植物保護(hù)外文文獻(xiàn)翻譯、中英文翻譯、外文翻譯

附錄 - 1 - 附錄 Plant Protection Abstract The cards on the upper surface were blue, says John Howell. In many cases, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get these cards from machinery dealers, says Howell. It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all these sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers. Headnote Increase yields by making sure your pumpkin and squash crops are adequately covered with a crop protectant. OVER the years, disease pressure on pumpkins and winter squash, especially in the Northeast, has become more severe. More than 30 years ago, these crops were not typically sprayed with fungicides or insecticides because it simply wasnt necessary. Disease and insect pressure wasnt that significant - back then. Fast forward to about 15 years ago, and things were beginning to change. According to John Howell, retired extension vegetable specialist at the University of Massachusetts, as demand for these crops, especially pumpkins for Halloween, increased, so did production and the spread of plant disease, particularly black rot. The result was that spraying became a necessity. Growers didnt want to drive through their fields with a sprayer because they would squash a few squash, and pumpkins, says Howell. We had to convince them that losing a few plants this way was better than losing much more to disease. Sprayer Vs. Sprayer According to Howell, most growers use high-pressure volume sprayers to apply insecticides and fungicides to row crops. Some use air blast sprayers and low-volume units. From past research spraying insecticides and fungicides on pumpkins and squash, Howell learned that none of the sprayer types worked as well as they would have liked them to. Low-volume and air blast sprayers fell short in being able to successfully penetrate the canopy and achieve good leaf coverage. Low-volume sprayers, says Howell, are typically used to spray herbicides directly on the soil, so applying product to plant leaves to prevent disease isnt the main goal. The air blast units, he learned, had difficulty getting coverage under the plant canopy. Of the three types, the high-pressure volume sprayers provided the best coverage to plant leaves. 植保機(jī)械的現(xiàn)狀調(diào)差與前景分析 - 2 - They all did a good job on the upper surfaces of the upper leaves, he explains. However, you also want to be able to get the lower leaves that are lower in the canopy and the undersides of those leaves, as well. I think slowly more growers are becoming more aware of this issue with spray coverage. During his research, Howell employed the use of water-sensitive cards. These yellow cards were clipped on the top upper leaves of plants and on leaves lower to the ground. Water was substituted for a crop protectant so researchers could walk through the fields after the plants were sprayed. Cards that got wet turned blue. The cards on the upper surface were blue, says Howell. In many cases, cards on the lower leaves were not covered as well. If growers want to check out coverage in any kind of crop, they can get these cards from machinery dealers, says Howell. It is a great way to determine what kind of spray coverage you are getting. We tested all these sprayers at 4 miles an hour and 2 miles an hour and we did it with the different types of sprayers. Using a high-pressure sprayer filled with water, these yellow watersensitive cards turned blue where water droplets hit them. The top card ? in each column is from an upper leaf, top surface. The second card is from an upper leaf, underside； the third card is a lower leaf, top surface； and the fourth (lowest) card is from cloverleaf, underside. It was difficult to achieve good coverage on the undersides of leaves. Howell adds that spraying pumpkins and squash are particularly challenging, thanks to the amount of foliage that needs to be covered. Researchers also are using water-sensitive cards to test the coverage of fungicides and insecticides on other crops, such as sweet corn, he says. Sidebar Use The Right Nozzle JOHN Howell, a retired vegetable extension specialist at the University of Massachusetts, says growers should use a high-pressure sprayer on their pumpkin and squash plants and they should use a solid-cone nozzle. Most sprayers, he says, come with hollow-cone nozzles. A solid cone has a narrower angle and tends to push the spray material further into the foliage, he explains. He also tells growers to not exceed speeds of 2 miles per hour when spraying because it takes time to push the spray material down into the canopy. If you are traveling too fast, you wont get good penetration of the foliage, he says. You have to give the solution time to get down into the foliage as you pass over the crop. Angling the nozzle also helps. On most boom or high-pressure sprayers, growers can loosen the clamps on the boom, and angle it about 15 to 20 degrees forward as opposed to facing it straight down. By setting the nozzle on an angle, it tends to stir up the leaves a little bit and aids in the penetration of the canopy, says Howell. 附錄 - 3 - 植物保護(hù) 摘要 在上表面的卡是藍(lán)色的，說 約翰豪厄爾 。在許多情況下，在下部葉卡也沒有涉及。 “如果種植者想看看在任何一種作物的覆蓋面，他們可以從機(jī)械經(jīng)銷商那里得到卡片，“豪威爾說。 “確定你正在用什么樣方式來噴涂覆蓋面這是偉大的。我們?cè)?4 英里的時(shí)速和 2 英里的時(shí)速測(cè)試所有這些噴霧器，我們用 不同類型的噴霧器來測(cè)試。 通過確保你增加南瓜和西葫蘆作物涵蓋量，來增加作物保護(hù)劑的產(chǎn)量。 多年來，尤其是在東北，疾病對(duì)南瓜、冬瓜的壓力變得更加嚴(yán)重。 30 多年前，這些作物通常不噴灑殺菌劑或殺蟲劑，因?yàn)樗緵]有必要。病蟲害壓力并不顯著。當(dāng)時(shí)的情況。 快速回到大約 15 年前，事情開始發(fā)生變化。據(jù)約翰豪威爾 一位退休的常識(shí)淵博的麻省理工大學(xué)的蔬菜專家，他認(rèn)為，隨著這些作物，尤其是萬圣節(jié)南瓜的需求的增加而加速了植物疾病的傳播，特別是黑腐病。其結(jié)果是，噴灑農(nóng)藥成為必然。 “種植者不希望駕駛一個(gè)攜帶噴霧器的機(jī)械 駛過自己的田地，因?yàn)樗麄儠?huì)損失幾個(gè)南瓜，”豪威爾說。 “我們必須說服他們，通過這種方式失去幾個(gè)南瓜，比被一些植物的疾病奪去更多的南瓜要好?！?不同噴霧器的比較 據(jù)豪威爾介紹，大部分種植者通過用高壓噴霧器噴灑殺蟲劑和殺菌劑來保護(hù)中耕作物。有的用鼓風(fēng)噴霧機(jī)和低容量噴霧器。 ，豪威爾了解到，從過去的南瓜和西葫蘆噴灑殺蟲劑和殺菌劑的研究來看，噴霧器類型沒有一次達(dá)到他們預(yù)期的效果。低容量噴霧器和鼓風(fēng)噴霧機(jī)沒有能夠成功地滲透，實(shí)現(xiàn)良好的葉冠層覆蓋。 豪威爾說，低容量噴霧器通常用于在土壤上 直接噴灑除草劑，使植物葉片應(yīng)用產(chǎn)品，以防止疾病，但不是主要目標(biāo)。他還了解到，鼓風(fēng)噴霧機(jī)很難作用到樹冠覆蓋下的植物。在這三種類型中，高壓容量噴霧器對(duì)植物的葉子起到了最好的覆蓋效果。 “所有噴霧器都對(duì)葉子上表面的效果不錯(cuò)，”他說。 “不過，你也希望能夠使較低的葉片，在樹冠較低處，同樣有很好的效果。我想慢慢地越來越多的種植者會(huì)意識(shí)到噴霧覆蓋這個(gè)問題?！?在他的研究中，豪威爾采用了水敏卡。這些黃色卡片被夾在植物的葉子的上表面和下表面。對(duì)保護(hù)者來說，水是一種作物保護(hù)劑，研究人員可以通過步行后，植株噴灑。濕了的 卡變