外文翻譯---對暴露于天然和人工紫外線輻射的工人的防護(hù)紡織品

1 對 暴露于天然和人工紫外線輻射的工人 的 防護(hù) 紡織品 簡介 ： 紫外線輻射對人類的 有一些益處 ，但攝入過量可能會導(dǎo)致許多健康的負(fù)面影響，對皮膚和眼睛有 害 ，還可以影響免疫系統(tǒng)。生物效應(yīng) ： 通過吸收輻射。紫外線輻射誘導(dǎo)生物組織 發(fā)生 光化學(xué)反應(yīng) ， 發(fā)生職業(yè) 傷害的紫外線危害可以是 暴露于自然和人工紫外線輻射光源。接觸限值（ ELVs） 顯示 ，幾乎所有的人可能會 有 反復(fù)無急性 的表現(xiàn) 。新的 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)在 健康和安全方面對工人有 要求 ， 暴露風(fēng)險（人造光輻射）的措施保護(hù)與 非常必要 。但是，并沒有強(qiáng) 制性的紫外線暴露限制值 。接觸的自然和人工紫外線的差異 在于 光譜特征 、 輻射強(qiáng)度和暴露時間。太陽輻射的紫外線范圍介于 290 和 400 納米之間的最大輻射 290 到 310 納米。自然紫外線強(qiáng)度水平取決于地理位置，海拔高度，一年的時間 內(nèi)平均 云層和大氣傳輸特性的時間 。 聚乳酸 (PLA)纖維不含芳香環(huán) ， 紫外線吸收率低、透過率高 ， 具有很好的抗紫外線老化性能。但對于白色和淺色 PLA 紡織品而言 ， 紫外線的透過率較高 ， 有損人體健康。日本長瀨有色化學(xué)株式會社近年推出了與染色配套使用的 PLA 纖維專用紫外吸收劑 DenaPLA UV Cut-terNH， 除了能賦予 PLA 紡織品很好的防護(hù)紫外功能外 ， 還能提高其上 分散染料的耐光牢度。此外 ， KMogi 等人采用滌綸用的苯并三唑型紫外吸收劑對 PLA 織物于 100浸漬處理 ，發(fā)現(xiàn)該紫外吸收劑能將 270380 nm 波段紫外線的透過率降低到極低數(shù)值 ， 同時還有助于改善部分偶氮分散染料的耐光牢度。目前 ， 有關(guān)滌綸織物紫外線防護(hù)整理和紫外線吸收收劑整理的研究已有大量文獻(xiàn)報道 ， 但對 PLA 織物的相關(guān)報道極少。筆者采用亨斯邁紡織染化有限公司生產(chǎn)的滌綸用紫外線吸收劑 CibafastP 對 PLA 纖維針織物進(jìn)行紫外線防護(hù)整理 ， 討論了CibafastP 及其整理織物的紫外線吸收和透過特性 ， 重點(diǎn)研究紫外線 吸收劑用量、整理溫度和時間對其在纖維上吸附量的影響 ， 分析了紫外線吸收劑在纖維上的吸附量與紫外防護(hù)因子之間的關(guān)系 ， 并對紫外線吸收劑在 PLA 纖維上的吸附規(guī)律進(jìn)行了探討。 試驗(yàn) ： 試驗(yàn)材料 織物 9. 74 tex 2(60S 2)PLA 纖維單面針織物 ； 滌綸織物 (染色牢度測試用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)聚酯白布 )。 PLA 針織物的前處理?xiàng)l件 平平加 O 0. 5 g/L、碳酸氫鈉 1 g/L，浴比 1 50， 60處理 45 min。試劑 紫外線吸收劑 CibafastP(微黃色粘稠狀產(chǎn)品 ， 其稀釋液的平均粒徑為 0. 37 m)； 氯仿、醋酸、醋酸鈉、碳 酸氫鈉 (均為分析純 )。 紫外線吸收劑處理方法在 StarletDL-600 型紅外線染色打樣機(jī)中進(jìn)行織物紫外線吸收劑處理。基本處方和工藝 Cibafast Px% (owf)， 采用醋酸 /醋酸鈉調(diào)節(jié) pH 值至 5， 浴比 140。 30開始處理 ， 以 2 /min 的速度升溫至 110 ， 保溫 40 min； 之后 ， 以 2 /min 降溫至 70 ， 取樣 ， 然后冷水洗、 60水洗 10 min、冷水洗、晾干。 測試方法 ： 紫外線透過率及 UPF的測定織物的紫外線透過率 (T% )和紫外線防護(hù)因子 (UPF)在 LabsphereUV-1000F 紡織品 紫外防護(hù)因子測試儀 (Labsphere 公司 )上測定 ， 采用 UPF 指數(shù)評判織物抗紫外線性能。 纖維上紫外線吸收劑含量的測定 ： 紫外線吸收劑 CibafastP 在 PLA 纖維上的吸收量采用溶解法測定。采用氯仿室溫溶解經(jīng)紫外線吸收劑處理的試樣 ， 所得溶解液在最大吸收波長(278 nm)下 ， 用 ShimadzuUV-2550 紫外可見光分光光度計測定吸光度 ， 紫外線吸收劑在氯仿溶液中 的紫外吸收光譜曲線所示。 標(biāo)準(zhǔn)工作曲線確定溶解液中紫外線吸收劑濃度 ， 最后計算每克纖維上吸附的紫外線吸收劑質(zhì)量 (Cf)。處理液中紫外吸收劑的殘留濃度 (Cs)和吸盡率根據(jù)原始用量與在纖維上吸附量之差計算。 在氯仿溶液中 ， CibafastP 在紫外區(qū)有兩個吸收峰 ， 其最大吸收波長分別為 278 nm 和310 nm。雖然本項(xiàng)目未測定 CibafastP 在 PLA 纖維上的紫外吸收光譜曲線 ， 但其在 PLA 纖維上與氯仿溶液中的紫外吸收光譜相差不會很大 ， 可以認(rèn)為 PLA 纖維上的 CibafastP 對260330 nm 波段的紫外線 (包括 UV-B)具有良好的吸收性能。經(jīng) CibafastP 整理后的 PLA 織 2 物 ， 紫外線透過率明顯下降 ， UPF 指數(shù)明顯增加 ； 且隨著 PLA 針織物的紫外線防護(hù)整理印 染(2007 No. 16) CibafastP 用量增加 ， 紫外線透過率下降程度越大。試驗(yàn)表明 ， CibafastP對 PLA 織物具有較好的紫外線防護(hù)性能 ， 能更有效地防止 UV-B 透過 ， 這與其對 260330 nm的紫外線具有很好的吸收性能是一致的。 (1)紫外吸收劑 CibafastP 對 260330 nm 波段的紫外線具有良好的吸收性能 ， 能有效防止 UV-B 透過 PLA 織物。隨著 CibafastP 用量增加和浸漬處理溫度升高 ， 其在 PLA 纖維上的吸附量增加 ， 導(dǎo)致 PLA 織物 UPF 指數(shù)的增加 ， 且與 CibafastP 吸附量存在很好 的線性關(guān)系。但 Cibafast P 在 PLA 纖維上的提升性能有限 ， 當(dāng)用量超過 2%后 ， 再增加用量 ， 效果不明顯。 (2)低于 100時 ， CibafastP 在 PLA 纖維上的吸附速度很慢、吸附量低 ； 超過 100后 ， Cibafast P 在 PLA 纖維上的吸附速度明顯加快 ， 吸附量明顯增加 ， 且在 110保溫時 ， 吸附量仍隨著保溫時間延長而明顯增加。因此 ， 在使用時 ， 應(yīng)采用 110保溫處理。 (3)CibafastP 在 PLA 纖維上的吸附符合 Langmuir 模型 ， 存在飽和吸附值 ， 其在高溫下的吸附飽和值和 Langmuir 吸收常數(shù)均比 低溫下的高。 3 美國政府及工業(yè)衛(wèi)生協(xié)會標(biāo)準(zhǔn) 的工作場所物理因素 閾限值 概述 ACGIH 發(fā)布的物理因素 TLVs 包括 : (1) 聲學(xué) ， 包括次聲、低頻聲、噪聲和超聲 ； (2) 人類工效學(xué) ， 包括工作相關(guān)的肌肉骨骼疾病、手部活動水平、提舉、手臂 (局部 ) 振動和全身振動 ； (3) 激光 ； (4) 非電離輻射 ， 包括靜磁場、亞射頻 (30 千赫及以下 ) 磁場、亞射頻 (30 千赫及以下 ) 電場及靜電場、射頻和微波輻射、可見光和近紅外輻射、紫外輻射 ； (5) 熱應(yīng)激 ， 包括冷應(yīng)激、熱應(yīng)激和熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)。 1 工作場所有關(guān)的物理因素 TLVs,像其他 TLVs 一樣 ， 在物理因素 TLVs 接觸水平和接觸條件下 ， 幾乎所有的健康勞動者每日反復(fù)接觸 ， 不引起不良健康效應(yīng)。 物理因素作用的靶器官和健康效應(yīng)根據(jù)其性質(zhì)有很大不同 ， TLVs 不是單純的數(shù)字 ， 而是整合了物理因素的測量參數(shù)和對勞動者的作用。由于物理因素種類繁多 ， 涉及多個科學(xué)領(lǐng)域、檢測技術(shù)和儀器設(shè)備 ， 所以 ， 尤為重要的是物理因素 TLVs 只適合由經(jīng)過相應(yīng)的測量和評價技術(shù)培訓(xùn)和有經(jīng)驗(yàn)的專業(yè)人員使用。鑒于一些物理因素 TLVs 十分復(fù)雜 ， 在應(yīng) 用時應(yīng)查閱最新的物理因素 TLVs 基準(zhǔn)文件。 由于個體易感性的差異性很大 ， 機(jī)體接觸等于甚至小于 TLV 的物理因素后便可能導(dǎo)致煩燥 (annoyance) ， 使原有病情惡化 ， 偶爾也可能造成生理性損害。由于多種因素的影響 ，諸如遺傳易感性、年齡、個人習(xí)慣 (如吸煙、飲酒或藥物濫用 ) 、服藥、既往或同時接觸多種因素等 ， 某些個體也可能對工作場所中的一些物理因素高度易感或產(chǎn)生異常反應(yīng)。這些勞動者在接觸某種等于或小于 TLV 的物理因素時 ， 可能不足以避免不良健康效應(yīng)。這類勞動者所需的額外保護(hù)的程度應(yīng)由職業(yè)病醫(yī)師評估。 物理因素 TLVs 是根據(jù)工業(yè)實(shí)踐、人和動物實(shí)驗(yàn)研究的現(xiàn)有信息制定的?？赡軙r綜合上述 3 方面資料制定。這些限值用于職業(yè)衛(wèi)生實(shí)踐 ， 只應(yīng)由在此學(xué)科中訓(xùn)練有素的人解釋和使用。它們不用于或變通用于 :1) 社區(qū)物理因素水平的評價或控制 ， 2) 現(xiàn)有機(jī)體物理失能的證明或證偽。 ACGIH 根據(jù)現(xiàn)有的新信息每年對這些閾限值進(jìn)行審查以決定修訂或增補(bǔ)。 ACGIH 定期審查與物理因素致突變、致癌、致不良生殖效應(yīng)及其他健康效應(yīng)有關(guān)的資料。征求附有詳實(shí)數(shù)據(jù)的意見 ， 意見應(yīng)以經(jīng)過同行評議的文獻(xiàn)形式寄至 ACGIH 科學(xué)小組 (science acgih. org) 2 預(yù)期變更公告 ,每年 ， ACGIH 以“預(yù)期變更公告” (NIC) 的形式發(fā)布下一年度活動建議。這些物理因素及其相應(yīng)值包括 : (1) 第一次建議的限值 (如 NIE) ； (2) 對已采納值的變更建議 ； (3) 建議作為 NIC 保留 ； (4) 建議撤銷基準(zhǔn)文件和已采納的 TLV。在上述每種情況下 ， 當(dāng)建議值在 NICPNIE 期間 ， 都被認(rèn)為是試行限值。這些建議由 ACGIH 理事會批準(zhǔn) ， 批準(zhǔn)后的 TLV 值在 NICsPNIEs 上保留約一年的時間。在這一年中 ， 委員會如果沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)或收到任何關(guān)于變更 NICPNIE 中 TLV 的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的詳實(shí)數(shù)據(jù) ， 委員會隨即同意將其推薦給 ACGIH 理事會采納。如果委員會發(fā)現(xiàn)或收到任何關(guān)于變更 NIC 中 TLV 的科學(xué)觀點(diǎn)的詳實(shí)數(shù)據(jù) ， 委員會可以向 ACGIH 理事會提出變更建議 ， 在 NIC 中保留或撤銷。 每種物理因素及其建議值均有其基準(zhǔn)文件。公告為建議值提供了一個評論的機(jī)會。意見或建議應(yīng)附有詳實(shí)證據(jù) ， 并以同行評議文獻(xiàn)的形式郵寄 ， 最好是以電子版本發(fā)送至 ACGIH 科學(xué)小組 (science acgih. org) 。為獲得 ACGIH 關(guān)于此程序和方法及接收意見截止日期的詳細(xì)論述 ， 請登錄 ACGIH 網(wǎng)站 ( http :PPwww. acgih. orgPTLVPDevProcess.htm)“ ACGIH 的 TLVPBEI 制定過程”。 3 有關(guān)物理因素 TLVs 的分類物理因素的 TLVs 包括 : (1) 閾限值 2 時間加權(quán)平均值(TLV2TWA) ， 適合于 8h 工作日、 40h 工作周的時間加權(quán)平均接觸 ； (2) 閾限值 2 上限值(TLV2C) ， 即瞬間都不能超過的接觸限值。 4 4 物理因素的致癌性物理因素閾限值 (TLV2PA) 委員會建議必要時采納由化學(xué)物質(zhì)閾限值委員會制定的致癌性分類。 5 物理因素和化學(xué)因素的關(guān)系工作場所中物理因素的聯(lián)合作用 ， 以及物理因素和化學(xué)物質(zhì)的交互作用 ， 可能增加機(jī)體的應(yīng)激 (stress) 以至于改變機(jī)體在 TLV 水平接觸的效應(yīng)。產(chǎn)生聯(lián)合作用的物理因素包括熱、紫外線和電離輻射、濕度、異常氣壓 (海拔高度 ) 及其他物理因素。這種應(yīng)激可能增強(qiáng)機(jī)體對外源物質(zhì)的不良毒性反應(yīng)。雖然大多數(shù) TLVs 包含一些不確定因素以預(yù)防正常作業(yè)場所中等偏移所產(chǎn)生的不良健康效應(yīng) ， 但對于大多數(shù)接觸來說 ，不確定因素還未達(dá)到能抵消總偏離的程度。在這種情況下 ， 是否應(yīng)適宜地調(diào)整 TLVs 必須由資深的專業(yè)人 員來進(jìn)行判斷。 6 物理因素相關(guān) TLVs 簡介 每種物理因素的 TLVs 依據(jù)的健康效應(yīng)不同 ， 概述如下。 6.1 聲學(xué) TLVs 聲學(xué) TLVs 包括次聲、低頻聲、噪聲和超聲的 TLVs。次聲和低頻聲 TLVs 表示幾乎所有勞動者反復(fù)接觸不引起聽力以外的不良健康效應(yīng)的水平 ； 噪聲 TLVs 指幾乎所有勞動者反復(fù)接觸不引起聽力或正常語言理解力有害效應(yīng)的聲壓級和接觸持續(xù)時間 ； 超聲 TLVs 指幾乎所有勞動者反復(fù)接觸不引起聽力或正常語言理解力有害效應(yīng)的條件。 6.2 人類工效學(xué)相關(guān)物理因素的 TLVs 人類工效學(xué) TLVs 包 括手部活動水平、提舉、手臂 (局部 ) 振動和全身振動的 TLVs。手部活動水平的 TLVs 代表了幾乎所有勞動者反復(fù)接觸不引起不良健康效應(yīng)的條件 ； 提舉 TLVs 建議了工作場所提舉的條件 ， 在此條件下 ， 幾乎所有勞動者可以每日重復(fù)接觸也不產(chǎn)生與反復(fù)提舉作業(yè)相關(guān)的腰背和肩部疾病 ； 手臂 (局部 ) 振動 TLVs 指軸向加速度分量水平和接觸持續(xù)時間 ， 在這種條件下 ， 幾乎所有勞動者可以反復(fù)接觸而不會發(fā)展為超過斯德哥爾摩會議分類系統(tǒng)中第一期的振動性白指 ( vibration2induced whitefinger ， VWF) ， 也 稱職業(yè)性雷諾現(xiàn)象 ( Raynaud sphenomenon of occupational origin) ； 全身振動 TLVs 指機(jī)械性全身振動 (WBV) 軸向加速度分量均方根值的大小和持續(xù)時間 ， 在該條件下 ， 幾乎所有勞動者可以反復(fù)接觸 ， 但所引起背痛、背部不良健康效應(yīng)以及不能正常駕駛車輛的風(fēng)險最小。 激光輻射 TLVs 是指幾乎所有勞動者可以反復(fù)接觸而不引起不良健康效應(yīng)的接觸水平。 6.3 熱應(yīng)激 TLVs 熱應(yīng)激 TLVs 包括冷應(yīng)激 TLVs 以及熱應(yīng)激和熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng)的 TLVs。冷應(yīng)激 TLVs 旨在保護(hù)勞動者免受 冷應(yīng)激 (體溫過低 ) 導(dǎo)致的最嚴(yán)重的效應(yīng)和冷損傷 ， 并描述了幾乎所有勞動者可以反復(fù)接觸而不引起不良健康效應(yīng)的寒冷作業(yè)條件 ； 熱應(yīng)激和熱應(yīng)激反應(yīng) TLVs 則闡述了幾乎所有適量飲水的、未用藥的、健康的勞動者可以反復(fù)接觸而不引起不良健康效應(yīng)的條件。 5 UV protective textile clothing for workers exposed to natural and artificial UV radiation INTRODUCTION Some amounts of ultraviolet radiation are beneficial for humans but excessive exposure can cause many negative health effects to the skin and eyes and also can affect the immune system. Biological effects can be induced only by absorbed radiation. Ultraviolet radiation induces photochemical reactions in biological tissues. Occupational exposure to UVR occurs both from natural and artificial sources. Exposure limit values (ELVs) represent conditions under which it is expected that nearly all individuals may be repeatedly exposed without acute adverse effects and based upon best available evidence, without noticeable risk of delayed effects. New individual Directive 2006/25/EC of the European Parliament and the Council on the minimum health and safety requirements regarding the exposure of workers to risks arising from physical agents (artificial optical radiation) concerns measures protecting workers from the risks associated with artificial optical radiation. But there are no obligatory exposure limits values for natural UV. There are differences between exposure to the natural and artificial UV. They concern the spectral characteristic, intensities of radiation and duration of exposure. Solar radiation from the UV range is between 290 nm and 400 nm with the maximum irradiance between 290-310 nm. The level of natural UV intensities depends on geographical location, altitude, the time of the year, time of the day, cloud cover and the transmission properties of the atmosphere. Occupational exposure to natural UV concern outdoor workers, which constitute much more bigger group then workers exposed to artificial sources of UV. The time of exposure is also much longer then workers exposed to artificial UVR. Artificial sources of UVR emit a spectrum of radiation with characteristics specific to each source. The risk to health from artificial sources can be much higher those from natural UV because levels of UV may be highe and may include harmful wavelengths (from UVB and UVC region), normally filtered by the earths atmosphere. Industrial sources are generally enclosed but accidental exposure can occur. The general role for protection against overexposure to UVR is a combination of three control measures: minimization of exposure time, maximization of the distance from the source, and shielding against radiation. The use of personal protective equipment (PPE) is one of the form of shielding against radiation. They should be used there where other control measures do not provide the adequate protection of worker. Exposed area of skin should be covered by working clothes with low UVR transmission. It concerns both exposure to natural UV or prolonged exposure to artificial UV. This article presents some aspects of UV protective textile clothing for workers exposed to natural and artificial UV radiation. II. CRITERIA FOR HEALTH HAZARDEVALUATIONARISING FROM ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION Studies of the of the spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation for a specified harmful health effects were the base of determination the criteria for health hazard evaluation and exposure limit values by different national and international organizations. There are different relative spectral effectiveness (action spectrum) of ultraviolet radiation, for a specified biological response. The normalized action spectrum is the wavelength dependence of the dose of monochromatic radiation 6 required to induce a certain biological response, commonly normalized to “1: at the wavelength of the “maximum action”, i.e. where the smallest dose suffices to induce the required effect (Slaney, 2007). The examples of relative spectral effectiveness of UVR are: the erythema action spectrum - relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to produce erythema in human skin (i.e. reddening of the skin as in sunburn) ( CIE 125, 1997) Photokeratitis action spectra - relative spectral effectiveness of UVR for an inflammation of the cornea following overexposure to ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 288 nm (CIE 106, 1993) Photoconjunctivitis action spectra - relative spectral effectiveness of UVR for an inflammation of the conjunctiva following overexposure to ultraviolet radiation with a peak at 260 nm(CIE 106, 1993) Action spectrum for photocarcinogenesis (nonmelanoma skin cancer) - relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause of non melanoma skin cancer with a peak at 299 nm (CIE 138,) Germicidal action spectrum - effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause the inactivation of microorganisms in water, air and on surfaces, with peak value at 257 nm (PN-T-06588: 1979) Vitamin D3 action spectra effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to produce vitamin D3 in the human skin, with peak value at 296 nm (PN-T-06588: 1979) or at 298 nm (CIE 2006) Actinic action spectra actinic relative spectral effectiveness of ultraviolet radiation to cause skin and eye adverse effects like: conjunctivitis, keratoconjunctivitis, erythema, skin burns, skin cancer (Directive 2006/26 EC, ICNIRP 1987); this spectral effectiveness applies only for UVR emitted by artificial sources The fundamental criterion of health hazard evaluation arising from artificial ultraviolet radiation is to avoid: the cornea and conjunctiva inflammation, cataract, erythema, skin photoaging and skin cancers. For this reason the following parameters are determined within an 8 hours period (for calculations - total exposure duration within 8 hours) effective radiant exposure in the spectral region 180-400 nm (spectrally weighted by S() actinic relative spectral effectiveness of UVR see figure 1) incident upon unprotected skin and eye; radiant exposure (unweighted) in the spectral region 315-400 nm incident upon unprotected eye. 7 Physical factors in the workplace ACGIH TLVs Overview ACGIH TLVs issued by physical factors include: (1) acoustics, including infrasound, low frequency sound, noise and ultrasound; (2) ergonomics, including work-related musculoskeletal disorders, hand activity, lifting, arm (local ) vibration and whole body vibration; (3) laser; (4) non-ionizing radiation, including the static magnetic field, sub-radiofrequency (30 kHz and below) the magnetic field, sub-radiofrequency (30 kHz and below) electric field and electrostatic field, radio frequency and microwave radiation, visible light and near infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation; (5), heat stress, including cold stress, heat stress and heat stress. A workplace-related physical factors TLVs Like other TLVs, as in the physical factors TLVs exposure levels and exposure conditions, almost all health workers daily repeated exposure, do not cause adverse health effects. The role of physical factors and health effects of target organs are very different by their nature, TLVs is not a simple figure, but integration of the physical factors measured parameters and the role of workers. Because a wide variety of physical factors, involving multiple fields of science, detection technology and equipment, so, it is particularly important for the physical factors TLVs only after the appropriate measurement and evaluation of technical training and experienced professionals. View of the complexity of some physical factors TLVs in the application of physical factors should be access to the latest reference file TLVs. Due to individual differences in susceptibility great body is equal to or less than the TLV exposure to physical factors that may cause irritability after (annoyance), so that the original condition deteriorated and, occasionally, may cause physiological damage. Due to a variety of factors, such as genetic predisposition, age, personal habits (such as smoking, alcohol or drug abuse), medication, previous or simultaneous exposure to a variety of factors, some individuals may also have some of the workplace highly susceptible to physical factors or an abnormal response. The workers in contact with a equal to or less than the TLV of the physical factors, may not be sufficient to avoid adverse health effects. These workers the additional level of protection required by the occupational physician assessment. TLVs are based on physical factors of industrial practice, the existing animal studies and information developed. Possible to develop comprehensive information on the above three aspects. These limits for occupational health practice should only be trained in the disciplines explain and use. They are not used or adapted for use: 1) the level of physical factors in the evaluation of the community or control, 2) the body of existing evidence of physical disability or falsification. ACGIH new information based on the existing annual review of these threshold values to determine the amendments or additions. Periodic review and physical factors ACGIH mutagenic, carcinogenic, cause adverse reproductive effects and other health effects of the relevant information. Solicit the views of the data with a detailed, comments should be peer-reviewed scientific literature in the form sent to ACGIH group (science acgih. Org) Expected Change Notice 2 Year, ACGIH to change the announcement is expected (NIC) released the following year in the form of suggestions for activities. And the corresponding values of these physical factors include: (1) first recommended limits (such as NIE); (2) has adopted the value of the proposed changes; (3) proposed as a NIC reserves; (4) proposed to remove reference documents and has adopted the TLV. In each case, when the suggested value in NICPNIE during the trial limit is considered. These 8 recommendations approved by the ACGIH Board approved TLV value NICsPNIEs after about a year to keep the time. During the year, if the Commission did not find or receive any change in TLV NICPNIE view detailed scientific data, the Committee then agreed to recommend to Council the adoption of ACGIH. If the Commission found or received any change in TLV NIC detailed data in the scientific point of view, the Commission may make changes to the ACGIH Board recommendation to retain or remove the NIC. Physical factors and the recommended value of each has its base file. Notice for the proposed value of the opportunity to provide a comment. Comments or suggestions should be accompanied by detailed evidence, and peer-reviewed literature in the form of mail, preferably in electronic version sent to the ACGIH scientific group (science acgih. Org). For ACGIH procedures and methods on the closing date and received a detailed discussion comments, please visit the ACGIH Web site (http: PPwww. Acgih. OrgPTLVPDevProcess.htm) ACGIHs TLVPBEI making process. 3, the classification of the relevant physical factors TLVs TLVs physical factors include: (1) time-weighted average threshold limit value 2 (TLV2TWA), suitable for 8h days, 40h working week time-weighted average exposure; (2) Threshold Limit Value 2 upper limit (TLV2C), that moment can not exceed the exposure limits. Physical factors of the carcinogenic 4 physical factors TLV (TLV2PA) The Committee recommended the adoption of necessary threshold level by the chemical carcinogen classification established by the Committee. 5 physical factors and chemical factors in the workplace between the combined effects of physical factors, and physical factors and chemical interactions that may increase the bodys stress (stress) that changed the level of contact with the body effect in the TLV. Produce the joint effect of physical factors such as heat, ultraviolet and ionizing radiation, humidity, abnormal pressure (altitude) and other physical factors. This stress may enhance the bodys external source material adverse toxicity. Although most of the TLVs contains a number of uncertainties in order to prevent middle-offset normal workplace adverse health effects, but for most of the contacts, the uncertainty has not yet reached the extent to offset the total deviation. In this case, should be appropriate to adjust the TLVs by experienced professionals