九款命令行實(shí)用工具助你監(jiān)測Linux磁盤分區(qū)及使用情況

九款命令行實(shí)用工具助你監(jiān)測Linux磁盤分區(qū)及使用情況監(jiān)測一個或多個存儲設(shè)備的空間使用情況是系統(tǒng)管理員最重要的任務(wù)之一，這有助于確保存儲設(shè)備上仍有足夠的閑置空間，以便高效地運(yùn)行Linux系統(tǒng)。一、打印輸出Linux磁盤分區(qū)表的命令行實(shí)用工具1. fdisk(固定磁盤命令fdisk是一款功能強(qiáng)大、廣受歡迎的命令行工具，可用于創(chuàng)建和處理磁盤分區(qū)表。它支持GPT、MBR、Sun、SGI和BSD等格式的分區(qū)表。你可以通過它易于使用、基于文本、菜單驅(qū)動的界面來運(yùn)行fdisk命令，從而顯示、創(chuàng)建、調(diào)整、刪除、修改、拷貝和移動存儲磁盤上的分區(qū)。下面這個fdisk命令將打印輸出所有已掛載塊設(shè)備的分區(qū)表：$sudofdisk-lfdisk List Linux Disk Partition TableDisk/dev/sda:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsUnits:sectorsof1*512=512bytesSectorsize(logical/physical:512bytes/4096bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal:4096bytes/4096bytesDisklabeltype:gptDiskidentifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeType/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemPartitiontableentriesarenotindiskorder.想了解fdisk命令的更多用法和例子，請參閱管理分區(qū)的10個fdisk命令實(shí)例(/fdisk-commands-to-manage-linux-disk-partitions/。2. sfdisk(用于腳本環(huán)境的fdisk命令sfdisk用起來比較像fdisk，它可打印輸出或者處理存儲磁盤分區(qū)表。然而，sfdisk提供了fdisk所沒有的額外特性。你可以像fdisk那樣來使用它，它還支持GPT、MBR、Sun和SGI等格式的分區(qū)表。兩者之間的一個區(qū)別就是，sfdisk并不像fdisk那樣為SGI和SUN磁盤標(biāo)簽創(chuàng)建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的系統(tǒng)分區(qū)。$sudosfdisk-lsfdisk Check Linux Disk Partition TableDisk/dev/sda:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsUnits:sectorsof1*512=512bytesSectorsize(logical/physical:512bytes/4096bytesI/Osize(minimum/optimal:4096bytes/4096bytesDisklabeltype:gptDiskidentifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeType/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironment/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemPartitiontableentriesarenotindiskorder.想了解更多用法，請參閱sfdisk的參考手冊頁。3. cfdisk(curses fdisk命令cfdisk是個簡單程序，可用于打印輸出和管理磁盤分區(qū)。它借助易于使用的界面提供了基本的分區(qū)功能。你可以使用類似功能比較強(qiáng)大的命令fdisk和sfdisk讓用戶可以查看、添加、刪除和修改硬盤分區(qū)。使用向右箭頭和向左箭頭來移動菜單標(biāo)簽上的高亮部分。$sudocfdiskcfdisk Print Linux Disk Partition TableDisk:/dev/sdaSize:931.5GiB,1000204886016bytes,1953525168sectorsLabel:gpt,identifier:82213CA8-50E4-4DDB-9337-85E46DA03430DeviceStartEndSectorsSizeTypeFreespace2048204800B/dev/sda12048205004720480001000MWindowsrecoveryenvironm/dev/sda220500482582527532480260MEFISystem/dev/sda32582528463052720480001000MLenovobootpartition/dev/sda446305284892671262144128MMicrosoftreserved/dev/sda5489267211732951031168402432557.1GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda6187034828819227770875242880025GMicrosoftbasicdata/dev/sda7192277708819535237113074662414.7GWindowsrecoveryenvironm/dev/sda81173295104117329715120481MBIOSboot/dev/sda91173297152118111027178131203.7GLinuxswap/dev/sda1011811102721870348287689238016328.7GLinuxfilesystemFilesystem:ntfsFilesystemlabel:WINRE_DRVNewQuitHelpSortWriteDump4. parted命令parted也是一種知名的命令行工具，可用于顯示和處理磁盤分區(qū)。它識別多種分區(qū)表格式，包括MBR和GPT。parted可用于為新的分區(qū)創(chuàng)建空間，重新整理磁盤使用情況，將數(shù)據(jù)拷貝到新的硬盤，等等。$sudoparted-lparted A Partition Manipulation ToolModel:ATAST1000LM024HN-M(scsiDisk/dev/sda:1000GBSectorsize(logical/physical:512B/4096BPartitionTable:gptDiskFlags:NumberStartEndSizeFilesystemNameFlags11049kB1050MB1049MBntfsBasicdatapartitionhidden,diag21050MB1322MB273MBfat32EFIsystempartitionboot,hidden,esp31322MB2371MB1049MBfat32Basicdatapartitionhidden42371MB2505MB134MBMicrosoftreservedpartitionmsftres52505MB601GB598GBntfsBasicdatapartitionmsftdata8601GB601GB1049kBbios_grub9601GB605GB4000MBlinux-swap(v110605GB958GB353GBext46958GB984GB26.8GBntfsBasicdatapartitionmsftdata7984GB1000GB15.7GBntfsBasicdatapartitionhidden,diag想了解更多用法，請參閱管理Linux磁盤分區(qū)的8個Linux parted命令(/parted-command-to-create-resize-rescue-linux-disk-partitions/。5. lsblk(列表塊命令lsblk打印輸出的信息包括：關(guān)于所有可用或特定已掛載塊設(shè)備(不包括內(nèi)存磁盤的名稱、類型和掛載點(diǎn)。$lsblklsblk List Linux Block DevicesNAMEMAJ:MINRMSIZEROTYPEMOUNTPOINTsda8:00931.5G0disksda18:101000M0partsda28:20260M0partsda38:301000M0partsda48:40128M0partsda58:50557.1G0partsda68:6025G0partsda78:7014.7G0partsda88:801M0partsda98:903.7G0partSWAPsda108:100328.7G0part/sr011:011024M0rom6. blkid(塊ID命令blkid這個實(shí)用工具可找到或者顯示塊設(shè)備的屬性(NAME=值對，比如設(shè)備或分區(qū)名稱、標(biāo)簽、文件系統(tǒng)類型及其他。$blkidblkid Print Block Device Attributes/dev/sda1:LABEL=WINRE_DRVUUID=D4A45AAAA45A8EBCTYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=dcc4de2d-8fc4-490f-85e0-50c2e18cc33d/dev/sda2:LABEL=SYSTEM_DRVUUID=185C-DA5BTYPE=vfatPARTLABEL=EFIsystempartitionPARTUUID=b13c479a-d63b-4fec-9aee-f926fe7b0b16/dev/sda3:LABEL=LRS_ESPUUID=0E60-2E0ETYPE=vfatPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=d464feab-0791-4866-a36b-90dbe6d6a437/dev/sda5:LABEL=Windows8_OSUUID=18D0632AD0630CF6TYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=8a66bd5b-8624-4fdb-9ad8-18d8cd356160/dev/sda6:LABEL=LENOVOUUID=9286FFD986FFBC33TYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=92fbbea9-6bcd-4ae5-a322-c96a07a81013/dev/sda7:LABEL=PBR_DRVUUID=ECD06683D066543CTYPE=ntfsPARTLABEL=BasicdatapartitionPARTUUID=0e2878a2-377c-4b35-9454-f1f2c6398405/dev/sda9:UUID=e040de62-c837-453e-88ee-bd9000387083TYPE=swapPARTUUID=f5eef371-a152-4208-a62f-0fb287f9acdd/dev/sda10:UUID=bb29dda3-bdaa-4b39-86cf-4a6dc9634a1bTYPE=ext4PARTUUID=26b60905-1c39-4fd4-bdce-95c517c781fa7. hwinfo(硬件信息命令hwinfo通常打印輸出關(guān)于系統(tǒng)硬件的詳細(xì)信息。但是你可以運(yùn)行如下hwinfo命令，使用- 這個選項(xiàng)，列出指定類型的所有硬件項(xiàng)(這里是磁盤等塊設(shè)備及其分區(qū)。 如果只想獲得摘要信息，請使用- short選項(xiàng)，如下面這個命令所示：$hwinfo-short-blockhwinfo Print Linux Hardware Informationdisk:/dev/sdaST1000LM024HN-M/dev/ram0Disk/dev/ram1Disk/dev/ram2Disk/dev/ram3Disk/dev/ram4Disk/dev/ram5Disk/dev/ram6Disk/dev/ram7Disk/dev/ram8Disk/dev/ram9Disk/dev/ram10Disk/dev/ram11Disk/dev/ram12Disk/dev/ram13Disk/dev/ram14Disk/dev/ram15Diskpartition:/dev/sda1Partition/dev/sda2Partition/dev/sda3Partition/dev/sda4Partition/dev/sda5Partition/dev/sda6Partition/dev/sda7Partition/dev/sda8Partition/dev/sda9Partition/dev/sda10Partitioncdrom:/dev/sr0PLDSDVD-RWDA8A5SH確保hwinfo工具已安裝在你的系統(tǒng)上，那樣才能獲得上述結(jié)果。二、Linux下監(jiān)測磁盤空間使用情況的命令行實(shí)用工具下面介紹了用于監(jiān)測Linux磁盤空間使用情況的幾個命令行實(shí)用工具。8. df(磁盤文件系統(tǒng)命令df在終端上打印輸出文件系統(tǒng)磁盤空間使用情況方面的摘要信息。在下面這個命令中，-hT參數(shù)選項(xiàng)符可報(bào)告文件大小、已用空間、可用空間和已用空間百分比，采用了人類可讀的格式。$df-hTdf Show Linux Disk Space UsageFilesystemTypeSizeUsedAvailUse%Mountedonudevdevtmpfs3.9G03.9G0%/devtmpfstmpfs788M9.6M779M2%/run/dev/sda10ext4324G132G176G43%/tmpfstmpfs