2010屆高三二輪復(fù)習(xí)英語(yǔ)專題：如何分析句子結(jié)構(gòu).ppt

如何分析英語(yǔ)句子結(jié)構(gòu),高三英語(yǔ)總復(fù)習(xí)語(yǔ)法系列訓(xùn)練,一、要弄清楚英語(yǔ)句子的結(jié)構(gòu)，我們先要弄清楚組成一個(gè)句子的各個(gè)組成部分，即句子的成分：主語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)、定語(yǔ)、狀語(yǔ)、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)和同位語(yǔ)的概念。 1、主語(yǔ)：是一個(gè)句子所要說(shuō)明的人和事物，是一句的主體。如 I study English中的 I。作主語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和主語(yǔ)從句。 2、謂語(yǔ)：它是說(shuō)明主語(yǔ)的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)的，如 I study English中的 study.作謂語(yǔ)的有：及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)。 3、賓語(yǔ)：它是表示及物動(dòng)詞或及物動(dòng)詞短語(yǔ)所作用的對(duì)象的，如 I study English 中的English和He makes full use of his spare time to study中的his spare time.介詞后的名詞或代詞，叫做介詞的賓語(yǔ)，如He went away with no words中的no words.作賓語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞和賓語(yǔ)從句。 4、表語(yǔ)：它是放在連系動(dòng)詞之后表示主語(yǔ)的身份或特征,的，如 That sounds a good idea中的a good idea.作表語(yǔ)的有：名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、表地點(diǎn)或方位的副詞、不定式、動(dòng)名詞、分詞和表語(yǔ)從句。 5、定語(yǔ)：它是限定名詞或代詞用的，作定語(yǔ)的有：名詞、形容詞、數(shù)詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞、動(dòng)名詞和定語(yǔ)從句，若是詞則多作前置定語(yǔ)，若是短語(yǔ)或定語(yǔ)從句則只能作后置定語(yǔ)。如the polluted river中的polluted和the river polluted by chemicals中的polluted by chemicals. 6、狀語(yǔ)：它是修飾動(dòng)詞、形容詞、副詞或全句用的。如I like it very much中的very 修飾much,而much 又修飾like。作狀語(yǔ)的有：副詞（短語(yǔ)）、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式、分詞（短語(yǔ)）、名詞短語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)從句。狀語(yǔ)說(shuō)明時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、原因、目的、結(jié)果、條件、讓步、程度、方式、伴隨情況等。其位置多位于句首或句尾，但表頻率或程度的副詞應(yīng)位于句中be動(dòng)詞、情態(tài)動(dòng)詞和助動(dòng)詞之后，實(shí)義動(dòng)詞之前。地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間應(yīng)按先小后大的順序。,7、補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)：補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明句中的主語(yǔ)或者賓語(yǔ)的，作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有：名詞、形容詞、介詞短語(yǔ)、不定式和分詞（短語(yǔ)）。如I find it interesting中的interesting.,8、同位語(yǔ)：把一個(gè)名詞（短語(yǔ)）、代詞或從句放在另一名詞或代詞后，用以說(shuō)明前者的性質(zhì)或情況，這樣的名詞或代詞叫同位語(yǔ)。如We Chinese people love peace中的Chinese people是主語(yǔ)We的同位語(yǔ).,二、按照句子的結(jié)構(gòu)來(lái)分，英語(yǔ)的句子有以下三種類型： 1、簡(jiǎn)單句：簡(jiǎn)單句只有一個(gè)主語(yǔ)（或并列主語(yǔ)）和一個(gè)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞（或并列謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞）。如：My brother and I go to school at half past seven in the morning and come back home at seven in the evening.,2、并列句：并列句由并列連詞或分號(hào)“；”把兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的簡(jiǎn)單句連在一起構(gòu)成。如：It is late , so we must hurry.,3、復(fù)合句：復(fù)合句中含有一個(gè)或一個(gè)以上的從句。如：If we want to keep fit , we must always remember that prevention is better than cure. 從以上并列句和復(fù)合句的例句來(lái)看，我們不難看出它們實(shí)際上是由幾個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句通過(guò)并列連詞或從屬連詞連接起來(lái)的。因此，只要我們掌握了簡(jiǎn)單句的幾種基本句型，我們就可以通過(guò)在句中尋找起連接作用的連詞來(lái)分析復(fù)雜的句子。,三、簡(jiǎn)單句的五種基本句型： 1、主語(yǔ)+連系動(dòng)詞+表語(yǔ) 如： Im not feeling well today. Our country is becoming stronger and stronger. 連系動(dòng)詞有：be,seem,appear,keep,prove,turn out/look,feel, sound,smell,taste/become,grow,get,turn,go,come(true),fall(ill, asleep),2、主語(yǔ)+不及物動(dòng)詞（或短語(yǔ)）（+狀語(yǔ)） 如： The sun rises in the east. The Opium War broke out in 1839. 3、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞（或短語(yǔ)）+賓語(yǔ) 如： They decided to hold a class meeting. We depend on our parents for food and clothing. 在此句型中，我們要掌握接動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)和接動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞。 4、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+間接賓語(yǔ)+直接賓語(yǔ) 如： My father bought me an electronic dictionary. Mr Wang teaches us chemistry. 用于此句型的動(dòng)詞有buy,find,bring,give,teach,pass,show,tell, do,leave,get,lend,lose（使失去）,cost(使付出代價(jià)）,offer,promise,sing,write,deny,envy. 5、主語(yǔ)+及物動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) 如： Marx made London the base for his revolutionary work.,The boy made his sister cry. Our teacher encouraged us to work hard. Our headteacher required us not to be late for class. 1)、接名詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：call,choose,think,consider, believe,find,make,etc. 2)、接動(dòng)詞不定式作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：see,watch,notice,let, have,hear,make;ask,tell,order,require,want,advise,persuade, cause,encourage,permit(allow),forbid,teach.不能用于此結(jié)構(gòu)的動(dòng)詞有：suggest,demand,hope,agree. 3)、接形容詞作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有：think,believe,find,feel, consider,keep,leave,make,get,paint,wish,drive.,以上五種基本句型中的主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)、表語(yǔ)都可擴(kuò)展成相應(yīng)的從句，從而成為復(fù)合句。同時(shí)，復(fù)合句中的主、從句也是由以上五種基本句型組成的。如： What he says doesnt agree with what he does.,Why he came late is that his bike broke down on the way. It occurred to me that I had much homework to do. He promised me that he would attend the lecture. What has made the city what it is now?,另外，句子采用哪一句型，完全取決于謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的用法. 因此，動(dòng)詞的用法是我們平時(shí)復(fù)習(xí)的重點(diǎn)。如： 1).最近幾年我們家鄉(xiāng)發(fā)生了巨大變化。,In the last few years,great changes have taken place in our hometown.,2).昨晚在十字路口發(fā)生了一起嚴(yán)重的交通事故。,A serious traffic accident happened/occurred/came about at the crossing yesterday evening.,3).我突然想到一個(gè)絕妙的主意。,An excellent idea occurred to me.,4).這家餐館昨晚發(fā)生了一場(chǎng)火災(zāi)。,A fire broke out in the restaurant last night.,4).聽到這個(gè)激動(dòng)人心的消息，她臉上露出了笑容。,After she heard this exciting news,a smile appeared on her face.,5).歡迎你們參觀我們學(xué)校！,Welcome to visit our school!/Welcome to our school!,6).一場(chǎng)暴風(fēng)雨過(guò)后，蘋果樹上只剩幾個(gè)蘋果。,After a rainstorm,only a few apples remained on the trees.,除了以上不符合漢語(yǔ)習(xí)慣順序的詞之外，其它情況下英語(yǔ)陳述句的句序和漢語(yǔ)的順序是吻合的。我們可將英語(yǔ)陳述句的句序歸納如下： 主謂（賓）/主系表一條線，定語(yǔ)和名詞緊相連。 不是在后就在前，狀語(yǔ)很少在中間。 四、長(zhǎng)難句分析練習(xí),1.They guess that racial differences in which dairy products are usually consumed,or in eating habitshaving small amounts of dairy products throughout the day,for instance, rather than a single large servingmay help explain the finding. 2.How could we possibly think that keeping animals in cages in unnatural environmentsmostly for entertainment purposes is fair and respectful? 3.Human beings have agreed,in the course of centuries of mutual dependency,to let the various noises that they can produce with their lungs,throats,tongues,teeth,and lips systematically stand for certain happenings in their nervous systems.,4.Just as social positions can be symbolized by feathers worn on the head,by gold on the watch chain,or by a thousand other things according to the culture we live in,so the fact of being hungry can be symbolized by a thousand different noises according t