外文翻譯--冷藏運(yùn)輸?shù)脑缙趪L試

附 錄 A 英文文獻(xiàn) Early attempts at refrigerated transport Attempts were made during the mid-19th century to ship agricultural products by rail. As early as 1842, the Western Railroad of Massachusetts was reported in the June 15 edition of the Boston Traveler to be experimenting with innovative freight car designs capable of carrying all types of perishable goods without spoilage.2 The first refrigerated boxcar entered service in June 1851, on the Northern Railroad (New York) (or NRNY, which later became part of the Rutland Railroad). This icebox on wheels was a limited success since it was only functional in cold weather. That same year, the Ogdensburg and Lake Champlain Railroad (O&LC) began shipping butter to Boston in purpose-built freight cars, utilizing ice for cooling.The first consignment of dressed beef left the Chicago stock yards in 1857 in ordinary boxcars retrofitted with bins filled with ice. Placing meat directly against ice resulted in discoloration and affected the taste, and proved impractical. During the same period Swift experimented by moving cut meat using a string of ten boxcars with their doors removed, and made a few test shipments to New York during the winter months over the Grand Trunk Railway (GTR). The method proved too limited to be practical.The interior of a typical ice-bunker reefer from the 1920s. The wood sheathing was replaced by plywood within twenty years. Vents in the bunker at the end of the car, along with slots in the wood floor racks, allowed cool air to circulate around the contentsDetroits William Davis patented a refrigerator car that employed metal racks to suspend the carcasses above a frozen mixture of ice and salt. He sold the design in 1868 to George H. Hammond, a Detroit meat packer, who built a set of cars to transport his products to Boston using ice from the Great Lakes for cooling.3 The load had the tendency of swinging to one side when the car entered a curve at high speed, and use of the units was discontinued after several derailments. In 1878 Swift hired engineer Andrew Chase to design a ventilated car that was well insulated, and positioned the ice in a compartment at the top of the car, allowing the chilled air to flow naturally downward.4 The meat was packed tightly at the bottom of the car to keep the center of gravity low and to prevent the cargo from shifting. Chases design proved to be a practical solution to providing temperature-controlled carriage of dressed meats, and allowed Swift and Company to ship their products across the United Sta tes and internationally.Swifts attempts to sell Chases design to major railroads were rebuffed, as the companies feared that they would jeopardize their considerable investments in stock cars, animal pens, and feedlots if refrigerated meat transport gained wide acceptance. In response, Swift financed the initial production run on his own, then when the American roads refused his business he contracted with the GTR (a railroad that derived little income from transporting live cattle) to haul the cars into Michigan and then eastward through Canada. In 1880 the Peninsular Car Company (subsequently purchased by ACF) delivered the first of these units to Swift, and the Swift Refrigerator Line (SRL) was created. Within a year the Lines roster had risen to nearly 200 units, and Swift was transporting an average of 3,000 carcasses a week to Boston, Massachusetts. Competing firms such as Armour and Company quickly followed suit. By 1920 the SRL owned and operated 7,000 of the ice-cooled rail cars. The General American Transportation Corporation would assume ownership of the line in 1930. 附 錄 B 文獻(xiàn)翻譯 冷藏運(yùn)輸?shù)脑缙趪L試 19世紀(jì)中 夜人們做了很多 由鐵路運(yùn)送農(nóng)產(chǎn)品 的嘗試， 早在 1842年初，馬薩諸塞州西部在 6月 15日 報(bào)道 波士頓 實(shí)驗(yàn)室設(shè)計(jì)出新型的 旅客與貨運(yùn)汽車 具有不腐壞攜帶各類易腐貨物的能力。第一個(gè)進(jìn)入冷藏棚車服務(wù) 1851年 6月，在北方鐵路（紐約）這種 “車輪上的冰箱 ”是一個(gè)有限的成功，因?yàn)樗挥性诤涞奶鞖夤δ堋?就在同一年，奧格登斯堡和尚普蘭湖鐵路（海外及立法會(huì)）開始出貨的專用貨車到波士頓奶油，利用冷卻冰。 牛肉的穿著 1857年第一批離開冰滿與普通貨車車廂改裝的垃圾桶芝加哥股票交易所碼。配售對(duì)冰肉直接導(dǎo)致變色，影響口感，并證明是不切實(shí)際的。在同一時(shí)期斯威夫特實(shí)驗(yàn)時(shí)使用移動(dòng)分割肉用自己拆除了十貨車車廂門串，并在過大干線鐵路（ GTR）的冬季，一些測(cè)試運(yùn)往紐約。該方法被證明是極為有限，是可行的。 一個(gè)典型的冰從 1920沙坑冷藏室內(nèi)。護(hù)套的木材膠合板取代了未來 20 年內(nèi)。在 AT 的車底掩體風(fēng)口伴隨著木地板架槽，讓涼爽的空氣流通 周圍 contentsDetroit 的威廉戴維斯發(fā)明了一種冷藏車聘用的金屬架，暫停以上的冰和鹽的冷凍混合物的尸體 。 他賣掉了在 1868年設(shè)計(jì)，喬治 H.哈蒙德，底特律肉類包裝商，建立了一個(gè)集汽車運(yùn)輸自己的產(chǎn)品到波士頓進(jìn)行冷卻。負(fù)載使用來自大湖區(qū)的冰有一個(gè)趨勢(shì)擺動(dòng)的一面，當(dāng)汽車進(jìn)入了一個(gè)高速曲線，和使用單位停止了經(jīng)過幾次出軌。 1878年聘請(qǐng)了工程師安德魯斯威夫特大通設(shè)計(jì)通風(fēng)良好的車是絕緣的，并放置在汽車的頂部在冰室，讓空氣流通的冰鮮自然下調(diào)。肉的包裝，緊緊汽車的底部，以保持低重心，防止轉(zhuǎn)移貨物。大通的設(shè)計(jì)被證明是 一個(gè)切實(shí)可行的解決辦法提供溫度控制的穿著肉類運(yùn)輸，并允許斯威夫特和船公司在美國(guó)和國(guó)際上他們的產(chǎn)品。 斯威夫特的企圖出售大通的設(shè)計(jì)，主要鐵路是拒絕，因?yàn)楣緭?dān)心他們會(huì)危及庫存車，他們的動(dòng)物筆相當(dāng)大的投資，如果冷凍肉和飼養(yǎng)場(chǎng)運(yùn)輸?shù)玫綇V泛的承認(rèn)。作為回應(yīng)，斯威夫特資助了自己的初始生產(chǎn)，然后運(yùn)行 - 當(dāng)美國(guó)拒絕了