畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)(論文)外文參考資料及譯文-基于PLC的磨板廢水自動(dòng)控制處理系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)

畢 業(yè) 設(shè) 計(jì)（論 文） 外 文 參 考 資 料 及 譯 文 設(shè)計(jì) (論文 )題目： 基于 PLC 的磨板廢水自動(dòng)控制處理系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì) 學(xué)生姓名： 張鳳林 學(xué) 號(hào)： 0704111019 專 業(yè)： 自動(dòng)化 所在學(xué)院： 機(jī)電工程學(xué)院 指導(dǎo)教師： 李志臣 職 稱： 講師 2011 年 2月 20 日 Control Devices and PLC Joseph La Fauci From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Several types of control devices are used in industry to satisfy the following control needs. Mechanical Control 、 Pneumatic Control 、 Electromechanical Control、 Electronic Control、 Computer Control、 Programmable Logic Control (PLC) Mechanical control includes cams and governors. Although they have been used for the control of very complex machines, to be cost effectively, today they are used for simple and fixed-cycle task control. Some automated machines, such as screw machines, still use cam-based control. Mechanical control is difficult to manufacture and is subject to wear. Pneumatic control is still very popular for certain applications. It uses compressed air, valves, and switches to construct simple control logic, but is relatively slow. Because standard components are used to construct the logic, it is easier to build than a mechanical control. Pneumatic control parts are subject to wear. As does a mechanical control, an electromechanical control use switches, relays, timers, counters, and so on, to construct logic. Because electric current is used, it is faster and more flexible. The controllers using electromechanical control are called relay devices. Electric control is similar to electromechanical control, except that the moving mechanical components in an electromechanical control device are replaced by electronic switches, which works faster and is more reliable. Computer control is the most versatile control system. The logic of the control is programmed into the computer memory using software. It not only can be for machine and manufacturing system control, but also for data communication. Very complex control strategies with extensive computations can be programmed. The first is the interface with the outside world. Internally, the computer uses a low voltage (5 to 12 volts) and a low current (several milliamps). Machine requires much higher voltages (24, 110, or 220 voltages) and currents (measured in amps). The interface not only has to convert the voltage difference, but also must filter out the electric noise usually found in the shop. The interface thus must be custom-built for each application. In order to use the advantages of all those controllers and eliminate the difficulties, the programmable logic controllers were invented. A PLC was a replacement for relay devices. They are programmed using a ladder diagram, which is standard electric wiring diagram. As PLCs become more flexibility, high-level as well as low-level languages are available to PLC programmers. PLCs have the flexibility of computers as well as a standard and easy interface with processes and other devices. They are widely accepted in industry for controlling from a single device to a complex manufacturing facility. Automatic of many different processes, such as controlling machines or factory assembly lines, is done through the use of small the computers called a programmable logic controller (PLC), PLCs were first created to serve the automobile industry, and the first PLC project was developed in 1968 for General Motors to replace hard-wired relay systems with an electronic controller. Since the advent of PLCs, the ability to centralize factory processes, especially in the automotive industry, has improved greatly. Automatic control has become an important consideration in most industrial processes where certain repetitive operations are performed. This applies to situations such as the automatic assembly of modules and products where a cycle of events is conducted in a consistent and uniform manner. Applications generally include a combination of feeding, handing, drilling, cutting, assembling, discharging, inspecting, packaging and transporting by conveyor. Prior to the introduction of computer-based control systems the automation of such events was achieved by using either electrical relay logic circuits or pneumatic logic circuits. Although these are conceptionally simple and easy to maintain, they are somewhat bulky and can be expensive. More important is the fact that the resulting control circuits are inflexible and do not lend themselves to easy system control alterations. The late 1960s saw the introduction of the programmable logic controller (PLC) as a direct replacement for the relay sequence controllers. In essence the PLC replaces the hardwired relay or pneumatic logic with a more flexible programmable logic. It offers a simple, flexible and low-cost means of implementing a sequence control strategy where outputs for switching devices on and off are set according to input conditions as read from digital sensor states. It should be noted that, particularly in the USA, the PLC is often referred to as a programmable controller with the abbreviation of PC. It should not be confused with the personal computer PC or IBM-PC. The PLC is composed of the same ingredients as a microcomputer such as a microprocessor, memory and input/output facilities. The processor executes the instructions held in memory by operating on inputs derived from the controlled process and providing outputs in accordance with the logic sequence defined in the control program. Its basic principle of operation during the execution of the program is that the program is scanned very fast, typically 1 to 20 us per step, to record all input states. The outputs are then set according to the logic specified in the program. The sequence is continually repeated for each scan period of the controller. Small PLCs dedicated to sequential control have typically 12 inputs and 8 outputs with the possibility of expansion up to 128 I/O lines. They come complete with an input interface to accommodate a range of input signals from the controlled process which are then converted to an appropriate from for the processor. Similarly, provision is made at the output of the PLC to interface with a variety of process hardware such as lamps, motors, relays and solenoids. The typical handing voltages are 24V DC and 110V AC. Program instructions can be input into the battery backup RAM of a PLC by means of either a hand-held programming keypad or a connected PC with an appropriate software development package. Some LCD programming consoles incorporate a limited graphical display which illustrates the program in ladder logic format as the programmer builds it up using symbolic keys. This is also the principle of the PC-based development system where additionally the programmer has access to a lager visual display and the PC s disk operating system for data storage and retrieval. Once the program has been debugged and the control strategy verified by simulation, the codes can be loaded into an erasable and programmable read only memory chip (EPROM) which can then be installed in the PLC. There are a large number of manufacturers of PLCs. Although some use their own particular software language the majority are based on the ladder logic diagram. Historically this was introduced in order to gain the acceptance of customers who were interested in moving from hardwired relay control systems to the PLC. In addition to the basic input/output facilities the PLC also contains timers, counters and other special functions. As PLC technology has advanced, so have programming languages and communications capabilities, along with many other important features. Today s PLCs offer faster scan times, space efficient high-density input/output systems, and special interfaces to allow non-traditional devices to be attached directly to the PLC. Not only can they communicate with other control systems, they can also perform reporting functions and diagnose their own failures, as well as the failure of a machine or process. Size is typically used to categorize today s PLC, and is often an indication of the features and types of applications it will accommodate. Small, non-modular PLCs (also known as fixed I/O PLCs) generally have less memory and accommodate a small number of inputs and outputs in fixed configurations. Modular PLCs have bases or racks that allow installation of multiple I/O modules, and will accommodate more complex application. When you consider all of the advances PLCs have made and all the benefits they offer, it s easy to see how they ve become a standard in the industry, and why they will most likely continue their success in the future. Communicating with a variety of other control devices has not been strength of traditional PLC networks. Many industrial controllers are quipped with an RS232 serial port for the transfer of data to and from other digital control devices in a system. PLCs face ever more complex challenges these days. Where once they quietly replaced relays and gave an occasional report to a corporate mainframe, they are now grouped into cells, given new jobs and new languages, and are force to compete against a growing array of control products. For this year s annual PLC technology update, we queried PLC makers on these topics and more. Higher level PLC programming languages have been around for some time, but lately their popularity has been mushrooming. As Raymond Leveille, vice president & general manager, Siemens Energy & Automation, Inc. Programmable Controls Division, points out: “ As programmable controls are being used for more and more sophisticated operations, languages other than ladder logic become more practical, efficient, and powerful. For example, it s very difficult to write a trigonometric function using ladder logic.” Language gaining acceptance includes Boolean, control system flowcharting, and such function chart languages as Graphcet and its variations. And there s increasing interest in languages like C and BASIC. Thus far, PLCs have not been used extensively for continuous process control. Will this continue? “ The feeling that I ve gotten,” says Ken Jannotta, manager, product planning, Series one and Series Six product, at GE Fanuc North America, “ is that PLCs will be used in the process industry but not necessarily for process control.” Several vendors-obviously betting that the opposite will happen-have introduced PLCs optimized for process applications. Rich Ryan, manager, commercial marketing, Allen-bradley Programmable Controls Div. cites PLCs increasing use in such industries as food, chemicals, and petroleum. While there are concerns about the lack of compatible communications between PLCs from different vendors, the connection at the other end-the I/O-is even more fragmented. With rare exceptions, I/O is still proprietary. Yet there are those who feel that I/O will eventually become more universal. GE Fanuc is hoping to do that with its Genius smart I/O line. The independent I/O makers are pulling in the same direction. Many say that I/O is such a high-value item that PLC makers will always want to keep it proprietary. As Ken Jannotta, says: “ The I/O is going to be a disproportionate amount of the hardware sale. Certainly each PLC vendor is going to try to protect that.” For that reason, he says, PLC makers won t begin selling universal I/O systems from other vendors. “ If we start selling that kind of product,” says Jannotta, “ what do we manufacture?” With more intelligent I/O appearing, Sal Provanzano feels this will lead to more differentiation among I/O from different makers. “ Where the I/O becomes extremely intelligent and becomes part of the system,” he says, “ it really is hard to define which is the I/O and which is the CPU. It really starts to become distributed processing. Now, in order for that distributed processing to work, the CPU, if you will, is equally integrated into the system as the I/O.” While different PLCs probably will continue to use proprietary I/O, several vendors make it possible to connect their I/O to IBM PC (personal computer)-compatible equipment. Allen-bradley, Gould, and Cincinnati Milacron already have, and rumor has it that GE is planning something along these same lines. “ There are inherent architectural differences between a general purpose computer,” says Rich Ryan, “ and a programmable controller. There are hardware constructs built into almost every manufacturer s programmable controller today that customize the hardware to run ladder logic and to solve machine code.” One fundamental difference he cites is called state of the machine. Ryan: “ When you shut the machine off, or interrupt the cycle, or you jump to another spot in the cycle, programmable controllers inherently remember the state of the machine: what the timers were, what the counters were, and what the states of all the latches were. Computers don t inherently do that.” 控制裝置和可編程控制 約瑟夫 .拉福奇 維基自由百科全書 工業(yè)用的幾種控制裝置是為了滿足以下一些控制要求： 機(jī)械控制、氣動(dòng)控制、機(jī)電控制、電子控制、計(jì)算機(jī)控制、可編程控制。 機(jī)械控制包含有凸輪和調(diào)速器。盡管它們?cè)糜趯?duì)非常復(fù)雜機(jī)器的控制，也比較經(jīng)濟(jì)，但現(xiàn)在它們僅僅用于簡(jiǎn)單的固定循環(huán)控制中。一些自動(dòng)機(jī)床，如攻螺紋機(jī)床，仍舊使用基于凸輪的控制。機(jī)械控制的缺點(diǎn)是裝置制造困難。 氣動(dòng)控制對(duì)于某些應(yīng)用仍很流行。它利用壓縮空氣、閥門及開關(guān)構(gòu)成簡(jiǎn)單的控制邏輯，但它的速度相對(duì)較慢。由于采用標(biāo)準(zhǔn)件構(gòu)成控制邏輯，因此它比 一個(gè)機(jī)械控制裝置更易于加工制造。氣動(dòng)控制元件同樣易于磨損。 正像機(jī)械控制那樣，機(jī)電控制也使用開關(guān)、繼電器、定時(shí)器、計(jì)數(shù)器等構(gòu)成控制邏輯，因?yàn)椴捎昧穗娏鱽砜刂?，所以它更快，更靈活。使用機(jī)電控制的控制器稱為繼電器控制。 除了將機(jī)電控制裝置中的機(jī)電控制元件用觸點(diǎn)開關(guān)代替外，電子控制類似于機(jī)電控制，控制速度更快且更可靠。 計(jì)算機(jī)控制是最通用的控制系統(tǒng)。其控制邏輯是實(shí)用軟件將其程序化后存入計(jì)算機(jī)內(nèi)存中。它不僅用于機(jī)床及制造系統(tǒng)控制，而且也可以用于數(shù)據(jù)通訊。具有龐大計(jì)算量的非常復(fù)雜的控制策略也能被程序化。首先要解決與外 界的連接，在控制電路內(nèi)部計(jì)算機(jī)使用低電壓（ 5 12V）和小電流（幾毫安），機(jī)床的外 部主電路則需要高電壓（ 24， 110 或 220V）和大電流（以 A 計(jì)算），接口不僅要進(jìn)行不同電壓的轉(zhuǎn)換，而且必須對(duì)車間中通常存在的電噪聲加以過濾，這種接口對(duì)不同應(yīng)用來說也必須是用戶定做的。 為了利用那些控制器的優(yōu)勢(shì)，消除弊端，可編程邏輯控制器（ PLC）應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，一個(gè) PLC 就能代替整個(gè)繼電器控制裝置，他們用梯形圖（梯形圖是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的電路圖）編程。由于 PLC 的編程靈活性逐漸增強(qiáng)，既可使用高級(jí)語言也可使用低級(jí)語言。 PLC 不僅用于計(jì)算機(jī)的靈活性 ，同時(shí)也具有與處理過程及其它裝置聯(lián)接的界面標(biāo)準(zhǔn)簡(jiǎn)易的特點(diǎn)。在工業(yè)上，從單一設(shè)備到復(fù)雜的制造設(shè)備都廣泛使用 PLC 控制。 自動(dòng)化應(yīng)用于 許多不同的過程，如控制機(jī)器或工廠裝配線的工作是通過使用 被 稱為可編程邏輯控制器（ PLC ） 的 小型計(jì)算機(jī) 實(shí)現(xiàn)的。 PLC 的首次創(chuàng)造 是為了服務(wù) 汽車產(chǎn)業(yè)， PLC 在 1968 年被開發(fā)為美國的通用公司 以一個(gè)電子控制器。取代硬連線中繼系統(tǒng)。 自從 PLC 出現(xiàn)以來 ， 工廠的有了生產(chǎn)過程的集中 能力 ， 尤其是在汽車行業(yè)有較大提高 。 對(duì)于大多數(shù)工業(yè)生產(chǎn)中的某些重復(fù)操作來說，自動(dòng)化控制已經(jīng)成為一個(gè)重要的考慮因素 。自動(dòng)化控制也適用于諸如自動(dòng)化裝配模塊和一系列按固定模式生產(chǎn)的產(chǎn)品，其應(yīng)用過程一般由以下幾項(xiàng)組成即：進(jìn)料、操作、鉆、切割、裝配、卸貨、檢驗(yàn)、包裝及用傳送帶傳送。 在以計(jì)算機(jī)為基礎(chǔ)的控制系統(tǒng)之前，自動(dòng)化控制主要通過使用電子繼電器邏輯電路或啟動(dòng)邏輯電路來實(shí)現(xiàn)。盡管它們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)簡(jiǎn) 單并易于維修，但它們中的一些笨重且價(jià)格昂貴，一個(gè)更重要的事實(shí)是這種控制電路缺乏靈活性，并且不易實(shí)現(xiàn)控制系統(tǒng)的改造。 20 世紀(jì) 60 年代末期，可編程控制器（ PLC）出現(xiàn)并直接取代了繼電器控制器。在本質(zhì)上 PLC 以更靈活的可編程邏輯取代了硬繼電器和氣 動(dòng)邏輯電路，它提供了一種簡(jiǎn)單靈活且成本低的方案，來實(shí)施一系列的控制策略。輸出端開關(guān)的開與關(guān)取決于輸入端從數(shù)字傳感器讀入的信號(hào)。應(yīng)該指出的是在美國 PLC 常被稱為可編程控制器并縮寫為 PC，不應(yīng)該把它和個(gè)人電腦 PC或 IBM 個(gè)人電腦混淆。 PLC 的組成部分和微機(jī)相同，都有微處理器、存儲(chǔ)器和輸入/輸出設(shè)備。微處理器執(zhí)行的指令來自于存儲(chǔ)器輸入端所需的控制過程，并在輸出端輸出按邏輯順序控制的程序。操作的基本原則是：在執(zhí)行該程序時(shí)程序掃描的速度很快，通常是 1 到 20 微秒每步以記錄所有的輸入狀態(tài)， 輸出端和邏輯程序相對(duì)應(yīng)，該過程在控制器的整個(gè)掃描周期內(nèi)不斷重復(fù)。 小型 PLC 的順序控制器通常有 12 個(gè)輸入端和 8 個(gè)輸出端，但有可能會(huì)擴(kuò)展到 128 根輸入 /輸出線，它們?nèi)縼碜酝粋€(gè)輸入接口以容納來自控制過程的各種輸入信號(hào)。同樣，在 PLC 的輸出端接各種硬件設(shè)備，如：燈具、電機(jī)、繼電器和電磁鐵。典型PLC 的操作電壓為 24V 直流電和 110V 的交流電。 程序指令可以被輸入到 PLC 的隨機(jī)存儲(chǔ)器中，可以通過手提式編程鍵盤輸入，也可通過與個(gè)人電腦相連的軟件開發(fā)包輸入。有些液晶編程控制器能 把 特定的圖形顯示出來，其中顯示了為編 程 人員在畫梯形圖中需使用的符號(hào)鍵，這也是基于個(gè)人電腦發(fā)展系統(tǒng)的一個(gè)原則，即編程員進(jìn)入一個(gè)大的可視顯示及 PC 操作系統(tǒng)對(duì)數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行存儲(chǔ)和檢索。一旦程序進(jìn)行了調(diào)試和驗(yàn)證模擬，代碼可以被載入一個(gè)可刪除的只讀存儲(chǔ)器并安裝在 PLC 中。 目前有大量的 PLC 制造商，盡管有些人使用他們自己的特殊軟件，但他們中的大部分還是基于梯形圖編程的。歷史上的這次進(jìn)步是為了滿足用戶從硬繼電器控制到 PLC 控制的需求，除了基本的輸入 /輸出設(shè)備， PLC 還包括：定時(shí)器、計(jì)數(shù)器和一些其它特殊功能。 隨著 PLC 技術(shù)的發(fā)展 ， 有了獨(dú)自的 編程語言和 很強(qiáng)的 通訊能力 以及其它一些 重要 功能 。今天的 PLC 擁有了 更快的掃描時(shí)間，更有效的利用 空間，高密度 的 輸入 /輸出系統(tǒng)，以及特殊界面，讓非傳統(tǒng)的設(shè)備 直接和可編程控制器連接起來 。這不僅可以 使其與其他控制系統(tǒng) 便捷的交換信息 ， 它 們還可以執(zhí)行 自診斷功能并發(fā)送報(bào)告，同時(shí)還可以診斷一臺(tái)機(jī)器及過程的錯(cuò)誤。 尺寸通常是用來 劃分當(dāng)今的可編程控制器的依據(jù)， 并 通 常 用來 顯示特征和 各種 類型 可以容納 的應(yīng)用程序 。 小型 的 非模塊化的PLC（也稱為固定輸入 /輸出的 PLC ） ，一般有 少量的存