graph-writing.ppt

BECWritingHigher I GraphWriting I Description Timelimit 70minutes 30points 2GenuineWritingTasks PartOne ConciseWritingGraphWriting 120 140words 10pointsPartTwo ExtendedWritingBusinessLetter BusinessReport orBusinessProposal 200 250words 20points ScoringCriteria Band5 很好地完成試題規(guī)定的任務 對目標讀者完全產(chǎn)生了預期的效果 給讀者的印象頗佳 Fullrealizationofthetaskset Verypositiveeffectonthereader 內(nèi)容覆蓋了所有要求的信息點 Allcontentpointsincluded 語言自然流暢 錯誤極少 Controlled naturaluseoflanguage minimalerrors 語法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯表達豐富多變 Widerangeofstructureandvocabulary 文章結(jié)構(gòu)完整連貫 層次清晰 Effectivelyorganized withappropriateuseofcohesivedevices 語域與格式使用正確 Registerandformatconsistentlyappropriate TimeManagement AsPartOneisworth10pointsandPartTwoisworth20points itissensibletoallocateabout25minutesforPartOneand45minutesforPartTwo Candidatesneedtoplanandwriteveryquickly Cohesion 常見連接詞 Don tforgettousethemthoughyoumayknowthemverywell 1 表示羅列增加first second third first then next afterthat next finallyforonething foranother on the onehand ontheotherhand besides what smore inaddition furthermore moreover another also especially Inparticular 2 表示時間順序now atpresent recently after afterwards afterthat afterawhile inafewdays atfirst inthebeginning tobeginwith later next finally immediately soon suddenly allofasudden atthatmoment assoonas themomentfromnowon fromthenon atthesametime meanwhile till not until before after when while during 3 表示解釋說明now inaddition forexample forinstance inthiscase moreover furthermore infact actually4 表示轉(zhuǎn)折關系but however while though or otherwise onthecontrary ontheotherhand incontrast despite inspiteof eventhough except for instead ofcourse afterall 5 表示并列關系or and also too notonly butalso aswellas both and either or neither nor6 表示因果關系because becauseof since nowthat as thanksto dueto therefore asaresult of otherwise so that such that 7 表示條件關系as solongas onconditionthat if unless8 表示讓步關系though although as evenif eventhough whether or however whoever whatever whichever wherever whenever nomatterhow who what which where when whom 9 表示舉例forexample forinstance suchas take forexample10 表示比較besimilarto similarly thesameas incontrast comparedwith to justlike justas 11 表示目的forthisreason forthispurpose sothat inorderto soasto 12 表示強調(diào)indeed infact surely certainly nodoubt withoutanydoubt truly obviously aboveall 13 表示概括歸納inaword inshort inbrief onthewhole generallyspeaking inmyopinion asfarasIknow Asweallknow ashasbeenstated asIhaveshown finally atlast insummary inconclusion Table 表格圖通常包含所有的細項 并且能提供最準確具體的數(shù)據(jù) 細目表可分為同類比較型和反映趨勢變化型 BECHigher往往綜合了兩種類型 分析細目表要從整體出發(fā) 根據(jù)表中的數(shù)據(jù) 找出突出鮮明的信息對比 有時還需做些計算 進行類比分析 分析不止停留在表面的數(shù)字上 還須看出其中的變化發(fā)展趨勢 從而得出結(jié)論 LineGraph 曲線圖常用來反映隨時間推移的變化趨勢 通常橫坐標為時間段 縱坐標為數(shù)據(jù) 數(shù)字或百分比 以便直觀反映事物發(fā)展變化的趨勢 曲線圖上的時間點所反映的數(shù)字未必非常準確 分析時要抓住起始時間至終止時間段內(nèi)事物發(fā)展變化的最低點和最高點 以及變化趨勢中突出的特點 分析原因 得出結(jié)論 BarChart 柱狀圖 條形圖 信息量大 數(shù)字對比明顯 可以用來比較若干事物的大小 可以表示事物隨時間變化趨勢 還可以表明一個整體中各成分間的相對關系 但柱狀圖不能很明確地標明各時間點變化的準確數(shù)字 分析柱狀圖和分析曲線圖的方法類似 也要把握事物變化的最大點和最小點 判斷變化特點 得出結(jié)論 PieChart 餅狀圖通過分割成若干部分的組合情況直觀反映出整體狀況 分析餅狀圖 應該依次描寫 突出重點 通常要注意圖中的最大比例份額及最小比例份額 要研究不同的比例份額 如有必要 還需做一些必要的計算 進行類比分析看出其中的變化發(fā)展趨勢 從而得出結(jié)論 UsefulExpressions Expressions toexpressarising falling eventrend todescribeachange tosummarize tomakecomparisons pleaserefertohandout SentencePatterns forgraphdescription 1 ThesalesincreasedslightlyinOctober 2 ThereisaslightincreaseinsalesinOctober 3 Therewasanoverallincreaseinsalesin2007 4 Thegeneraltrendisthattherewasasteadyincrease declineinsalesinallcategories 4 Thetrendcontinuedthrough1980s 5 Overall therewasadeclineinsalesin2008 6 Theyearsfrom2000to2008 between2000and2008see witness reportasteadyincrease decreaseinsales 7 2008unfolded displayed indicated showed recorded saw witnessed revealed exhibited illustratedanincrease adecrease fluctuationofsales 8 Theincreaseinexportcorrespondedwithadeclineinimport 9 Therewasasteadyincreaseinsalesin1998followedbythesharpfallin1999 10 Thesalesdroppedduring2006 butincreasedagainin2007to2milliontons 11 Thesaleshardlychangedthroughouttheperiodbetween2000and2006 exceptforaslightincreasein2004 12 Thesalesdoubled tripledin2007comparedwiththosein2000 from2000to2007 13 Thesalesin2007was2milliontons incontrastto1 8milliontonsin2006 14 Thesalesreachedthepeak theclimax theculmination thehighestpointinMay ThesalespeakedinMay 15 Thesaleshitthebottom reachedthelowestpoint reachedtherockbottom reachitsnadir plummet slump slideinAugust 16 Thepricesfluctuateddramatically slightly constantlyin2003 17 Thelinegraph barchart piechartbelow above ontheleft rightshows indicatesthechangeofsalesofthreedifferentphotocopiers 18 Wecanseefromthepiechartthat Asisshowninthepiechart Ascanbeseeninthepiechart foodexpenseswas constituted accountedfor12 in1990 butexpandedto29 in1998 SimpleExercise1 10000 20000 F M A M J month sales 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Fillintheblanks 1 Asthegraphshows therewasan insales 2 InJanuary sales 3 InFebruary sales 4 beforethey again 5 Therewasa inApril 6 thena to7 A of20000inMay Key 1 overall general upwardtrend2 rosesteadily3 Leveledoff remainedunchanged stayedthesame4 increased gradually5 suddenfall6 dramaticincrease7 peak SimpleExercise2 Thefollowinggraphshowssalestrendsofacompanybetween1994and2000 Lookatthegraphcarefullyandanswerthequestionsbelow Usethewordsandexpressionsinredtohelpyou Salesin Million Questions 1 Inwhichyeardidclothingsalesandtoysalesremainapproximatelythesame In1997 2 Duringwhichperioddidclothingsalesrisesteadily 1997 2000 3 Duringwhichperioddidtoysalesdecreasesignificantly 1994 1995 4 Duringwhichperiodwasthereaslightincreaseintoysales 1998 1999 5 Duringwhichperiodwasthereadramaticriseintoysales 1995 1996 6 Inwhichyeardidclothingsalesreachapeak In2000 7 Inwhichyeardidtoysaleshitthelowestpointovertheseven yearperiod In1995 8 Duringwhichperioddidtoysalesalmostremainconstant 1996 1997 9 Duringwhichtwoperiodswasthereasharpdropinclothingsales 1994 1995 1996 1997 10 Inwhichyearwastherethebiggestdifferencebetweenclothingsalesandtoysales In1994 WritingProcedures Step1 RubricandGraphAnalysisStep2 OutlineStep3 WritingStep4 Review Example1 Question1Thebarchartbelowshowsthecostofbuyingthreedifferentphotocopiers thecostofawarrantyoneachmachine andtheirexpectedrunningcostsforthefirsttwoyears Usingtheinformationfromthechart writeashortreportcomparingthecostsforthethreemachines Writeabout120 140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided Expectedtotalcostsforinitial2 yearperiod Carta 1 900KD 1 800Sebu 1 800 WritingProceduresofExample1 Step1 RubricandGraphAnalysis1 看題干 題干對圖表做了概要說明 圖中為三臺不同品牌復印機的購買價格 保修成本 最初兩年的運行費用 要求考生對三臺機器的花費進行比較 2 讀圖 1 圖為柱狀圖 特點是信息量大 數(shù)字對比明顯 要對比數(shù)據(jù) 找最高最低點 改圖無時間軸 故不表示變化趨勢 只做比較 2 圖下有文字說明三機器最初兩年的總花費 Carta最初兩年的總花費是 1900 高于Sebu和KD的 1800 3 看圖分項比較 Carta運行費用最高 購買價格最低 KD保修成本最高 Sebu的購買價格最高 運行成本和保修成本都為最低 Step2 Outline1 開篇點題 一句話介紹圖表主要內(nèi)容 可借鑒題干 2 兩年總費用比較 3 逐個介紹三品牌機器費用特征 加上具體數(shù)據(jù) Step3 WritingReport PhotocopierCostsThebarchartbelowpresentsthecostofbuyingthreedifferentphotocopiers Carta KDandSebu Theexpectedtotalcostsfortheinitial2 yearperiodforCartaisthehighest 1900 withKDandSebubothrankingthesecond 1 800 Respectively thepurchasepriceofCartaisthelowest Itisslightlyover 600butitsexpectedrunningcostisthehighestwithitswarrantyatthemid level Incomparison thepurchasepriceofKDis 700 alittlemorethanthatofCarta whereasitswarrantycostisthehighestof 200 Incontrast Sebu spurchasepriceisthehighestofaboutof 1000 withtherunningcostandwarrantycostthelowestof 700and 100 Step4 Review1 是否有語法拼寫錯誤2 是否有信息遺漏3 對照圖看文字描述及數(shù)據(jù)運用是否準確4 字數(shù)是否合適 Example2 Question1Thegraphsbelowshowthechangingsharepricesof2privatecompaniesthatwentpublicandissuedsharesonthestockexchange Bothcompanieswereeventuallyboughtbackbytheirpreviousowners Usingtheinformationfromthegraphs writeashortreportdescribingthegeneralmovementofthesharepricesandcomparingtheperformanceofthetwocompaniesbetweentheissuedatethebuy backdate Writeabout120 140wordsonyourAnswerSheet HuatongTelecom Sharepricefromissuetobuy back 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 0 5 10 15 20 25 SharePriceinUSDollar HuaxunTelecom Sharepricefromissuetobuy back SharePriceinUSDollar 2003 2004 2005 0 2 4 6 8 10 Step1 RubricandGraphAnalysis1 看題干 題干對圖表做了概要說明 圖中為 華通 和 華訊 兩個私營電訊公司的股票業(yè)績對比 要求考生對兩支股票的大致走向進行描述 并對兩家公司股票在發(fā)行日期和回購日期間的業(yè)績進行比較 2 讀圖 1 圖為兩個線形圖 特點是直觀反映事物變化趨勢 應抓住最高和最低點 2 橫坐標為年份 縱坐標為股票價格 一眼就可看出 華通 的股價呈上升趨勢 華訊 的股價呈下降趨勢 華通 的業(yè)績好 3 分別看兩圖 華通 在2000年初發(fā)行價為 6左右 之后升中有降 但從未跌破發(fā)行價 大致呈漲勢 華訊 在2003年發(fā)行價也為 6 在2003年底漲到了 9左右 2004年大跌至 2 05年有回升 但仍低于發(fā)行價 最后在05年底才漲到發(fā)行價 Step2 Outline1 開篇點題 一句話介紹圖表主要內(nèi)容 也可加小標題 2 兩家公司股價走勢分別描述 3 得出結(jié)論 哪家公司股票業(yè)績好 Step3 WritingComparisonofperformanceofHuaxunTelecomandHuatongTelecomsharesTheissuepriceofsharesinHuaxunTelecomwasUS 6inlate2003 Thepricethenrose butfelldramaticallyattheendof2004 Pricesrecoveredslightlyin2005 butwerestillbelowtheissueprice Thefellagainandrecoveredtoreachtheissuepriceinlate2005whenthecompanywasboughtback TheissuepriceofsharesintheHuatongTelecomwasjustoverUS 5inJanuary2000 Despiteacoupleoffalls thepricerosesteadilythroughouttheperiodbetween2000and2005andneverfellStep4 Review belowtheissueprice Thebuy backinmid 2005wasalmostfourtimestheissueprice Lookingatthegeneraltrend HuatongTelecomsharesperformedmuchbetterthanHuaxun sbetweentheissuedateandthebuy backdate Step4 Review Samples Scores Question1Thegraphbelowshowstheturnoverforthethreekindsofretailoutlet allownedbythesamecompany duringathree yearperiod Usingtheinformationfromthegraph writeashortreportcomparingthechangesinturnoverinthecompany sthreetypesofoutlet Write120 140words Supermarkets million SampleA ThedevelopmentoftheturnoveroftheFROZENFOODLtd Thefollowingreportdescribesthechangesinturnoverbytypeofretailsectoroverthethreeyearsperiods2000to2002 Inallthreeyearstheturnovermadebysupermarketwasthehighestofallthreeretailoutlets Departmentstoresremainedthesecondgreatestbeforesmallshops outlets Theturnoverreachedbysupermarketsincreasedsteadilyoverthethreeyearsandwas 80min2002 Theturnoverofdepartmentstoreswas 50min2000butfellto 35min2001 In2002itremainedsteadytothepreviousyear Afteralossin2001 thesmallshops outletsreachedagaininhigherlevelbutcouldnotreachthe 30mturnoverof2000 Band3Allthecontentpointsareincludedand despiteminorgrammaticalerrorsandseverallexicalerrors thereisreasonablecontroloverall Itiswell organizedanswerwithanadequaterangeoflanguageandfitsthedescriptorsforband3 SampleB Belowisareportonthechangesinturnoverforthreekindsofretailoutlet ownedbyonecompany overathree yearperiod Theoverallhighestturnoverofeightymillionpoundswasobtainedbysupermarketsin2002 Ontheotherhand thesmallestturnoverwasmadeinsmallshopsin2001 Overtheyear2000 aturnoveroffiftymillionpoundswasreachedindepartmentstores whereitplummetedtoaboutthirty fivemillionpoundsin2001andmaintainedthispositionthroughout2002 Thesupermarketsturnoverrosesteadilyfrom2000 reachingitspeakin2002witheightymillionpounds Clearly smallshopshadthesmallestturnoveraltogether Thirtymillionpoundsin2000 anoticeabledroptotwentymillionin2001andslightincreaseoffivemillionin2002 Inconclusion thehighestresultswereachievedbysupermarkets followedbydepartmentstoresandthensmallshops Band4Thisanswershowsanaccurateandnaturaluseoflanguagewithagoodrangeofstructuresandvocabulary Theslightlyawkwardorganizationandtheminoromissionofastartingpointforsupermarketspreventitfrombeingaband5 ASampleofTop scoreWriting Question1Thebarchartbelowshowstheprofitsmadebyeachofacompany sthreefactoriesforeachquarteroftheyear2003 Thepiechartshowsthenumberofworkersineachofthefactoriesduringthatyear Usingtheinformationfromthecharts writeashortreportdescribingthetrendsinprofitsandthenumberofemployeesineachfactory Write120 140words Profitsfromeachfactoryperquarter 2003 million Numbersofemployeesineachfactory 2003 Bristol600 Leeds350 London150 Thisreportoutlinesthedevelopmentofprofitsinthreeplants inLondon LeedsandBristol in2003anddescribesthestaffingsituationineachplant Bristol thecompany slargestfactory employed600peopleandreachedprofitsof 12millioninthefirstquarterof2003 Theprofitsdeclinedsteadily droppingto 9millioninthelastquarter ThefactoryinLeedshadaworkforceof350people Thismadeitthecompany ssecondlargestplant Profitsremainedalmostunchangedat 8million Inthethirdquarterhowever theyreachedalowat 7 5million TheLondonfactory sworkforcecomprised150people Profitsdidnotvarymuchandremainedjustover 3million Nevertheless theypeakedinthesecondquarterwithearningexceedingthe 4millionlevel Band5Thisisavirtuallyflawlessanswer whichfitsallthedescriptorsforaband5 SampleWriting linegraph曲線圖barchart柱狀圖piechart餅狀圖table表格圖 linegraph曲線圖Sample1 Question1Thegraphbelowshowsacompany ssalestoSouthAsiaoveraone yearperiod Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport Write120 140words million Thegraphshowsthefluctuationinacompany ssalestoSouthAsiaoveraperiodoftwelvemonths Accordingtothegraph salestoSouthAsiaincreasedsteadilyfrom7milliondollarsinJanuaryto10milliondollarsinMay Afterthis salesfelldramatically hittingthelowestpointinJuneat6milliondollars TherewasthenaslightincreaseinJuly BetweenJulyandSeptembersalesstayedconstantatalittleover6milliondollars TherewasthenasharprisebetweenSeptemberandNovemberwithapeakof11milliondollarsinNovember AfterNovembersalesdeclinedsignificantlyto8milliondollars Sample2 Question1 Thetwographsindicatetheeffectoftwobiocides GEandHI usedtopurifythepollutedwaterduringthefivemonths Usingtheinformationfromthegraphs writeashortreportcomparingthesituationwhentwobrandsofbiocidesareappliedwiththesituationwithoutthetreatment Write120 140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided Thetwographscomparetheeffectoftwobiocides GEandHI Withoutthetreatment thepuritydegreesofthepollutedwaterdroptolessthan20 afterfivemonths TheeffectoftheGEtreatmentisreasonablysound Asthepuritydegreeofwaterwithouttreatmentfallsto35 afterthreemonths theonewithGEbiocidesisshowntobeaspureas70 atthattime Afterfivemonths thepuritydegreeofthetreatedwaterstillmaintains40 Incontrast theeffectoftheHIbiocidetreatmentisunsatisfactory AlthoughtheHIbiocideappearstobeveryeffectiveinthefirsttwomonths itseffectdeclinedsteadily Itcanevenaddmorepollutanttothewateratlast Therefore itwouldbeadvisabletoapplytheBEbiocideforitseffectisgoodandstable Sample3 handout 一 Sample4 handout 五 Sample5 Question1Thegraphbelowshowstheamountoffastfoodeatenbetween1970and1990 Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport Write120 140words gramsperpersonperweek Thegraphshowstheamountoffastfoodeatenbetween1970and1990ingramsperpersonperweek Overall theamountoffastfoodeatenmorethandoubled Theamountoffishandchipseatendeclinedslightly In1970 theconsumptionwasabout300g week Thisfellto220g weekin1990 Incontrast salesofhamburgerandpizzarocketed In1970 verylittlepizzawaseaten lessthan50g week Thisroseto280g weekby1990 Inthesameperiod hamburgersalesshotupbymorethan500 from100g weekin1970to500gramsin1990 Inconclusion althoughtherewasabigincreaseintheconsumptionofpizzaandhamburger salesoffishandchipsdecreased barchart柱狀圖 Sample1 Question1 ThebarchartbelowpresentsinformationabouttheAustralianeconomy theprofitsofmanufacturing mining retailtradeandotherindustrialfieldsintheearly1990s Usingtheinformationfromthechart writeashortreportdescribingthetrendsinprofitsshowninthegraph Write120 140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided CompanyProfitsBeforeTax ByIndustry million ThebarchartshowsAustraliancompanyprofitsinfoursectorsbeforetax Theirprofitsincreasedingeneralfrom1990to1993 withaslightdeclinein1994 Manufacturingoccupiedthemostimportantpart whereprofitsnearlydoubledfrom1990to1993topeakatnearly8 600milliondollars Mining incontrast roseto5 000millionin1993 1994afteragradualdeclineinthepreviousthreeperiods Profitsinretailtradealsokeptongrowing whileprofitsinotherindustriesdroppedsharplytonomorethan400milliondollarsin1993 1994followingthesteadypreviousincrease Itindicatedthat1993wasaturningpointfortheAustraliancompanies Profitsinmanufacturingandotherindustriesbothfellin1993 1994 whilethoseinretailtradeleveledoffafterconsistentrisesfrom1990to1993 Onlymining whereprofitskeptshrinking rosesignificantlyin1993 1994 Sample2 Question1 ThechartbelowshowsthepercentageofproductsA B andCinsales varietyandinventoryvolumesinHPcompanyfromJune2001toMay2002 Usingtheinformationfromthecharts writeareportdescribingtheinformationshowninthegraph Write120 140wordsontheseparateanswerpaperprovided Thebarchartcomparestheproportionsofthreeproductsinsales variety andinventoryvolumesinHPCompanyfromJune2001toMay2002 Amongthem Asellsbest Itapproximatelyoccupies80 ofthetotal however itsinventoryvolumeisalsothemostwiththeleastchangeofvariety Incontrast thesalesandtheinventoryvolumesofproductCaremuchlowerthanthatofA whichareabout5 and25 respectively Besides Coffers40 varietychoicesasmuchasBdoes Incomparison only17 salesgotoBbutitsinventoryvolumeoccupiesjust18 thelowestofthethree Inconclusion BsellsbetterthanCbutworsethanA BandCprovidemorevarietychangesthanAwithalittlemorethan40 oftheinventoryvolumestogether Sample3 Question1ThegraphbelowshowstheexpenditureonfastfoodbydifferentincomegroupsinUKin1990 Usingtheinformationinthegraphandwriteareport Write120 140words ThegraphshowsweeklyexpenditureonfastfoodinBritainbyfoodandincomegroup Therearetwomaintrends First theexpenditureisdirectlyrelatedtoincome Secondly therearedifferencesinthetypesoffastfoodeatenbyeachgroup Theamountofmoneyspentonfastfoodisrelatedtoincome Peopleinthehigh incomegroupspentthemost over78penceperpersonperweek Peopleinthelow incomegroupspenttheleast halfofwhatthehigh incomeearnersspent Thetypeoffastfoodeatenalsodependsonthegroup High incomeearnersspent3timesmoreonhamburgersthanpeopleinthelow incomegroup Pizzawasgenerallytheleastfavoritefood Fishandchipswasthemostpopularfoodwiththelow incomegroupbutconsumptionwasfairlysimilaramongallgroups Sample4 handout 二 Sample5 handout 三 piechart餅狀圖Sample1 Question1 Thetwopiechartsbelowshow a thethreemaintypesofshopswhichsellyourco