生物專業(yè)英語上傳PPT.ppt

1 1WhatisBiology 1 2TheOriginofLife1 3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife1 4TheHistoryofBiology AdditionalReading Chapter1Biology Biologyisthestudyoflife Alongsidephysicsandchemistry biologyisoneofthelargestandmostimportantbranchesofscience Atthehighestlevel biologyisbrokendownbasedonthetypeoforganismbeingstudied zoology thestudyofanimals botany ofplants andmicrobiology ofmicroorganisms EachfieldhascontributedtomankindortheEarth swell beinginnumerousways Mostprominently botany toagriculture zoology tolivestockandprotectionofecologies andmicrobiology tothestudyofdiseaseandecosystemsingeneral 1 1WhatisBiology ProfessionalWordsandPhrases biology bai l d i n 生物學(xué)organism g niz m n 生物體zoology z u l d i n 動(dòng)物學(xué)botany b t ni n 植物學(xué)microbiology maikr ubai l d i n 微生物學(xué)microorganism maikr u g niz m n 微生物well being wel bi i n 健康 福利agriculture grik lt n 農(nóng)業(yè)livestock laivst k n 家畜 牲畜ecology i k l d i n 生態(tài)學(xué)disease di zi z n 疾病ecosystem ek usist m n 生態(tài)系統(tǒng) Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub disciplines whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories Thisincludesbiochemistry theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry molecularbiology whichlooksatlifeonthemolecularlevel cellularbiology whichstudiesdifferenttypesofcellsandhowtheywork physiology whichlooksatorganismsattheleveloftissuesandorgans ecology whichstudiestheinteractionsbetweenorganismsthemselves ethology whichstudiesthebehaviorofanimals especiallycomplexanimals andgenetics overlappingwithmolecularbiology whichstudiesthecodeoflife DNA 1 1WhatisBiology Continued ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued classification kl sifi kei n n 分類 類別biochemistry bai u kemistri n 生物化學(xué)molecularbiology分子生物學(xué)molecularlevel分子水平cellularbiology細(xì)胞生物學(xué)physiology fizi l d i n 生理學(xué)tissue tisju n 生物的 組織organ g n n 生物的 器官interaction int r k n n 相互關(guān)系 相互作用ethology i l d i n 動(dòng)物行為學(xué)genetics d i netiks n 遺傳學(xué)overlap uv l p n 重疊 重復(fù)code k ud n 密碼 法則 Thefoundationsofmodernbiologyincludefourcomponents celltheory thatlifeismadeoffundamentalunitscalledcells evolution thatlifeisnotdeliberatelydesignedbyratherevolvesincrementallythroughrandommutationsandnaturalselection genetheory thattinymolecularsequencesofDNAdictatetheentirestructureofanorganismandarepassedfromparentstooffspring andhomeostasis thateachorganism sbodyincludesacomplexsuiteofprocessesdesignedtopreserveitsbiochemistryfromtheentropiceffectsoftheexternalenvironment 1 1WhatisBiology Continued ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued celltheoryn 細(xì)胞理論evolution i v lu n n 進(jìn)化randommutation隨即突變naturalselection自然選擇genetheory基因理論molecularsequence分子序列parent p r nt n 親本 母本offspring fspri n 后代 子孫homeostasis h umi steisis n 自動(dòng)平衡 體內(nèi)平衡entropiceffect熵效應(yīng) ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx raycrystallographyinthe1950s althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety Butitshouldbemadeclearthatwearemovingtowardscompleteunderstanding life whilecomplex consistsofafiniteamountofcomplexitythatonlyappreciablyincreasesonrelativelylongtimescalesofhundredsofthousandsormillionsofyears Evolution whilecreative operatesslowly 1 1WhatisBiology Continued Inrecentyears muchexcitementinbiologyhascenteredonthesequencingofgenomesandtheircomparison calledgenomics andthecreationoflifewithcustom writtenDNAprogramming calledsyntheticbiology Thesefieldsaresuretocontinuegrabbingtheheadlinesinthenearfuture 1 1WhatisBiology Continued ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued x raycrystallographyx射線晶體衍射學(xué)genome d i n um n 基因組genomics d n umiks n 基因組學(xué)syntheticbiology合成生物學(xué) NotestotheDifficultSentences Besidesclassificationsbasedonthecategoryoforganismbeingstudied biologycontainsmanyotherspecializedsub disciplines whichmayfocusonjustonecategoryoforganismoraddressorganismsfromdifferentcategories 生物學(xué)的內(nèi)容除了包括根據(jù)所研究生物種類的不同對其進(jìn)行分類的有關(guān)知識(shí) 還包括許多其它專業(yè)化的分支學(xué)科知識(shí) 這些學(xué)科知識(shí)可能集中在一類生物或者生活在同一生境的各類生物方面 NotestotheDifficultSentences Continued ThebasicpictureinbiologyhasstayedroughlythesamesinceDNAwasfirstimagedusingx raycrystallographyinthe1950s althoughthereareconstantrefinementstothedetails andlifeissocomplexthatitcouldbecenturiesorevenmillenniabeforewebegintounderstanditinitsentirety 直到20世紀(jì)50年代 用X射線衍射得到DNA的結(jié)構(gòu)之前 人們對于生物學(xué)的認(rèn)識(shí)一直是粗淺的 盡管人們對生物學(xué)進(jìn)行了不斷地探索 但生命現(xiàn)象如此的復(fù)雜 以至于徹底研究清楚可能需要成百上千年的時(shí)間 1 1Exercises Matching 1 biologya thestudyofanimals2 zoologyb theinterfacebetweenbiologyandchemistry3 botanyc thestudyofthebehaviorofanimals4 microbiologyd thestudyoflife5 biochemistrye looksatlifeonthemolecularlevel6 molecularbiologyf studiesthecodeoflife7 ecologyg thestudyofplants8 ethologyh thestudyofmicroorganisms9 geneticsi studiestheinteractionsbetweenorganisms daghbeicf Theoriginoflifearethoughttohaveoccurredsometimebetween4 4billionyearsago whentheoceansandcontinentswerejuststartingtoform and2 7billionyearsago whenitiswidelyacceptedthatmicroorganismsexistedinvastnumbersduetotheirinfluenceoverisotoperatiosintherelevantstrata Whereexactlyinthis1 7billionyearrangethetrueoriginoflifecanbefoundislesscertain Acontroversialpaperpublishedin2002bytheUCLApaleontologistWilliamSchopfarguedthatwavygeologicalformationscalledstromalitesinfactcontain3 5billionyear oldfossilizedalgaemicrobes SomepaleontologistsdisagreewithSchopf sconclusionsandestimatethefirstlifeataround3 0billionyearsofageinsteadof3 5billion 1 2TheOriginofLife EvidencefromtheIsuasupracrustalbeltinWesternGreenlandsuggestsanevenearlierdatefortheoriginoflife 3 85billionyearsago S Mojzismakesthisestimatebasedonisotopeconcentrations BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon 12 areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher than normalratioofCarbon 12toitsheavierisotope Carbon 13 Thisiswidelyknown buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague sconclusions 1 2TheOriginofLife Continued ProfessionalWordsandPhrases originoflife生命的起源isotope ais t up n 同位素strata streit n 地層geological d i l d ik l adj 地質(zhì)學(xué)的stromalite str um tlait n 疊層石fossilize f silaiz vt vi 使成化石 使陳腐algae ld i n 水藻 海藻alga的復(fù)數(shù)形式microbe maikr ub n 微生物paleontologist p li n t l d ist n 古生物學(xué)家supracrustal sju pr kr st l adj 地層 巖組等 覆蓋基底巖石的 上地殼的carbon k b n n 碳sediment sedim nt n 沉淀 Wedonotknowtheexactgeologicalconditionsofthisplanet3billionyearsago butwedohavearoughidea andcanrecreatetheseconditionsinalaboratory StanleyMillerandHaroldUreyrecreatedtheseconditionsintheirfamous1953investigation theMiller Ureyexperiment Usingahighlyreduced non oxygenated mixtureofgasessuchasmethane ammonia andhydrogen thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers suchasaminoacids inacompletelyinorganicenvironment Now free floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself replicating metabolism imbuedmicroorganisms buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted 1 2TheOriginofLife Continued geologicalcondition地質(zhì)條件laboratory l br t ri n 實(shí)驗(yàn)室oxygenate ksid ineit v 以氧處理 氧化n 氧化劑methane me ein n 甲烷 沼氣ammonia m unj n 氨hydrogen haidr d n n 氫organic g nik adj 器官的 有機(jī)的monomer m n m n 單體aminoacid氨基酸inorganic in g nik adj 無機(jī)的 無生物的self replicate self replikeit v 自我復(fù)制metabolism me t b liz m n 新陳代謝 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued InthelargewarmoceansofearlyEarth quintillionsofthesemoleculeswouldrandomlycollideandcombine eventuallymakingarudimentaryproto genomeofsomesort However thishypothesisisconfusedbythefactthattheenvironmentcreatedintheMiller Ureyexperimenthadhighconcentrationsofchemicalsthatwouldhavepreventedtheformationofcomplexpolymersfromthemonomerbuildingblocks 1 2TheOriginofLife Continued quintillion kwin tilj n n 百萬的三次方molecule m likju l n 分子rudimentary ru d ment ri adj 基本的 初步的 未充分發(fā)展的proto genomen 原始的基因組hypothesis hai p sis n 假說 假設(shè) 猜測polymer p lim n 多聚體 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued Inthe1950sand1960s anotherresearcher SidneyFox madeanearly Earth likeenvironmentinalabandstudiedthedynamics Heobservedthespontaneousformationofpeptidesfromaminoacidprecursors andsawthesechemicalssometimesarrangedthemselvesintomicrospheres orclosedsphericalmembranes whichhesuggestedwereprotocells Ifcertainmicrospheresformedwhichwerecapableofencouragingthegrowthofadditionalmicrospheresaroundthem itwouldamounttoaprimitiveformofself replication andeventuallyDarwinianevolutionwouldtakeover creatingeffectiveself replicatorsliketoday scyanobacteria 1 2TheOriginofLife Continued dynamics dai n miks n 力學(xué) 動(dòng)力學(xué) 動(dòng)態(tài)peptide peptaid n 肽membrane membrein n 薄膜 膜狀物proto celln 細(xì)胞的原始狀態(tài)microsphere maikr sfi n 微球體 微滴primitive primitiv adj 原始的 簡陋的self replicationn 自我復(fù)制Darwinianevolution達(dá)爾文進(jìn)化cyanobacteria sai n u b kti n 藍(lán)細(xì)菌cyanobacterium的復(fù)數(shù)形式 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued BecauselifepreferentiallyuptakestheisotopeCarbon 12 areaswherelifehasexistedcontainahigher than normalratioofCarbon 12toitsheavierisotope Carbon 13 Thisiswidelyknown buttheinterpretationofsedimentsislessstraightforward andpaleontologistsdonotalwaysagreeontheircolleague sconclusions NotestotheDifficultSentences 因?yàn)樯鼉?yōu)先吸收同位素碳 12 所以在生命存在的地方含有比正常值更高的碳 12與更重的同位素碳 13的比值 這是眾所周知的 但是用沉淀物來解釋并不夠直接 所以古生物學(xué)家們并不完全認(rèn)同他們同行的結(jié)論 Usingahighlyreduced non oxygenated mixtureofgasessuchasmethane ammonia andhydrogen thesescientistssynthesizedbasicorganicmonomers suchasaminoacids inacompletelyinorganicenvironment Now free floatingaminoacidsareafarcryfromself replicating metabolism imbuedmicroorganisms buttheyatleastgiveasuggestionastohowthingsmighthavegottenstarted NotestotheDifficultSentences Continued 這些科學(xué)家使用高度還原的 非氧化 甲烷 氨和氫等的氣體混合物 在一個(gè)絕對無機(jī)環(huán)境中合成了氨基酸等基本的有機(jī)單體 盡管這些游離氨基酸遠(yuǎn)不同于現(xiàn)在的自我復(fù)制并具有各種新陳代謝的微生物 但是它們至少暗示生命是怎樣發(fā)生的 1 2Exercises Matching 1 stromalitesa ascientistwhostudiespaleontology learningabouttheformslifethatexistedinformergeologicperiods chieflybystudyingfossils 2 proto genomeb aproposedexplanationforaphenomenon 3 paleontologistc theprimitiveformofagenome4 Proto celld wavygeologicalformations5 hypothesise theprimitiveformofacell dcaeb 1 3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife Biologyisthesciencethatdealswiththestudyofvarietiesoflivingorganismsincludingourselves Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesinthefactthatbiologyattemptstofindouttheunifyingprinciplethatexistsamongdiverseorganismshavingmorphologicalandfunctionalinequalities Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifecanbeconsideredfromthetwonaturaldivisionsofthescienceitself plantlifeandanimallife ProfessionalWordsandPhrases morphological m f l d ik l adj 形態(tài)學(xué)的functional f k n l adj 功能的 實(shí)用的inequality ini kw l ti n 不平等 不平均 不平坦division di vi n n 劃分 部門 Agricultureplaysgreatroleinnarratingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife Agricultureislargelytheresultofman stakingtheadvantageoftheinterrelationsofsoil climateandnaturalhabitattoselectthoseparticularcombinationsthatmeethisbasicrequirements Thustoprovidenecessaryfood mandependsentirelyongreenplantsthatcanalonecapturethesolarenergy Highyieldingvarietiesofcropplantslikerice wheat jute sugarcane pulsesetcarenowbredexperimentally Disease resistantgrainsandvernalizedseedsaremade Biologicalcontrolstrategiesareundertakenaspestcontrolemphasizingthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylife Modernmandoesnotdependonfishingandhuntinglikeourancestorsandinsteadrearsfishesaswellascattleandvariousotherdomesticanimalstogetfoodandothernecessitiesoflife Thishasresultedinthedevelopmentoffisheryandanimalhusbandry Theimportanceofbiologyinyourdailylifeliesintheproductionofclothesandtimberformakingfurniture insuppliedrawmaterialsforpaper dyes etc Fossilsareimportantinlocatingundergroundoilandnaturalgasreserves Evencoalandmineraloilformedfromdecomposedplantbodiesarekeytoindustrialprosperity 1 3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife Continued interrelation int ri lei n n 相互關(guān)系habitat h bit t n 棲息地 產(chǎn)地greenplants綠色植物solarenergy太陽能jute d u t n 黃麻纖維sugarcane甘蔗pulse p ls n 豌豆和豆類等結(jié)莢植物可食性種子Disease resistantadj 抗病的grain grein n 谷物 谷類vernalize v n laiz v 施以春化處理 以人工方法促進(jìn)發(fā)育biologicalcontrol生物學(xué)防治pestcontrol昆蟲防治domestic d mestik adj 馴養(yǎng)的fishery fi ri n 漁場 漁業(yè)animalhusbandry畜牧業(yè)decompose di k m p uz vi 分解 腐爛vt 腐爛 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives Thestudyofdreadeddiseases theircausativeagents cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia Down ssyndrome etc Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics Biologystudyhasavitalroleincontrollingenvironmentalpollutionandattractedsenseofartandbeauty 1 3TheSignificanceofBiologyinYourLife Continued medical medik l adj 醫(yī)療的 醫(yī)學(xué)的 醫(yī)藥的 內(nèi)科的medicaladvancement醫(yī)學(xué)進(jìn)展dread dred adj 可怕的 恐怖的v 恐懼 害怕causative k z tiv adj 引起 的causativeagent病原體 病原物hereditary hi redit ri adj 世襲的 遺傳的abnormality bn m liti n 異常 畸形haemophilia hi m fili n 血友病 出血不止Down ssyndrome唐氏綜合癥eugenics ju d eniks n 優(yōu)生學(xué)environmentalpollution環(huán)境污染 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued NotestotheDifficultSentences Medicaladvancementalsoshowsthesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylives Thestudyofdreadeddiseases theircausativeagents cureaswellastheactionsofdrugsareawayofbiologicalenlightenmentthatstrivesminimizinghumansuffering Thesignificanceofbiologyinyourdailylifealsoliesinfindingandcuringhereditaryabnormalitieslikehaemophilia Down ssyndrome etc Biologyaimsinmakingefforttobetterhumanracethrougheugenics 醫(yī)學(xué)上的進(jìn)展也體現(xiàn)出了生物學(xué)在日常生活中的重要意義 研究令人可怕的疾病 治療疾病的藥物 治療疾病的方法以及藥物活性是人類領(lǐng)悟生物學(xué)努力使其痛苦最小化的一種方式 生物學(xué)的重要意義也體現(xiàn)在人們對血友病 唐氏綜合癥等遺傳畸形疾病的發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療方面 生物學(xué)的目的就是致力于借助優(yōu)生學(xué)知識(shí)努力改善人的種族 1 3Exercise Matching 1 agriculturea geneticallytransmittedortransmittablefromparenttooffspring2 morphologicalb agroupofhereditarygeneticdisordersthatimpairthebody sabilitytocontrolbloodclottingorcoagulation3 hereditaryc thecultivationofanimals plants fungiandotherlifeformsforfood fiber andotherproductsusedtosustainlife 4 haemophiliad theappliedscienceorthebiosocialmovementwhichadvocatestheuseofpracticesaimedatimprovingthegeneticcompositionofapopulation 5 decomposee relatingtoorconcernedwiththemorphologyofplants microorganismsandanimals6 eugenicsf toseparateintocomponentsorbasicelementsorcausetorot ceabfd 1 4TheHistoryofBiology AdditionalReading Thehistoryofbiologytracesthestudyofthelivingworldfromancienttomoderntimes Althoughtheconceptofbiologyasasinglecoherentfieldaroseinthe19thcentury thebiologicalsciencesemergedfromtraditionsofmedicineandnaturalhistoryreachingbacktoayurveda ancientEgyptianmedicineandtheworksofAristotleandGalenintheancientGreco Romanworld ThisancientworkwasfurtherdevelopedintheMiddleAgesbyMuslimphysiciansandscholarssuchasAvicenna DuringtheEuropeanRenaissanceandearlymodernperiod biologicalthoughtwasrevolutionizedinEuropebyarenewedinterestinempiricismandthediscoveryofmanynovelorganisms ProminentinthismovementwereVesaliusandHarvey whousedexperimentationandcarefulobservationinphysiology andnaturalistssuchasLinnaeusandBuffonwhobegantoclassifythediversityoflifeandthefossilrecord aswellasthedevelopmentandbehavioroforganisms Microscopyrevealedthepreviouslyunknownworldofmicroorganisms layingthegroundworkforcelltheory Thegrowingimportanceofnaturaltheology partlyaresponsetotheriseofmechanicalphilosophy encouragedthegrowthofnaturalhistory althoughitentrenchedtheargumentfromdesign 1 4TheHistoryofBiology AdditionalReading Continued medicine medisin n 醫(yī)學(xué)novel n v l adj 新奇的experimentation iksperimen tei n n 抽象的實(shí)驗(yàn)法classify kl sifai vt 分類 歸類diversity dai v siti n 多樣性 差異microscopy maikr sk upi n 顯微鏡使用 用顯微鏡檢查theology i l d i n 自然神學(xué)mechanicalphilosophy機(jī)械論哲學(xué) ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Overthe18thand19thcenturies biologicalsciencessuchasbotanyandzoologybecameincreasinglyprofessionalscientificdisciplines Lavoisierandotherphysicalscientistsbegantoconnecttheanimateandinanimateworldsthroughphysicsandchemistry Explorer naturalistssuchasAlexandervonHumboldtinvestigatedtheinteractionbetweenorganismsandtheirenvironment andthewaysthisrelationshipdependsongeographylayingthefoundationsforbiogeography ecologyandethology Naturalistsbegantorejectessentialismandconsidertheimportanceofextinctionandthemutabilityofspecies Celltheoryprovidedanewperspectiveonthefundamentalbasisoflife Thesedevelopments aswellastheresultsfromembryologyandpaleontology weresynthesizedinCharlesDarwin stheoryofevolutionbynaturalselection Theendofthe19thcenturysawthefallofspontaneousgenerationandtheriseofthegermtheoryofdisease thoughthemechanismofinheritanceremainedamystery 1 4TheHistoryofBiology AdditionalReading Continued biologicalsciences生物科學(xué)naturalist n t r list n 自然主義者biogeography bai ud i gr fi n 生物地理學(xué)mutability mju t bil ti n 易變性species spi i z n 種類 單復(fù)同 物種embryology embri l d i n 胚胎學(xué) 發(fā)生學(xué)spontaneousgeneration自然發(fā)生germ d m n 病原微生物mechanism mek niz m n 機(jī)制 原理inheritance in herit ns n 遺傳 繼承 ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued Intheearly20thcentury therediscoveryofMendel sworkledtotherapiddevelopmentofgeneticsbyThomasHuntMorganandhisstudents andbythe1930sthecombinationofpopulationgeneticsandnaturalselectioninthe neo Darwiniansynthesis Newdisciplinesdevelopedrapidly especiallyafterWatsonandCrickproposedthestructureofDNA FollowingtheestablishmentoftheCentralDogmaandthecrackingofthegeneticcode biologywaslargelysplitbetweenorganismalbiology thefieldsthatdealwithwholeorganismsandgroupsoforganisms andthefieldsrelatedtocellularandmolecularbiology Bythelate20thcentury newfieldslikegenomicsandproteomicswerereversingthistrend withorganismalbiologistsusingmoleculartechniques andmolecularandcellbiologistsinvestigatingtheinterplaybetweengenesandtheenvironment aswellasthegeneticsofnaturalpopulationsoforganisms 1 4TheHistoryofBiology AdditionalReading Continued populationgenetics數(shù)量遺傳學(xué)CentralDogma中心法則geneticcode遺傳密碼organismalbiology有機(jī)體生物學(xué)proteomics pr uti umiks n 蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)biologist bai l d ist n 生物學(xué)家moleculartechnique分子技術(shù) ProfessionalWordsandPhrases Continued Atthebeginningofthe21stcentury biologicalsciencesconvergedwithpreviouslydifferentiatednewandclassicdisciplineslikePhysicsintoresearchfieldslikebiophysics Advancesweremadeinanalyticalchemistryandphysicsinstrumentationincludingimprovedsensors optics tracers instrumentation signalprocessing networks robots satellites andcomputepowerfordat