外文翻譯--汽車(chē)變速器

附 錄 A The output of the engine speed is very high, the maximum power and the maximum torque in a certain speed area appears. In order to bring into full play the best performance engine, it must have a variable speed device, to coordinate the speed of the engine and the actual speed. Transmission can be in the course of driving in the car, and the engine between different ratios of produce, through the shift can make the engine to the best in the dynamic properties of state. The three main transmission function 1. On a wide range of vehicle driving speed change the size of the car and the size of the torque on the drive wheels. As the car driving conditions, car speeds of the different requirements and drive torque to a wide range of change. For example in the way to speed should be able to 100 km/h, and in the urban district, speed in 50 km/h often to the left. Empty car in a flat roads, driving resistance is very small, then, when the carrying the uphill, driving resistance and very big. And the car engine is the characteristic of speed range, and small torque range cant meet the actual need more road conditions. 2. Achieve drive backward. The car engine crankshaft are generally only to a direction, and the car sometimes need to be able to drive back, therefore, often used in the transmission of setting reverse to realize the car drive backward. 3. Achieve gap when clutch engaging, gearbox can not power output. For example can guarantee the engine when cut loose from the clutch drivers seat. Transmission speed transmission mechanism and variable speed by operation of two parts. Variable speed transmissions main function is to change the torque and speed of numerical and direction； Operations main function is to control the transmission mechanism, realize the transmission ratio of the transformation, namely transmission shift to realize speed torque. Mechanical transmission main application the gear transmission principle of slow down. Say simply, there are a number of different transmission ratio o f gear, and the car down the behavior of the shift, that is through manipulation institutions make the different gear shift work. As in low speed, let the transmission ratio of big gear pair work, at high speed, let small gear transmission ratio. From now on the market have different models of transmission to see, the main configuration can be divided into: the manual transmission (MT), automatic transmission (AT), manual/automatic transmission (AMT), step-less transmission (CVT). 1. The manual transmission (MT) manual transmission contains array gear according to different driving conditions, drivers through the transmission control mechanisms to manually choose which a group of gear transmission, change the transmission ratio, to change speed and purpose. Because there is a shift change when gear synchronous problem, now a lot of gearbox are adopting synchronizer, in order to improve the smooth shift. Characteristics: the shift to direct, for drivers to provide more driving enjoyment. Is purely mechanical transmission, not there is too large a power loss, fuel economy performance is higher. Manual transmission structure simple, maintenance costs less. 2. Automatic transmission (AT) automatic transmission mechanism of planetary gear speed. It can according to the accelerator pedal degree and the speed change to automatic variable speed, and drivers but simply to control the accelerator control can reduce the speed, the difficulty of driving. Will tell commonly, car commonly used automatic transmission has the following kinds of types: hydraulic automatic transmission, hydraulic transmission automatic transmission, power transmission automatic transmission, etc. Among them, the most common is by the hydraulic torque converter and a variable transmission gear type of hydraulic automatic transmission, the transmission ratio can be in maximum and minimum values of between several continuous do within the scope of the stepless change. Because the hydraulic torque converter have power transmission loss, the relation between the transmission efficiency of automatic transmission usually only 85%. Features: power transmission shift smoothly, and natural transition. But the complex structure, maintenance cost is higher, power have certain loss, at the same time, reduce the fuel economy performance. 3. Step-less transmission (CVT) step-less transmission is composed of two groups of variable speed the plate and a belt of. Therefore, it is simple in structure than traditional automatic transmission, smaller. In addition, it is free to change gear ratios, so as to realize the full speed stepless speed change of the vehicle to make smooth, without the traditional transmission shift at the feeling. Features: the realization of uninterrupted power output, the dynamic performance and economic performance are better than traditional have high level automatic transmission. 附 錄 B 發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的輸出轉(zhuǎn)速非常高，最大功率及最大扭矩在一定的轉(zhuǎn)速區(qū)出現(xiàn)。為了發(fā)揮發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的最佳性能，就必須有一套變速裝置，來(lái)協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的轉(zhuǎn)速和車(chē)輪的實(shí)際行駛速度。變速器可以在汽車(chē)行駛過(guò)程中，在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和車(chē)輪之間產(chǎn)生不同的變速比，通過(guò)換擋可以使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)工作在其最佳的動(dòng)力性能狀態(tài)下。變速器主要有一下三種功用 1.在較大范圍內(nèi)改變汽車(chē)行駛速度的大小和汽車(chē)驅(qū)動(dòng)輪上扭矩的大小。由于汽車(chē)行駛條件不同，要求汽車(chē)行駛速度和驅(qū)動(dòng)扭矩能在很大范圍內(nèi)變化。例如在高速路上車(chē)速應(yīng)能達(dá)到 100km/h，而在市區(qū)內(nèi)，車(chē)速常在 50km/h 左右?？哲?chē)在平直的公路上行駛時(shí)，行駛阻力很小，則當(dāng)滿載上坡時(shí)，行駛阻力便很大。而汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的特性是轉(zhuǎn)速變化范圍較小，而轉(zhuǎn)矩變化范圍更不能滿足實(shí)際路況需要。 2.實(shí)現(xiàn)倒車(chē)行駛 。汽車(chē)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)曲軸一般都是只能向一個(gè)方向轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)的，而汽車(chē)有時(shí)需要能倒退行駛，因此，往往利用變速箱中設(shè)置的倒檔來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)汽車(chē)倒車(chē)行駛。 3.實(shí)現(xiàn)空檔當(dāng)離合器接合時(shí)，變速箱可以不輸出動(dòng)力。例如可以保證駕駛員在發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)不熄火時(shí)松開(kāi)離合器踏板離開(kāi)駕駛員座位。 變速箱由變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)和變速操縱機(jī)構(gòu)兩部分組成。變速傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是改變轉(zhuǎn)矩和轉(zhuǎn)速的數(shù)值和方向；操縱機(jī)構(gòu)的主要作用是控制傳動(dòng)機(jī)構(gòu)，實(shí)現(xiàn)變速器傳動(dòng)比的變換，即實(shí)現(xiàn)換檔，以達(dá)到變速變矩。 機(jī)械式變速箱主要應(yīng)用了齒輪傳動(dòng)的降速原理。簡(jiǎn)單的說(shuō)，變速箱內(nèi)有多組傳動(dòng)比不同的齒輪副，而汽車(chē)行駛時(shí)的換檔行為，也就是通過(guò)操縱機(jī)構(gòu)使變速箱內(nèi)不同的齒輪副工作。如在低速時(shí)，讓傳動(dòng)比大的齒輪副工作，而在高速時(shí)，讓傳動(dòng)比 小的齒輪副工作。 從現(xiàn)在市場(chǎng)上不同車(chē)型所配置的變速器來(lái)看，主要分為：手動(dòng)變速器（ MT）、自動(dòng)變速器（ AT）、手動(dòng) /自動(dòng)變速器（ AMT）、無(wú)級(jí)變速器（ CVT）。 1.手動(dòng)變速器（ MT）手動(dòng)變速器中含有數(shù)組齒