.1 The brief background of the working faceThe unmanned face with the 703B plow is used in the WE area, which lies in the west part of the mine. The face length is 905 m and the steep length is 150 m. After excavating 625 m, the length of the coal face becomes 195 m, and the thickness of the coal seam is 1.00-1.58 m, averagely 1.3 m, the tilt angle is 5-8,where partly changes frequently. In the openings, the suspension support was used. There is a side opening between the two side pans, which is connected to the WE coal storehouse to form a conveying system. The face conveyor is the single-track drop-bottom car of 3 tons, which conveys 150000 t/a. The conveying pan is connected to the west side-425m return air door by the WE intake airway for mans entrance to from a return air system (Liu & Liu 2002).3.2 The technology features of the mining equipmentAccording to tile automatic control, the mining equipments can fall into two kinds: The first kind is the automatic control system equipments, that is, PROMOS system made by PROMOS Company and VRT32 system made by DBT Company in Germany. They have complex intelligent relation with their corresponding control equipments. Under the artificial instruction or in the process of receiving the feedback information of the controlled equipment, they can automatically monitor the working situation of the equipments in the mining face (Liu 2002).The second one is the controlled equipments, which are the automatic working equipments controlled by the PROMOS system and VRT32 system. They continuously feedback the working situation and information to their corresponding control system. The main controlled equipments are: one plow having productivity 900 t/h made in Germany; one working face conveyor; productivity 900 t/h and the flexible angle of the sliding plow head: level: 1.1, upright: 0.6；135 powered supports KY6400-0.9/2.00 made m China, one feeder conveyor SZZ-764/160 made in China and one breaker PEM6501000 made in China (Liu & Liu 2002).3.3 Extraction techniqueThe coal extraction is done by the plow. The plow uses Z-typed sumping, which can cut 1,3m high. The high cut depth of the plow is 120 mm, tile plowing speed is 1.76m/s and the low cut depth is 70 mm. the plowing speed is 0.88 m/s.Under the control of the PROMOS, the plow moves automatically back and forth along the plow head sliding way. The plowed coal falls automatically into the pan and is ransported. The moving and supporting or the face conveyor also are controlled by PROMOS and PM4. They follow the plow moving towards the coal wall, the moving length amounts to tile plow depth. Every three powered PROMOS complete pushing the conveyor, lowering, moving and raising the support with the sensor element. The electromotor, cool of the decelerator and the tracking plow bodys spray are controlled by PROMOS during the plowing. The remote and automatic control of the coal face with the plow is realized by the computer. Under the normal condition, the coal face has been realized unmanned mining. The operator monitors the MCU, PM4 server, PROMOS controller and the controller board to control the mining remotely (Liu & Liu 2002).3.4 Handling of accidentsWhen the equipment is out of order or can not adjust to the condition, it must be stopped by man, and should be handled on the spot and make it work under the automatic condition of the mining, conveying, supporting and moving.In the process of plowing, when meeting the big floors fore-and-aft undulation, tile plow should be stopped and send the inspector or technician to adjust the hading jack on the face conveyor and the plow cuttings parameter in order to fit for new working conditions.4 INNOVATION RESEARCH OF UNMANNED FULL-MECH-MECHANIZED MINING WITH PLOWWith the success of the unmanned full-mechanized mining with the plow in Tiefa Coal Bureau, the breakthrough and innovation of three key techniques of the unmanned mining technology have been realized, and better economic and social efficiency obtained. That pushes the development of the unmanned mining technology.4.1 The breakthrough and innovation of the roof control technologyIn the unmanned coal face with the full-mechanized plow in Tiefa Coal Bureau, the type ZY6400-0.9/2.0D shield power support made by Beijing Coal Machine Factory is used and the plow and the conveyor made in Germany are equipped. In the coal face 135 power supports are installed and every three supports form one group controlled by a set of PM4. The PM4 reaches the plow heads position transferred by PROMOS, and automatically completes the functions - sliding, falling, pulling and raising up the support and holding up the roof etc. controlled the sensor element. That controls the face roof effectively to keep from the breaking down of the roof and ensure the face machine normally working. Therefore, it can ensure the success of the unmanned full-mechanized plow and realize the innovation of the roof control and management.4.2 The automatic technology of mining, conveying, supporting and movingThe face equipment has realized the remote and automatic control by computer, and that shows the unification of machine, electricity and intelligence. Under the normal condition, the plow controlled by PROMOS plows the coal face back and forth along the plow head sliding way in Z-typed sumping. The coal lumps can be transported by the face conveyor. The movement of the face conveyor and the support is controlled respectively by PROMOS and PM4, which move along as the plow face advances. The operator monitors the MCU master control panel, the PM4 server, the PROMOS controller and the control board, There is no man in the coal face, the equipments have good reliability and work normally. Each step of the mining is controlled by the designed program and achieves unmanned mining technology. That makes a breakthrough in the automatic control of mining.4.3 The high production and efficiency of the thin seam unmanned miningThe unmanned face of the full-mechanized plow management requires good management, and the staff of the work consists of graduates or those who graduate from technical secondary school. The, enjoy high quality and efficiency. The daily averaged production in Tiefa is 3417 t and the most is 5300 t. That reaches the annual production 1200000-1500000 t and sets a record of the thin seam annual production in China. In addition, fewer workers are needed in the coal face and the machine accidents dont occur frequently. The machine works effectively, and the cost of machine parts, oil and materials can be cut down. The cost of production is low, and in the nine months the output value of coal gains more than 17000 yuan. It brings a great prospect to the high production and efficiency in the thin seam.5 THE PROSPECT OF UNMANNED MINING TECHNOLOGY IN CHINAThe unmanned face mining technology has continuously been developed and researched in China. The success of the full-mechanized unreturned lace mining with the plow in Tiefa Coal Bureau brings the hope for unmanned mining teleology and pushes the development of the unmanned mining technology of China. The unmanned face mining offers the chance and possibility for improving the working condition and surroundings. It brings great economic and social efficiency, and causes people to attach importance to the thin seam mining. It plays an active part in to narrow down the difference between Chinese and the worlds advanced mining technology.On the basis of the breakthrough of the roof control technology and the automatization of mining, supporting and conveying equipment, the unmanned mining can gradually be used in mid thick or thick seam. We believe that the unmanned mining with the powered support and drum shearer will be soon come out. The unmanned mining technology in China will come to a new stage and a better development, which can push the mining technology in the world.REFERENCESLiu, G.B. 1993. Unmanned Face Mining. Beijing: Coal Industry Press.Liu, G.B. 1995. The Present Situation and Prospect of the Thin Seam Mining in China. Coal Mining ( 1 ): 23-26.Liu, G.B. 2001. The Present Situation and Prospect of the Plow Application. Journal North China Mining College(1): 40-41.Liu, G.B. & Liu, D.C. 2002. The Research of the High Production and Efficiency of the Thin Seam Mining. Journal of Liaoning Engineering Technology university(4): 531-533.無人工作面綜合機(jī)械化刨煤機(jī)機(jī)組的研究和應(yīng)用劉國兵 李紅梅 劉東才鐵法煤業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司摘要：無人工作面采煤是一項(xiàng)重要薄煤層采煤技術(shù)。由于像頂板控制和安全設(shè)備的自動控制問題沒有解決，無人工作面的發(fā)展受到限制。中國是第一個成功實(shí)現(xiàn)無人工作面裝備全機(jī)械化刨煤機(jī)的國家。頂板控制，安全設(shè)備防護(hù)控制和薄煤層生產(chǎn)實(shí)現(xiàn)了高效化。這推動了中國無人采煤技術(shù)的發(fā)展并且為厚煤層和中厚煤層機(jī)械化無人開采奠定了基礎(chǔ)。1 薄煤層采煤技術(shù)適用條件分析煤炭是中國重要的能源。中國有豐富的煤礦資源，擁有7700億 t探明儲量。但是煤層的賦存各異：薄煤層、厚煤層和中厚煤層。煤層傾角也不同：近水平煤層、緩傾斜煤層和急傾斜煤層。在中國薄煤層的分布也十分廣闊。中國95個主要的礦務(wù)局中，80%的礦務(wù)局中的445個煤礦有豐富的薄煤層，占總儲量的17.76%。國有主要的煤礦占25.29億t。薄煤層相對集中在山西、河北、四川、內(nèi)蒙古、貴州、西北和重慶的煤礦。薄煤層的采煤方法是一項(xiàng)重要的課題。人們努力去尋找合適的機(jī)械化開采煤層的技術(shù)，并且期望實(shí)現(xiàn)安全生產(chǎn)和高產(chǎn)高效。采煤機(jī)開采薄煤層是一種重要的方法。大約有20多種這樣的采煤機(jī)，它們大多屬于兩種類型的采煤機(jī)：騎槽式采煤機(jī)和爬底式采煤機(jī)。 這種用在雞西、雙鴨山、七臺河和開灤礦務(wù)局的采煤機(jī)是高效的。但是采煤機(jī)的功率低，并且采煤效率和采煤方法的安全性不能得到保證。薄煤層綜合機(jī)械化采煤方法在中國已經(jīng)得到發(fā)展。但是仍然存在以下問題：小空間、大容量、高安全性、小尺寸、簡單的結(jié)構(gòu)、對各種頂?shù)装宓母哌m應(yīng)能力和采煤機(jī)的安全防護(hù)能力、降低頂?shù)装宓母叨?、增大采煤空間、保證采煤通風(fēng)等。因此，薄煤層采煤方法仍然不能另人滿意。刨煤機(jī)采煤法是一種理想的薄煤層和極薄煤層采煤方法。自從1965年，在中國已經(jīng)發(fā)展了四種型號的刨煤機(jī)，它們分別是：HI-26型拖鉤刨、T11-26 型滑行刨、和幾種形式的刨煤機(jī)。這些刨煤機(jī)有效運(yùn)用在徐州、峰峰、邯鄲、淮南、鶴崗和雞西等。大約在20世紀(jì)60年代，中國引進(jìn)了德國生產(chǎn)的基板式D型刨煤機(jī)。1968年，這種刨煤機(jī)用在平一礦，其采高平均1.8 m。月產(chǎn)量為30000 t，功效達(dá)到10 t/工。1978年，Mega公司生產(chǎn)的 3G型拖鉤式刨煤機(jī)被應(yīng)用在淮南辛莊子礦，并實(shí)現(xiàn)了高效率。在1979年，中國引進(jìn)了B-30型滑式刨煤機(jī)。這種刨煤機(jī)應(yīng)用在徐州礦務(wù)局旗山礦1.8 m后的煤層，并且在1981年的上半年達(dá)到30656t/月和在1982年下半年達(dá)到34357 t/月。同時，刨煤機(jī)也應(yīng)用在徐州礦務(wù)局的夾河礦，并取得了很好的效果，但是要達(dá)到高產(chǎn)高效還有一定的距離。在20 世紀(jì)，中國刨煤機(jī)采煤技術(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)落后，等同于50-60 年代水平。刨煤機(jī)的功率小、速度滿慢、牽引鏈破斷力小不大、機(jī)構(gòu)不完美并不能保證截深、反作用力很大。由于在機(jī)身上沒有平衡控制裝置，當(dāng)刨煤機(jī)割頂煤或鉆底時產(chǎn)煤能力和刨煤范圍受到限制。2 無人工作面主要技術(shù)分析無人采煤方法是薄煤層和極薄煤層開采的有效方法之一，它能提高開采上限和礦工的安全。同時，它能提高產(chǎn)煤效率，很多國家都贊同這種采煤方法。但是在20世紀(jì)，無人采煤技術(shù)仍有一些沒有解決的問題。 利用螺旋鉆機(jī)的無人采煤方法已經(jīng)發(fā)展的很好。但是其效率較低，例如，最先進(jìn)的螺旋鉆機(jī)的效率是40 t/d，年產(chǎn)量僅有21000 t，并且煤柱損失嚴(yán)重，鉆空內(nèi)防塵效果不好，大量開口被開掘產(chǎn)生大量碎煤，并且掘進(jìn)率很高。頂板控制是用刨煤機(jī)和無人機(jī)械化采煤機(jī)采煤普遍存在的問題。因此，國外進(jìn)行了大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)包括垛式支架和楔形支架垛式支架的自動移動沒有得到解決。因此頂板控制不能得到有效的控制，正常的采煤不能繼續(xù)。另外，裝備垛式支架的工作面缺少自刨煤機(jī)機(jī)頭對煤層的作用力。這導(dǎo)致采煤效率低，工作面變成弧形而阻礙了采煤。裝備了楔形支架的工作面無法固定采煤機(jī)。這導(dǎo)致刨煤機(jī)的力刨不穩(wěn)定，煤壁不平直，支架不能很好地被安裝。所有這些頂板控制失敗，采煤被迫停止。煤機(jī)的電線沒有廣泛應(yīng)用的主要原因是沒有解決頂板控制的問題，頂板垮落導(dǎo)致電線被切斷，采煤機(jī)被迫停止，由于頂板而留設(shè)煤柱增加了煤的損失，導(dǎo)致工作面搬家。綜上，如果頂板控制，設(shè)備防護(hù)，安全和生產(chǎn)能力等問題得不到很好的解決，將很難提高采煤技術(shù)。3 無人工作面綜合機(jī)械化刨煤機(jī)機(jī)組的應(yīng)用利用刨煤機(jī)和電控支架的綜合機(jī)械化采煤機(jī)組已經(jīng)在鐵法煤業(yè)集團(tuán)有限公司的小青山礦實(shí)驗(yàn)成功，這是中國無人采煤技術(shù)的一個標(biāo)志性的突破。3.1 工作面概況裝備703 B的無人工作面應(yīng)用在WE采區(qū)，WE采區(qū)位于礦井的西部。工作面推進(jìn)長度為905 m，垂高150 m，推進(jìn)625 m后，工作面長度為195 m；煤層厚度為1.00-1.58 m，平均1.3 m；傾角5-8，角度變化頻繁；在切口，應(yīng)用懸浮液壓支柱。在兩輸送機(jī)之間有一轉(zhuǎn)載機(jī)連接著采區(qū)煤倉，形成了運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)。工作面運(yùn)輸方式采用單軌3 t底卸式礦車，運(yùn)輸能力為15000 t/a，運(yùn)輸機(jī)巷聯(lián)系著西-425 m回風(fēng)石門和WE行人進(jìn)風(fēng)巷，形成通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)。3.2 采煤裝備的技術(shù)特征按照自動控制，采煤機(jī)能分圍兩種：第一種是自動控制系統(tǒng)，即有德國生產(chǎn)PROMOS公司生產(chǎn)的PROMOS系統(tǒng)和由DBT公司生產(chǎn)的VRT32系統(tǒng)。這些設(shè)備非常智