智能交通在國內(nèi)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r

智能交通在國內(nèi)發(fā)展?fàn)顩r 智能交通是一個基于現(xiàn)代電子信息技術(shù)面向交通運(yùn)輸?shù)姆?wù)系統(tǒng)。它的突出特點(diǎn)是以信息的收集、處理、發(fā)布、交換、分析、利用為主線，為交通參與者提供多樣性的服務(wù)。 智能交通系統(tǒng) 1(IntelligentTransportationSystem，簡稱 ITS)是未來交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向，它是將先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)通訊傳輸技術(shù)、電子傳感技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)及計算機(jī)技術(shù)等有效地集成運(yùn)用于整個地面交通管理系統(tǒng)而建立的一種在大范圍內(nèi)、全方位發(fā)揮作用的，實(shí)時、準(zhǔn)確、高效的綜合交通運(yùn)輸管理系統(tǒng)。 ITS 可以有效地利 用現(xiàn)有交通設(shè)施、減少交通負(fù)荷和環(huán)境污染、保證交通安全、提高運(yùn)輸效率，因而，日益受到各國的重視。 中國物聯(lián)網(wǎng)校企聯(lián)盟認(rèn)為，智能交通的發(fā)展跟物聯(lián)網(wǎng)的發(fā)展是離不開的，只有物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)概念的不斷發(fā)展，智能交通系統(tǒng)才能越來越完善。智能交通是交通的物聯(lián)化體現(xiàn)。 21 世紀(jì)將是公路交通智能化的世紀(jì)，人們將要采用的智能交通系統(tǒng)，是一種先進(jìn)的一體化交通綜合管理系統(tǒng)。在該系統(tǒng)中，車輛靠自己的智能在道路上自由行駛，公路靠自身的智能將交通流量調(diào)整至最佳狀態(tài)，借助于這個系統(tǒng)，管理人員對道路、車輛的行蹤將掌握得一清二楚。 智能交通系統(tǒng)具有 以下兩個特點(diǎn)：一是著眼于交通信息的廣泛應(yīng)用與服務(wù)，二是著眼于提高既有交通設(shè)施的運(yùn)行效率。 與一般技術(shù)系統(tǒng)相比。智能交通系統(tǒng)建設(shè)過程中的整體性要求更加嚴(yán)格這種整體性體現(xiàn)在： （ 1）跨行業(yè)特點(diǎn)。智能交通系統(tǒng)建設(shè)涉及眾多行業(yè)領(lǐng)域，是社會廣泛參與的復(fù)雜巨型系統(tǒng)工程，從而造成復(fù)雜的行業(yè)間協(xié)調(diào)問題。 （ 2）技術(shù)領(lǐng)域特點(diǎn)。智能交通系統(tǒng)綜合了交通工程、信息工程，通信技術(shù)、控制工程、計算機(jī)技術(shù)等眾多科學(xué)領(lǐng)域的成果，需要眾多領(lǐng)域的技術(shù)人員共同協(xié)作。 （ 3）政府、企業(yè)、科研單位及高等院校共同參與，恰當(dāng)?shù)慕巧ㄎ缓腿蝿?wù)分擔(dān)是系統(tǒng)有效展開的重要前提條件。 （ 4）智能交通系統(tǒng)將主要由移動通信、寬帶網(wǎng)、 RFID、傳感器、云計算等新一代信息技術(shù)作支撐，更符合人的應(yīng)用需求，可信任程度提高并變得 “ 無處不在 ” 。 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究 2011 年 4 月 27 日，部規(guī)劃司在北京組織召開了由交通運(yùn)輸部科學(xué)研究院交通財政與金融研究所承擔(dān)的物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在智能交通應(yīng)用中的關(guān)鍵技術(shù)研究課題開題報告專家評審會。部規(guī)劃司劉凌主持了會議，國家發(fā)改委高技術(shù)司信息化處吳鈺處長、工信部電子科技委張琪副主任、 RFID 產(chǎn)業(yè)聯(lián)盟歐陽宇秘書長、中國交通通信信息中心楊洪義主任、部科教司信息化處 鄒力處長、河南交通運(yùn)輸廳霍金花副廳長及安徽交通運(yùn)輸廳徐乃強(qiáng)副巡視員出席了會議。5 與會專家聽取了課題組匯報的課題研究報告后，形成評審意見如下：一、物聯(lián)網(wǎng)是國家戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)之一，是國家信息化建設(shè)在更高層面、向更廣領(lǐng)域的縱深發(fā)展。加快物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在智能交通中的應(yīng)用對于提高交通運(yùn)輸服務(wù)水平具有重要意義，開展本課題研究十分必要。二、本課題擬針對我國交通運(yùn)輸行業(yè)發(fā)展需求，以利用物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)提升交通運(yùn)輸行業(yè)信息化水平為主體，以物聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的特點(diǎn)和當(dāng)前交通運(yùn)輸信息化發(fā)展中存在的主要問題為切入點(diǎn)，圍繞物聯(lián)網(wǎng)在智能交通應(yīng)用中 的 “ 重點(diǎn)研究方向 ” 、 “ 關(guān)鍵技術(shù)需求、發(fā)展定位 ” 、 “ 頂層架構(gòu)設(shè)計 ” 和 “ 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系 ” 以及 “ 政策保障 ” 等開展研究，提出交通運(yùn)輸行業(yè)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)展的對策和推進(jìn)思路。 “ 開題報告 ” 的研究內(nèi)容合理、研究目的明確、思路清晰，技術(shù)路線科學(xué)，研究重點(diǎn)與難點(diǎn)準(zhǔn)確，可以據(jù)此開展課題研究工作。 與會專家一致同意開題報告通過評審，建議按專家意見進(jìn)一步修改完善，并抓緊開展研究工作。 發(fā)展現(xiàn)狀 面對當(dāng)今世界全球化、信息化發(fā)展趨勢，傳統(tǒng)的交通技術(shù)和手段已不適應(yīng)經(jīng)濟(jì)社會發(fā)展的要求。智能交通系統(tǒng)是交通事業(yè)發(fā)展的必然選擇，是交通事業(yè)的一場革命。通 過先進(jìn)的信息技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、控制技術(shù)、傳感技術(shù)、計算器技術(shù)和系統(tǒng)綜合技術(shù)有效的集成和應(yīng)用，使人、車、路之間的相互作用關(guān)系以新的方式呈現(xiàn)，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)實(shí)時、準(zhǔn)確、高效、安全、節(jié)能的目標(biāo)。 交通安全、交通堵塞及環(huán)境污染是困擾當(dāng)今國際交通領(lǐng)域的三大難題，尤其以交通安全問題最為嚴(yán)重。采用智能交通技術(shù)提高道路管理水平后，每年僅交通事故死亡人數(shù)就可減少30%以上，并能提高交通工具的使用效率 50%以上。為此，世界各發(fā)達(dá)國家競相投入大量資金和人力，進(jìn)行大規(guī)模的智能交通技術(shù)研究試驗(yàn)。很多發(fā)達(dá)國家已從對該系統(tǒng)的研究與測試轉(zhuǎn)入全面部 署階段。智能交通系統(tǒng)將是 21 世紀(jì)交通發(fā)展的主流，這一系統(tǒng)可使現(xiàn)有公路使用率提高 15%到 30%。 美、歐、日是世界上智能交通系統(tǒng)開發(fā)應(yīng)用的最好國家，從它們發(fā)展情況看，智能交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展，已不限于解決交通擁堵、交通事故、交通污染等問題。經(jīng) 30 余年發(fā)展， ITS的開發(fā)應(yīng)用已取得巨大成就。美、歐、日等發(fā)達(dá)國家基本上完成了 ITS 體系框架，在重點(diǎn)發(fā)展領(lǐng)域大規(guī)模應(yīng)用?？梢哉f，科學(xué)技術(shù)的進(jìn)步極大推動了交通的發(fā)展，而 ITS 的提出并實(shí)施，又為高新技術(shù)發(fā)展提供了廣闊的發(fā)展空間。 隨著傳感器技術(shù)、通信技術(shù)、 GIS 技術(shù)（地理信息系統(tǒng)） 、 3S 技術(shù)（遙感技術(shù)、地理信息系統(tǒng)、全球定位系統(tǒng)三種技術(shù)）和計算機(jī)技術(shù)的不斷發(fā)展，交通信息的采集經(jīng)歷了從人工采集到單一的磁性檢測器交通信息采集到多源的多種采集方式組合的交通信息采集的歷史發(fā)展過程，同時國內(nèi)外對交通信息處理研究的逐步深入，統(tǒng)計分析技術(shù)、人工智能技術(shù)、數(shù)據(jù)融合技術(shù)、并行計算技術(shù)等逐步被應(yīng)用于交通信息的處理中，使得交通信息的處理得到不斷的發(fā)展和革新，更加滿足 ITS 各子系統(tǒng)管理者、用戶的需求。信息采集與處理設(shè)備行業(yè)呈現(xiàn)如下特點(diǎn)： 發(fā)展特征 1、信息采集與處理方式的多樣化 交通信息采集的方式分為人工采 集方式和自動采集方式。自動采集方式包括磁性檢測器（包括感應(yīng)線圈檢測器、磁阻傳感器等）、光學(xué)檢測器（包括視頻檢測器、激光檢測器）、微波檢測器（包括微波檢測器和雷達(dá)測速儀）、路面情況及測重傳感器（雨霧檢測器，路面結(jié)冰檢測器，輪、軸重儀等）。隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，自動采集技術(shù)得到了不斷的研究、發(fā)展和應(yīng)用。各種采集技術(shù)都有各自的優(yōu)點(diǎn)和缺點(diǎn)，利用多種采集方式的進(jìn)行組合采集交通信息是國內(nèi)外研究的熱點(diǎn)和焦點(diǎn)。 開發(fā)了信息的質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)、多源交通信息融合技術(shù)、信息的多時間尺度預(yù)測技術(shù)、信息集成技術(shù)、信息壓縮技術(shù)和存儲技術(shù)等， 大大提高了信息的精度及信息提供的種類。 2、信息的內(nèi)容及地理范圍廣 不同的交通采集方式采集的參數(shù)種類有限，例如感應(yīng)線圈只能采集到交通流量、占有率、速度等固定地點(diǎn)的截面交通參數(shù) ；視頻檢測器只能采集到交通流量、速度、占有率、排隊長度等固定地點(diǎn)的交通參數(shù)；隨著多種交通采集方式的組合，可以獲得交通流量、速度、占有率、排隊長度、行程時間、區(qū)間速度等截面和路段交通參數(shù)，豐富了交通信息的采集內(nèi)容的同時也提高了采集地理范圍的廣度。 隨著交通數(shù)據(jù)獲取源的增加，交通信息用戶對海量交通信息實(shí)時性需求的逐步提高。近幾年，國內(nèi)外逐漸 將分布式并行計算技術(shù)、高性能計算服務(wù)器以及高性能的數(shù)據(jù)處理算法應(yīng)用于海量交通信息的處理之中，改善了信息的處理速度。 3、信息采集的精度和經(jīng)濟(jì)性提高 隨著磁性和光學(xué)傳感器工藝的提高、圖像處理技術(shù)和定位技術(shù)的發(fā)展，交通信息的采集精度也不斷得到提高。同時，隨著近幾年對交通檢測器配置優(yōu)化技術(shù)的不斷深入研究，交通信息的采集在保證信息全面性和動態(tài)性的前提下，也提高了交通信息采集的經(jīng)濟(jì)性。這為ITS 系統(tǒng)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用奠定了基礎(chǔ)。隨著人工智能、統(tǒng)計分析、模糊邏輯、混沌理論等的逐漸成熟，逐漸開發(fā)出了一些基于這些理論及方法的交通 信息處理方法，大大提高了信息處理的精度及質(zhì)量。 數(shù)據(jù)采集 IT 和通信技術(shù)的快速發(fā)展使得信息的發(fā)布不再是瓶頸，路邊發(fā)布、手機(jī)發(fā)布、便攜式終端發(fā)布、互聯(lián)網(wǎng)發(fā)布、車載終端發(fā)布，等等，都具有巨大的應(yīng)用市場?？梢?，要實(shí)現(xiàn)交通信息應(yīng)用的爆發(fā)增長，如何獲取原始交通數(shù)據(jù)并處理成精準(zhǔn)的交通信息是其關(guān)鍵。 對于實(shí)時交通數(shù)據(jù)的采集 , 主要有兩種方式：一種是靜態(tài)交通探測方式，主要是利用位置固定的定點(diǎn)檢測器或攝像機(jī)；另一種是動態(tài)交通探測方式。通常，用來采集交通流數(shù)據(jù)的定點(diǎn)檢測器有感應(yīng)線圈檢測器、超聲波檢測器、雷達(dá)檢測器、光電檢測器、 紅外線檢測器等。動態(tài)交通探測方式是指基于位置不斷變化的車輛或手機(jī)來獲得實(shí)時行車速度和旅行時間等交通信息的數(shù)據(jù)采集方式。動態(tài)交通探測的典型方式包括異頻雷達(dá)收發(fā)機(jī)、車輛自動檢測、全球定位系統(tǒng)（ GPS）裝置及手機(jī)通信等。 線圈和攝像機(jī)（視頻監(jiān)控）是定點(diǎn)檢測的典型手段。線圈是磁性檢測器的一種變形，它依靠埋在路面下的一個或一組感應(yīng)線圈產(chǎn)生的電磁感應(yīng)變化，來檢測通過的車輛的狀況。該技術(shù)非常成熟，且精度較高，適用于交通量較大的道路。然而，其缺點(diǎn)也非常明顯，即采集范圍有限、損壞率高、施工成本昂貴、施工周期長。這類數(shù)據(jù)的典型 代表有 “ 某城市環(huán)路微波檢測歷史記錄數(shù)據(jù) ” 、 “ 某城市道路交叉口檢測歷史記錄數(shù)據(jù) ” 。 視頻監(jiān)控則是利用攝像機(jī)作為記錄設(shè)備，通過對一定時間段內(nèi)的圖像進(jìn)行分析得出交通流的詳細(xì)資料。對于交叉口交通狀況的調(diào)查，常采用這種方法。這種方法的優(yōu)點(diǎn)是比較直觀，可以得到最完全的交通資料信息；缺點(diǎn)是成本高、數(shù)據(jù)整理工作量大（需要大量的圖像處理工作）、有時可靠度較低（如大型車輛可能遮擋隨行的小型車輛等）。這類數(shù)據(jù)典型如數(shù)據(jù)堂采集的 “ 交通視頻數(shù)據(jù)庫 ” 、 “ 車牌圖片數(shù)據(jù)庫 ” 等。 作為動態(tài)交通流信息采集的主要手段， GPS 技術(shù)在國外得到了廣泛 的應(yīng)用，國內(nèi)也有優(yōu)途、美慧等公司已經(jīng)開發(fā)出可商用的產(chǎn)品。 GPS 是一種全球性、全天候的衛(wèi)星無線電定位系統(tǒng)，可實(shí)時提供三維坐標(biāo)、速度等空間信息，其特點(diǎn)是精度高，速度快，但實(shí)際應(yīng)用中也有很多問題，主要表現(xiàn)在存在采集盲區(qū)（如高架下的道路采集不到 GPS 信號）、樣本容量小、建設(shè)和運(yùn)營成本高等。這類數(shù)據(jù)的典型如 “ 某北方城市出租車 GPS 位置數(shù)據(jù) ” 、 “ 某南方城市出租車 GPS 位置數(shù)據(jù) ” 等。 基于移動通信的交通信息采集技術(shù)利用手機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的信令信息來分析推算動態(tài)交通狀況，其特點(diǎn)可以概括為道路覆蓋范圍廣、數(shù)據(jù)采集成本相對較低、部署方 便、數(shù)據(jù)精度較高等。作為一種新興的動態(tài)交通探測手段，該技術(shù)充分利用了現(xiàn)有的手機(jī)網(wǎng)絡(luò)資源，其實(shí)用性正在美國、歐洲等國家得到論證和推廣。 背景動因 汽車社會化 工業(yè)化國家在市場經(jīng)濟(jì)的指導(dǎo)下，大都經(jīng)歷了經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展促進(jìn)汽車的發(fā)展，而汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)的發(fā)展又刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的過程，從而這些國家超前實(shí)現(xiàn)了汽車化的時代。汽車化社會帶來的諸如交通阻塞、交通事故、能源消費(fèi)和環(huán)境污染等社會問題日趨惡化，交通阻塞造成的經(jīng)濟(jì)損失巨大，使道路設(shè)施十分發(fā)達(dá)的美國、日本等也不得不從以往只靠供給來滿足需求的思維模式轉(zhuǎn)向采取供、需兩方面共同管理的技術(shù)和 方法來改善日益尖銳的交通問題，這些建立在汽車輪子上的工業(yè)國家在探索既維護(hù)汽車化社會，又要緩解交通擁擠問題的辦法中，旨在借助現(xiàn)代化科技改善交通狀況達(dá)到 保障安全，提高效率、改善環(huán)境、節(jié)約能源 的目的的 ITS概念便逐步形成。 環(huán)境可續(xù)化 工業(yè)化國家在工業(yè)化、城市化發(fā)展的進(jìn)程中面臨著日益嚴(yán)重的資源短缺與環(huán)境惡化問題，這一問題在發(fā)展中國家同樣存在， 20 世紀(jì) 50 年代以來，生存與發(fā)展問題成為人類社會面臨的最緊迫的任務(wù)， 1972 年聯(lián)合國人類環(huán)境會議上通過了人類環(huán)境宣言。城市化生產(chǎn)力發(fā)展的一個必然結(jié)果，按世界經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的 規(guī)律，城市化水平達(dá)到 30%以上，將出現(xiàn)經(jīng)濟(jì)的飛速發(fā)展階段，美國、日本、英國等發(fā)達(dá)國家，在 1990 年城市化水平達(dá)到了 75%、 77%、 89%，這些國家針對交通發(fā)展對資源和環(huán)境的影響，逐步調(diào)整交通運(yùn)輸體系與結(jié)構(gòu)。這些國家都經(jīng)歷了為滿足車輛發(fā)展的需求，而大力開發(fā)建設(shè)交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施（如美國 1944 年規(guī)劃的 7 萬 km高速公路規(guī)劃，經(jīng)過 50 年一基本完成，但仍產(chǎn)生擁擠和阻塞），在大量土地、燃油等資源占用和消耗的同時，不但交通需求沒有完全滿足，而且還造成汽車尾氣由于道路擁擠排放量劇增，不僅經(jīng)濟(jì)造成巨大損失，而且給環(huán)境帶來惡劣影響 。 60、 70 年代以來，由于石油危機(jī)及環(huán)境惡化，工業(yè)化國家開始采取以提高效益和節(jié)約能源為目的的交通系統(tǒng)管理（ TSM）和交通需求管理（ TDM）同時大力發(fā)展大運(yùn)量軌道及實(shí)施工交優(yōu)先政策，在社會可持續(xù)化發(fā)展的目標(biāo)下調(diào)整運(yùn)輸結(jié)構(gòu)，建立對能源均衡利用和環(huán)境保護(hù)最優(yōu)化的交通運(yùn)輸體系。 ITS 作為綜合解決交通問題，保護(hù)社會經(jīng)濟(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展和與環(huán)境相協(xié)調(diào)的新一代交通運(yùn)輸系統(tǒng)，隨著信息技術(shù)的迅速發(fā)展在發(fā)達(dá)國家孕育發(fā)展， 90 年代以后，成為世界范圍內(nèi)的重要發(fā)展趨勢。 信息技術(shù)智能化 交通管理的科學(xué)化、現(xiàn)代化，一直是人們綜合治理、解決 交通問題而追尋的目標(biāo)，早期的交通信號控制系統(tǒng)裝置采用了電子、傳感、傳輸?shù)燃夹g(shù)實(shí)現(xiàn)科學(xué)管理，隨著科學(xué)技術(shù)的發(fā)展，尤其是計算機(jī)技術(shù)科學(xué)以及 GPS、信息通訊的普及和應(yīng)用，交通監(jiān)視控制系統(tǒng)、交通誘導(dǎo)系統(tǒng)、信息采集系統(tǒng)等在交通管理中發(fā)揮了很大作用，但這些技術(shù)單純是對車輛或道路實(shí)施科學(xué)化管理，范圍單一，局限性、系統(tǒng)性不強(qiáng)。 80 年代后期以來 ，世界范圍內(nèi)的冷戰(zhàn)結(jié)束，工業(yè)化國家用于軍事和國防領(lǐng)域的衛(wèi)星導(dǎo)航系統(tǒng)，信息采集與提 供系統(tǒng)，計算機(jī)控制與管理系統(tǒng)，電子與電子通訊技術(shù)等高新技術(shù)轉(zhuǎn)向民用化，軍事上的投入也大部分轉(zhuǎn)移到民 用技術(shù)的開發(fā)和應(yīng)用上，與此同時，包括我國在內(nèi)的廣大發(fā)展中國家借助和平、穩(wěn)定的國際環(huán)境加快本國的經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展，發(fā)展中國家經(jīng)濟(jì)的迅速發(fā)展促進(jìn)了世界范圍內(nèi)產(chǎn)業(yè)結(jié)構(gòu)發(fā)生巨大的變化，工業(yè)化國家的傳統(tǒng)工業(yè)領(lǐng)域由于勞動力密集型的產(chǎn)業(yè)向發(fā)展中國家集中而失去明顯競爭優(yōu)勢，開始醞釀開辟高新技術(shù)含量的產(chǎn)業(yè)市場，在這種國際環(huán)境背景下，代表一場信息革命到來的信號，引起全球的極大關(guān)注，這就是 信息高速公路 信息技術(shù)得到飛速發(fā)展，尤其是國際信息網(wǎng)絡(luò) internet建立，加快了全球經(jīng)濟(jì)一體化的進(jìn)程， 1994 年開始，世界經(jīng)濟(jì)逐步進(jìn)入信息革命 階段。 信息產(chǎn)業(yè)應(yīng)運(yùn)而生， ITS 以信息技術(shù)為先導(dǎo)，融其它相關(guān)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到交通運(yùn)輸智能管理上有其廣大市場，工業(yè)化國家和民營企業(yè)紛紛投入到這一新興的產(chǎn)業(yè)。美國政府于 1991 年開始投資對 ITS 的開發(fā)研究，僅美國高速公路安全局 1993 年的投資預(yù)算就達(dá) 2010 萬美元；歐洲 19 個國家投資 50 億美元到 EUREKA 項(xiàng)目。 發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 2012 年 7 月 31 日，中國第三屆智能運(yùn)輸大會在北京開幕，交通運(yùn)輸部科技司相關(guān)負(fù)責(zé)人第一次對外解析了完成的 2012 至 2020 交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)智能交通發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略。 8 智能交通作為當(dāng)今世界交通運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的熱點(diǎn) ，在支撐交通運(yùn)輸管理的同時，更加注重滿足民眾出行和公眾交通出行的需求，構(gòu)建了一個綠色安全的體系。智能交通是未來交通系統(tǒng)的發(fā)展方向。經(jīng)過十幾年的研發(fā)和應(yīng)用，中國智能交通技術(shù)在眾多大型事件中發(fā)揮了積極作用。 新趨勢 智能交通未來發(fā)展將更加關(guān)注公眾出行、交通安全等民生需求，更加適合我國國情、地域和行業(yè)特點(diǎn)，更需要企業(yè)和社會力量的參與，并將自主創(chuàng)新與集成創(chuàng)新結(jié)合起來。 ” 交通運(yùn)輸部科技司副司長洪曉楓說。 智能交通是當(dāng)今世界交通運(yùn)輸發(fā)展的熱點(diǎn)和前沿，它依托既有交通基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和運(yùn)載工具，通過對現(xiàn)代信息、通信、控制等技術(shù)的集 成應(yīng)用，以構(gòu)建安全、便捷、高效、綠色的交通運(yùn)輸體系為目標(biāo)，充分滿足公眾出行和貨物運(yùn)輸多樣化需求，是現(xiàn)代交通運(yùn)輸業(yè)的重要標(biāo)志。 在國外，日本的智慧道路系統(tǒng)、歐洲綠色智能交通、美國智能駕駛戰(zhàn)略都是智能交通發(fā)展的有效實(shí)踐。電子站牌、動態(tài)導(dǎo)航儀、電子不停車收費(fèi)系統(tǒng)等智能交通應(yīng)用也逐漸走進(jìn)中國人的生活。 戰(zhàn)略預(yù)測，從戰(zhàn)略性新興產(chǎn)業(yè)發(fā)展形勢來看，截至今年上半年，我國手機(jī)用戶超過10 億，其中智能手機(jī)用戶 2 5 億，手機(jī)首次超過計算機(jī)成為第一大上網(wǎng)終端。移動互聯(lián)的迅速發(fā)展也為智能交通提供了新的手段和發(fā)展機(jī)遇。 戰(zhàn)略總 結(jié)了這些新形勢并提出了中國智能交通發(fā)展的發(fā)展方向：在支撐交通運(yùn)輸管理的同時，更加注重為公眾出行和現(xiàn)代物流服務(wù)；在為小汽車出行服務(wù)的同時，更加注重為公共交通和慢行交通出行服務(wù)；在關(guān)注提高效率的同時，更加注重安全發(fā)展和綠色發(fā)展；在借鑒國外、技術(shù)跟蹤的基礎(chǔ)上，更多面向國內(nèi)需求等。 Intelligent transportation development condition in China Intelligent transportation is a service based on modern electronic information technology to transportation systems. Is a prominent feature of information collection, processing, distribution, exchange, analysis, and used as the main line, the diversity of service for the traffic participants. Intelligent transportation system (IntelligentTransportationSystem, referred to as ITS) 1 is the development direction of future traffic system, it is the advanced information technology, data communication transmission technology, electronic sensor technology, control technology and computer technology integration effectively applied to the whole ground traffic management system and establish a large range, all-round function, real-time, accurate and efficient integrated transportation management system. ITS can effectively use the existing traffic facilities, reduce the traffic load and environmental pollution, ensure traffic safety and raise transportation efficiency, thus, increasingly brought to the attention of the countries. China iot alliance between colleges believes that the development of intelligent transportation and the development of the Internet of things is cannot leave, only the development of the concept of Internet of things technology, intelligent transportation system will become more and more perfect. Intelligent transportation is traffic of embodiment. In the 21st century is the century of highway traffic intelligent, people are going to be used in intelligent transportation system, is a kind of advanced integration of integrated transportation management system. In this system, the vehicle driving on the roads free on their own intelligence, the intelligence of highway on its own to traffic flow to adjust to the best state, with the aid of this system, the whereabouts of management for road vehicles will hold. Intelligent transportation system has the following two characteristics: one is focus on the wide application of transportation information and services, the second is to improve both the efficiency of traffic facilities. Compared with the general technical system. In the course of the construction of intelligent transportation system more strict integrity. The integrity embodied in: (1) cross-industry characteristics. Intelligent transportation system construction in many industries, is the complex giant system engineering of social broad participation, resulting in complicated coordination problems between industries. (2) the technology characteristics. Intelligent transportation system is a combination of traffic engineering, information engineering, communications technology, control engineering, computer technology, and many other fields of science, need many technical personnel in the field of work together. (3) the government, enterprises, scientific research units and colleges and universities to participate, the proper role and task sharing is an important prerequisite for system development. (4) intelligent transportation system is mainly composed of mobile communications, broadband network, RFID, sensors, such as cloud computing to support a new generation of information technology, more in line with the application demand of people, which can improve the degree of trust and become everywhere The key technology research On April 27, 2011, the department of organization in Beijing held by the institute of the ministry of transport traffic fiscal and financial research institute of the key technology of the Internet of things application in intelligent transportation research topics opening report expert commenting. Department department of LiuLing presided over the meeting, the national development and reform commission high-tech company informatization office director wu said, the ministry of electronic science and zhang qi, deputy director of the RFID industry alliance Yang Hongyi OuYangYu secretary-general, China transportation &telecommunication information center director, department KeJiaoSi informatization Zou Li director, deputy director of henan province transportation hall HuoJinHua and anhui province transportation hall Xu Naijiang deputy director attended the meeting. The experts listened to the team after the report of the research report, form the evaluation opinions are as follows: first, the Internet of things is one of the national strategic emerging industries, is the national informatization construction in the higher level, the deeper into broader areas of development. To speed up the Internet of things in the application of intelligent transportation is of great significance to improve the level of transportation service, it is necessary to research on this topic. Two, this topic proposed in view of Chinas transportation industry development needs, to take advantage of the Internet of things technology promote transportation industry informatization level as the main body, with the characteristics of the Internet of things technology and the main problems existing in the development of transportation informatization as the breakthrough point, on the Internet of things key research direction in intelligent transportation applications, the key technical requirements, development orientation , top level architecture design and standard system and policy to carry out the research, puts forward some countermeasures for the transportation industry in the development of the Internet of things and propulsion. Opening report reasonable research content, research purpose, clarity and technical route of scientific, accurate, and research emphasis and difficulty to carry out research work accordingly. The participating experts agree that opening report through the review, Suggestions according to the experts to further improve, and to carry out research work. Current situation of the development of In the face of todays world development trend of globalization and informationization, the traditional means of transportation technology and can meet the requirements of economic and social development. Intelligent transportation system is the inevitable choice of transport business development, is a revolution of the transportation enterprise. Through the use of advanced information technology, communication technology, control technology, sensor technique, calculator technique and system integration and application of the integrated technology effectively, make the interaction relationship between people, vehicles, road in new ways, so as to realize the real-time, accurate, efficient, safe, energy-saving target. Traffic safety, traffic congestion and environmental pollution is the current three problems in the field of international transport, especially in the traffic security problems. The intelligent transportation technology improves the management level of the road, after a year, only the road toll can be reduced by more than 30%, more than 50% and can improve the efficiency of transportation. To this end, the worlds developed countries to invest a lot of money and manpower, intelligent transportation technology research and test on a large scale. Many developed countries has risen from the study of the system and test into the comprehensive deployment. Intelligent transportation system will be the mainstream of transportation development in the 21st century, this system can make the existing highway utilization increased by 15% to 30%. Us, Europe and Japan is intelligent transportation system development and application of the best country in the world, from their development, the development of intelligent transportation system, is not limited to solve the traffic congestion, traffic accidents and traffic pollution problems. After more than 30 years of development, the development of ITS application have made great achievements. The United States, Europe, Japan and other developed countries basically completed ITS system frame, large-scale application in key development areas. We can say that the progress of science and technology greatly promoted the development of the traffic, and ITS proposed and implemented, and for high and new technology development has provided a broad space for development. As the sensor technology, communication technology, GIS (geographic information system), 3 s technology, remote sensing technology, geographic information system, global positioning system (GPS) three techniques) and the continuous development of computer technology, traffic information collection has experienced from manual collection into a single magnetic detector of a wide range of traffic information collection to multi-source collection way of historical development process of traffic information collection, at the same time of traffic information processing at home and abroad research gradually thorough, statistical analysis technology, artificial intelligence technology, data fusion technology, parallel computing technology is gradually applied to traffic information processing, the processing of traffic information is constant development and innovation, more meet the needs of each subsystem managers, ITS users. Information acquisition and processing equipment industry presents the following features: Development characteristics 1, the diversification of information acquisition and processing method Traffic information is divided into artificial acquisition method and the method of automatic acquisition methods. Automatic acquisition methods including magnetic detector (including induction coil detector, magnetic resistance sensor, etc.), optical detector (including video detector, laser detector), microwave detector (including microwave detector and radar), road conditions and weight measurement sensors (mist detector, detector road is icy, wheel, axle load meter, etc.). With the development of science and technology, automatic data collection technology has been continuous research, development and application. Various acquisition technology has its own advantages and disadvantages, using a variety of acquisition methods are combined to collect traffic information is the domestic and foreign research hot spot and focus. To develop the quality control of information technology, multi-source traffic information fusion technology, the information of multiple time scale prediction technology, information integration technology, information compression technology and storage technology, greatly improved the accuracy of information and type of information. 2, the content of the information and the geographical range Limited categories of different traffic sampling way of the parameters, such as induction coil can only be collected fixed location such as traffic flow, speed, share the cross section of traffic parameters； Video detector can only be collected traffic flow, speed, occupancy, queue length, the traffic parameters of fixed location； With the combination of a variety of traffic acquisition methods, can obtain the traffic flow, speed, occupancy, queue length, travel time and interval velocity of cross section and the road traffic parameter, enrich the traffic information collection and content as well as improve the collection and the breadth of the geographic range. With the increase of traffic data acquisition source, user demand for huge amounts of traffic information real-time traffic information gradually increase. At home and abroad in recent years, gradually will be distributed parallel computing technology, high performance computing server, and performance of the amount of data processing algorithm in sea transportation information processing, improve the information processing speed. 3, to enhance the accuracy of information acquisition and economy With the improvement of magnetic and optical sensor technology, image processing technology and the development of positioning technology, traffic information acquisition precision has been improved. At the same time, along with in recent years, the deepening of the study on traffic detector configuration optimization, traffic information collection on the premise of guaranteeing comprehensive and dynamic information, and also improve the economic benefit of the traffic information collection. This laid the groundwork for the development and application of ITS system. As artificial intelligence, statistical analysis, fuzzy logic, chaos theory of mature gradually, gradually developed on the basis of these theories and methods of traffic information processing method, greatly improving the accuracy of information processing and quality. The data collection IT and the rapid development of communication technology makes the information release is no longer the bottleneck, the roadside release, cell phone, portable terminal, Internet, car terminal distribution, etc., have huge application market. Visible, in order to realize the application of traffic information exploded, how to obtain raw traffic data and processing them into accurate traffic information is the key. For real-time traffic data collection, there are two main ways: one is the static traffic detection method, main is to use the fixed point detector or camera position； The other is a dynamic traffic detection method. Usually, which is used to collect data of traffic flow point detector with induction coil detector, ultrasonic wave detector, radar detector, photoelectric detector, infrared detector, etc. Dynamic traffic detection method is based on the position of changing vehicle or cell phone to get the real-time speed and travel time traffic information such as mode of data acquisition. The typical dynamic traffic detection methods including transponder, vehicle automatic detection, global positioning system (GPS) devices, mobile communication, etc. Coil and video cameras (video) monitoring is a representative of the fixed-point detection means. Coil is a distortion of magnetic detector, it relies on a buried under the road or a group of induction coil of electromagnetic induction, to detect by the condition of the vehicle. The technology is very mature, and high precision, suitable for road traffic volume larger. However, its shortcoming is also very obvious, namely the limited collection scope, high damage rate and expensive construction cost, long construction period. Typical representative of this kind of data is loop microwave detecting history data of a certain city, in a certain city road intersection test history data. Video surveillance is to use the camera as a recording device, through the analysis of a certain period of image details of the traffic flow are obtained. For intersection traffic investigation, often using this method. The advantage of this approach is more intuitive, can get the most complete traffic information； Drawback is that the cost is high, the data collected from volume (work requires a lot of image processing), sometimes low reliability, such as large vehicles might shade accompanying small vehicle, etc.). This kind of data such as data typical hall collection traffic video database and the database of the license plate images, etc. As the main means of dynamic traffic flow information collection, GPS technology has been widely used abroad, domestic also has the optimal path, grace and other companies have developed commercially available products. GPS is a global positioning system (GPS) satellite radio, all-weather, can provide real-time 3 d coordinate, speed, such as spatial information, its characteristic is high accuracy, fast speed, but also has a lot of problems in practical application, the main performance in the presence of acquisition blind area, such as elevated road under the GPS signal acquisition is less than), small sample size, construction and operation cost is higher. Typical of this kind of data, such as a northern city taxi GPS location data, southern city taxi GPS location data, etc. Traffic information collection based on mobile communication technology in the mobile phone network signaling information dynamic traffic, according to the analysis of the characteristics can be summarized as the road wide coverage, data acquisition costs are relatively low, easy deployment, data precision is higher. As a new dynamic traffic detection means, the technology to make full use of the existing mobile phone network resources, its practicability is the United States, Europe and other countries get demonstration and promotion. The background factors Socialization of car Most industrialized countries under the guidance of market economy, has experienced the development of the economy to promote the development of the automobile, and the development of auto industry and stimulate the process of economic development, which is made up of these countries advanced automobile era. Of auto society, such as traffic jam, traffic accident, energy consumption and environmental pollution and so on social problem is getting worse, the economic loss caused by the huge traffic jam, road facilities was developed from past the United States, Japan and so on also have to rely on only supply to meet the demand of thinking mode to take both supply and demand of common management techniques and methods to improve the increasingly sharp traffic problems, based on automobile wheels industrial countries in exploring both car maintenance society, and to relieve the traffic congestion problem, to use modern technology to improve traffic conditions to achieve security, increase efficiency, improve the environment, save energy, the purpose of ITS concept was gradually formed. Sustainable environment, Industrialized countries in the process of industrialization, the urbanization development is facing increasingly serious shortage of resources and environmental degradation problems, the problem also exists in developing countries, since the 1950 s, the survival and development becomes one of the most urgent task facing the human society, the United Nations conference on the human environment in 1972 passed the declaration of the human environment. Urbanization is an inevitable outcome of the development of productivity, according to the law of development of world economy, the urbanization level of 30% or more, there will be economic rapid development phase, the United States, Japan, Britain and other developed countries, the level of urbanization in 1990 reached 75%, 77%, 89%, these countries in view of the traffic development influence on resources and environment, the gradual adjustment of transportation system and structure. These countries have been through in order to meet the needs of the development of the vehicle while developing the construction of transport infrastructure (such as the planning of the 70000 km highway planning in 1944, after 50 years was basically completed, but still produce crowded and blocking), in a lot of land, the consumption of fuel oil and other resource usage and at the same time, not only the traffic demand are not fully satisfied, but also cause the automobile exhaust emissions due to road congestion, not only cause huge economic losses, but also bring bad influence to the environment. Since the 60 s and 70 s, because of the oil crisis and environment deterioration, industrialized countries began to take in order to improve the efficiency and save energy for the purpose of the traffic system management (TSM) and traffic demand management (TDM) at the same time vigorously develop large volumes and the implementation of labor policy priorities, under the goal of sustainable development of society adjust the structure of transport, energy balance and utilization and environmental protection to establish the optimization of transportation system. ITS as a comprehensive solution to traffic problems, protect the social and economic sustainable development and in harmony with the environment of a new generation of transportation systems, with the rapid development of information technology in the development, the developed countries after the 90 s, has become an important development trend worldwide. Intelligent information technology Traffic management of scientific, modernization, has been a comprehensive and to solve the traffic problem, and to pursue the goal of traffic signal control system device adopted early electronic, sensing and transmission technology to realize scientific management, with the development of science and technology, especially computer science and GPS technology, the popularization and application of information and communication, traffic monitoring control system, the traffic guidance system, such as information acquisition system plays a big role in traffic management, but these technology is simple, the scientific management of vehicle or road implementation, the scope of a single, limitations, systematic is not strong. Since the late 80 s, the world within the scope of the end of the cold war, industrialized countries for military and national defense in the field of satellite navigation system, information collection and provide system, computer control and management system, electrical and electronic communications technology and other high and new technology to MinYongHua, military spending on most transferred to civilian technology development and application, at the same time, all the developing countries, including China, with the help of a peaceful and stable international environment to speed up the countrys economic development, the rapid economic development in developing countries to promote the industrial structure change dramatically in the world, industrialized countries traditional industries as a result of the labor-intensive industries to developing countries focus and lose competitive advantage obviously, brewing industry market open up new and high technology content, in the context of the international environment, representing a signals the arrival of the information revolution, cause the attention of the whole world, this is the information superhighway get the rapid development of information technology, especially the Internet to establish the international information network, and accelerate the process of the global economic integration, beginning in 1994, the world economy gradually stepped into the stage of the information revolution. Information industry arises at the historic moment, ITS with information technology as the forerunner, other related technology applied to intelligent transportation management has ITS broad market, industrialized and private enterprises have invested in this emerging industry. The U.S. government was started in 1991 investment for the development o