外文翻譯--動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)技術(shù)難點(diǎn)分析

附 錄 A Power transmission technology difficulty analysis 1 And power system working characteristics Electric vehicle has the advantages mainly in the following aspects: (1)Compared with the same kind of car engine emission reduction. (2) The motor as auxiliary power, to make the engine can play in good conditions, the efficiency of work and through the recycling braking energy, improve the vehicles fuel economy. (3) By decrease engine load reduces the noise. (4) Transformed at present only gas stations, does not need to invest in new fuel loading. 2, Planet row the characteristic of structure series (1) The engine is always in the best condition driving generators, so high efficiency, energy saving effect, have certain emissions, reduce pollution and low； (2) Installed the engine-generator, flowing energy feed to the traction motor, compared with the electric car trip mileage improved significantly； (3) Control system function, structure is simple, especially the operation control only generator according to the storage battery charging and discharging state decided to power or stopped. 3. Selection strategy 3.1 A motor vehicles in China for the development of has just started, to speed up the development of the hybrid products in China, the research and use for reference foreign results is very necessary. Power system selection in hybrid developing in a position of importance. Because of the different control strategy is based on a hybrid drive system for making and optimization. Can say power system structure types of the option to decide the hybrid of research and development, the relationship between key development progress and product the level, is the most important of HEV development and the key step. So the development must be in deep research of careful analysis and weigh the advantages and disadvantages, and on the basis of the structure of the power system type make discreet choice. In the development of comprehensive coordination performance should be advanced, technical complexity and costs and maintenance cost, according to the relationship between the use of cars conditions and their technical conditions, choose to meet the performance of both must be advanced, and not beyond the current technology conditions, and the price and maintenance costs for market acceptable to the power system type. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the following factors: (1) Motor drive power system based on particular condition commonly carry on the design. This is because most of the power system is more sensitive to working conditions, different operating conditions of the performance difference is very big, only in specific conditions to be fully low oil consumption, low emission advantages. (2) Different types of hybrid differences between performance is very clear, in the selection of the power system must be caused by the difference between performance to structure sufficient attention. If demand is high for acceleration performance, it is necessary to choose equipped with the structure of peak power regulator type； If the economy too hard, tandem, we cannot be the right choice. (3) The technical conditions, in addition to developing the conditions and power outside, still include industrial base. Stressed because of some common industrial base of power system in China, the components of the product level can not meet the requirements or still cannot production. In the actual product development will always have a certain schedule, if the technology conditions cannot be, it will be difficult to guarantee for achieving the development plan. Necessary to explore for his technical conditions especially industrial base of hybrid structure types, advocate structure innovation. (4)Open power system is to point to the need to further develop the space. Product performance is a gradually perfect process, the same development work might not one pace reachs the designated position, also need to have been the perfect. In the specific development work should be followed from the simple to the complex, from easy to difficult train of thought, to choose the technical conditions of the low required appropriate simple structure, development.(5) The structure of the power system of hybrid cost impact, this is because different types of power system for the kinds of components, the quantity and the performance requirements the difference is very big. And the kinds of components, the quantity and the performance index is the effect of the main factors of hybrid costs. Selection should also consider the use and maintenance costs, the more complex structure, the higher failure rate, use and maintenance cost is higher. Price and maintenance expenses directly related to the industrialization of HEV, if cant industrialization, can provide the necessary for further development of the capital, it will be difficult to promote and raising the level of technology to improve the performance of. In fact, the fine performance but because the price too high to commercialization, and even forced to give up the development of HEV examples not rarely seen, we should not repeat it. In view of our country at present the citys air pollution problems and oil shortages are very serious, and the technological basis of weak, preference hybrid system should be relatively simple structure, applicable to general city mode of the structure and the working condition between the cities series of parallel structure, and to buses and cars as a key development targets. It a: a hybrid car engine starting on and off, make frequent driving system and accessories (such as air conditioning and power steering, etc) of power management is complicated, so need advanced detection and control system； The existing to heat engine primarily hybrid unit in the fuel into YouYongGong at the same time, needs to improve the efficiency of conversion, and also to meet strict emission standard. Second: energy storage device (battery) to have higher than power, to meet the car accelerated and climbing to the need of high power when； At the same time, energy storage device must use heat control management, want to have higher than energy, long service life and low production cost. Third: must reduce the size of the power electronics device, reduce the quality and reduce production cost. Its 4: need to build a more advanced driving system mathematical model (including static and dynamic), is this the computer simulation and analysis of the foundation. Its 5: make perfect hybrid cars of relevant standards and regulations, for hybrid cars, which laid the foundation of the market. 3.2 Electric drive system and car accessories To make a hybrid car of the power, economy, comfort, safety and convenience to consumers can acceptable level, there must be efficient and economic power drive system and car accessories. However, the system of some components in the traditional car without a corresponding parts, so need to development design. In development at the same time, want to consider the system synthesis performance, costs and maintenance performance. 1) Motor in a hybrid car, motor is the role of the generator or energy storage device provide electrical energy into mechanical energy is used to drive the wheels. And the traditional automobile different is, motor speed can provide in full, and engine torque must be to wait until mad can only output loaded with torque. This makes hybrid cars have excellent starting and accelerating performance. In addition, used for a hybrid car motor must have good controllability and fault tolerance, and low noise, high efficiency, and is not sensitive to the voltage fluctuations and performance. Used for a hybrid car motor type has ac induction motor, permanent magnet motor and switched reluctance motor. At present the typical is ac induction motor, but this kind of motor are born is difficult to solve the contradiction between power and efficiency. Therefore, we need to study out can be used for hybrid cars, have higher efficiency and power density of permanent magnet motor, switched reluctance motor, and other advanced motor, to replace current use of ac induction motor. At the same time for the motor control method and the cooling system research also should go further. 2)Regenerative braking, this kind of hybrid cars can recycle braking energy consumption part of. When a hybrid car brake, motor, generator, using cars into the kinetic energy to produce electricity, and can be stored in battery in it for later. In hybrid cars, there are many form of energy can be used as the regenerative braking energy storage device, such as high-speed flywheel, super capacitor, elastic device and all kinds of thermal system, etc. Of course, the traditional friction braking is necessary, so you need to consider how to two sets of braking equipment reasonable use, reasonable, and the problems of control. Braking, the electronic control system of the regenerative braking and friction braking system at the same time, the braking performance will be improved. 3) Car accessories, any style of car to get consumers and all must consider the car comfort. The automobile air-conditioning accessories can improve the car of comfort, but energy use is very big, if not reduce the load, they will be for the automobile fuel economy have a huge impact. So, whether in the car at the same time, improve the comfort to improve fuel economy is at present to innovation of research. Traditional bus attachments system on the engine design, not for hybrid cars drive system. For example, the traditional automobile accessories (such as air condition, power steering, etc) by the engine drive, but because the hybrid car engines are not always work, need to design and production can the independent powered accessories. Be like again, because a hybrid car engine frequently starting and close, make its drive system and accessories for the power management complicated, need to have a more advanced monitoring and control system. 3.3 A hybrid car simulation technology In the research and development of a hybrid car components and choose the best structure, need to design and maker can quickly reduce research scope, find technical breakthrough. Technical scheme selection stages, in the system the choice, can rely on efficient modeling tools computer, through the alternate use of candidate subsystems simulation, so as to find the best solutions. Computer models for each candidate subsystem provides a detailed specifications and design parameters, and convenient to the designers work, but also to make model for designing and manufacturing engineering target and plan. Now, the responsible for electric cars and hybrid vehicles standards and regulations is the organization of the international electrotechnical commission (IEC), the international organization for standardization (ISO), the American auto engineers association (SAE), etc. For our country, because of hybrid cars are already in the experimental stage, and all the standards work should begin corresponding. For future will appear DuoZhong driving car coexistence, car standards will also need to consider the traditional automobile, hybrid cars and pure electric vehicle the comparability between universality and. 附 錄 B 動(dòng)力傳動(dòng)技術(shù)難點(diǎn)分析 1、動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)工作特點(diǎn) 動(dòng)力汽車所具備的優(yōu)點(diǎn)主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個(gè)方面： (1)與同類發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)車型相比 , 排放降低。 (2)由于以電動(dòng)機(jī)作為輔助動(dòng)力，使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)能夠在發(fā)揮良好效率的工況下工作，并且通過回收制動(dòng)能量，提高了整車的燃料經(jīng)濟(jì)性。 (3)通過減小發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)負(fù)荷降低了噪聲。 (4)只需改造目前的加油站，不必重新投資建設(shè)新的燃料供應(yīng)站。 2、行星排串聯(lián)式結(jié)構(gòu)的特點(diǎn) (1)發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 總是在最佳工況下驅(qū)動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)，因此效率高，有一定節(jié)能效果，排放亦低，減少了污染； (2)安裝了發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī) 發(fā)電機(jī)組，源源不斷地將電能輸送給牽引電機(jī)，與電動(dòng)汽車相比行駛里程有顯著的提高； (3)控制系統(tǒng)功能、結(jié)構(gòu)比較簡(jiǎn)單，特別是發(fā)電機(jī)運(yùn)行的控制只需根據(jù)蓄電池充放電狀態(tài)決定發(fā)電或停止。 3.選型策略 3.1 我國一電機(jī)為動(dòng)力汽車的研制開發(fā)才剛剛起步，為加快我國混合動(dòng)力產(chǎn)品的開發(fā) , 研究和借鑒國外的成果是十分必要的。動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)選型在混合動(dòng)力開發(fā)中處于重要的地位。因?yàn)榭刂撇呗允歉鶕?jù)不同的混合動(dòng)力驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行制定和優(yōu)化?？梢哉f 動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)型式的選擇決定了混合動(dòng)力研究開發(fā)的重點(diǎn) ,關(guān)系著開發(fā)的進(jìn)度和產(chǎn)品的水平，是 HEV 開發(fā)中首要的和關(guān)鍵的一步。因此研究開發(fā)時(shí)必須在深入調(diào)研、仔細(xì)分析和權(quán)衡利弊的基礎(chǔ)上 , 對(duì)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)類型作出慎重的選擇。在開發(fā)中應(yīng)綜合協(xié)調(diào)性能先進(jìn)性、技術(shù)復(fù)雜性和成本及維護(hù)費(fèi)用之間的關(guān)系 , 根據(jù)車輛的使用條件和自己的技術(shù)條件，選擇既能夠滿足一定的性能先進(jìn)性，又不超出目前技術(shù)條件，并且價(jià)格與維護(hù)費(fèi)用能為市場(chǎng)所接受的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)類型。為此需要考慮以下因素： (1)電機(jī)傳動(dòng)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)一般基于特定工況進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)。這是因?yàn)槎鄶?shù)動(dòng)力 系統(tǒng)對(duì)工況比較敏感 , 不同工況性能差別很大 , 只有在特定的工況下才能充分發(fā)揮低油耗、低排放的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。 (2)不同類型的混合動(dòng)力之間性能差異十分明顯 , 在選型時(shí)必須對(duì)由動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)結(jié)構(gòu)引發(fā)的性能差異給予充分關(guān)注。如果對(duì)加速性能要求高，就有必要選擇配有峰值功率調(diào)節(jié)器的結(jié)構(gòu)型式；如果對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)性要求苛刻，串聯(lián)式就難以成為合適的選擇。 (3)所謂技術(shù)條件 ,除研究開發(fā)的條件和力量外 ,還包括工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)。強(qiáng)調(diào)工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)是因?yàn)閷?duì)一些常見的動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的部件 , 我國的產(chǎn)品水平還不能滿足需要或尚無法生產(chǎn)。進(jìn)行實(shí)際的產(chǎn)品開發(fā)總會(huì)有一定的進(jìn)度要求，如果 技術(shù)條件無法保證，就難以實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)定開發(fā)目標(biāo)。有必要探索適合自己技術(shù)條件尤其是工業(yè)基礎(chǔ)的混合動(dòng)力結(jié)構(gòu)型式，提倡結(jié)構(gòu)創(chuàng)新。 (4)開放性是指動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)需要進(jìn)一步完善的空間。產(chǎn)品性能是一個(gè)逐步完善的過程，同樣開發(fā)工作也不可能一步到位，也需要進(jìn)行不斷的完善。在具體開發(fā)工作中應(yīng)該遵循由簡(jiǎn)單到復(fù)雜、由易到難的思路，先選擇對(duì)技術(shù)條件要求較低、適當(dāng)簡(jiǎn)單的結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行開發(fā)。 (5)動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)的結(jié)構(gòu)對(duì)混合動(dòng)力成本影響很大，這是因?yàn)椴煌愋偷膭?dòng)力系統(tǒng)對(duì)部件的種類、數(shù)量和性能要求差別很大。而部件的種類、數(shù)量和性能指標(biāo)是影響混合動(dòng)力成本的主要因 素。選型時(shí)還應(yīng)考慮使用、維護(hù)費(fèi)用，結(jié)構(gòu)越復(fù)雜，故障率越高，使用和維護(hù)費(fèi)用也越高。價(jià)格和使用維護(hù)費(fèi)用直接關(guān)系到 HEV 的產(chǎn)業(yè)化，如果不能產(chǎn)業(yè)化，就不能為進(jìn)一步開發(fā)提供必要的資金，也就難以促進(jìn)技術(shù)水平的提高和性能的改善。事實(shí)上，性能優(yōu)良但因價(jià)格過高而無法商業(yè)化、甚至被迫放棄的 HEV 開發(fā)實(shí)例并不鮮見，我們不應(yīng)重蹈覆轍。 鑒于我國目前城市空氣污染問題和石油短缺問題都十分嚴(yán)重 , 而且技術(shù)基礎(chǔ)較為薄弱的情況 , 優(yōu)先選擇的混合動(dòng)力系統(tǒng)應(yīng)為結(jié)構(gòu)相對(duì)簡(jiǎn)單 , 適用于普通城市工況的串聯(lián)式結(jié)構(gòu)和城市間工況的并聯(lián)式結(jié)構(gòu) , 并以公共 汽車和轎車作為重點(diǎn)開發(fā)對(duì)象。 其一 :混合動(dòng)力汽車發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)頻繁起動(dòng)和關(guān)閉 ,使驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)和附件 (如空調(diào)和動(dòng)力轉(zhuǎn)向等 ) 的電能管理變得復(fù)雜 ,因此需要先進(jìn)的檢測(cè)和控制系統(tǒng) ； 現(xiàn)有的以熱力發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)為主的混合動(dòng)力單元在將燃油轉(zhuǎn)化為有用功的同時(shí) ,需要提高轉(zhuǎn)化效率 ,同時(shí)還要滿足嚴(yán)格的排放標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。 其二 :能量存儲(chǔ)裝置 (電池 ) 要具有較高的比功率 , 以滿足汽車加速和爬坡時(shí)對(duì)大功率的需要 ；同時(shí) ,能量存儲(chǔ)裝置必須采用熱能控制管理 ,要有較高的比能量、較長(zhǎng)的使用壽命和低廉的制造成本。 其三 :必須減小電力電子器件的尺寸 ,減輕質(zhì)量和降低制造成本。 其四 :需要建立更先進(jìn)的驅(qū)動(dòng)系統(tǒng)數(shù)學(xué)模型 (包括靜態(tài)的和動(dòng)態(tài)的 ) , 這是計(jì)算機(jī)仿真和分析的基礎(chǔ)。 其五 :制定完善的混合動(dòng)力汽車相關(guān)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和法規(guī) , 為混合動(dòng)力汽車的市場(chǎng)化奠定基礎(chǔ)