四級(jí)作文輔導(dǎo)09.10.doc

四步作文法1. 審題 （列寫(xiě)提綱）2. 寫(xiě)主題句3. 段落的寫(xiě)作4. 修改完善審題（02年6月）1. 上圖所示為1990年、1995年、2002年某校大學(xué)生使用計(jì)算機(jī)的情況，請(qǐng)描述其變化； 2. 請(qǐng)說(shuō)明發(fā)生這些變化的原因（可從計(jì)算機(jī)的用途、價(jià)格或社會(huì)發(fā)展等方面加以說(shuō)明）； 3. 你認(rèn)為目前大學(xué)生在計(jì)算機(jī)使用中有什么困難或問(wèn)題。 這類(lèi)作文是就一種現(xiàn)象進(jìn)行分析之后提出觀點(diǎn)，前面一部分要求把這種現(xiàn)象講述清楚，屬說(shuō)明性質(zhì)，后面一部分要求作者表明態(tài)度，屬議論性質(zhì)。兩段輕重關(guān)系平等，字?jǐn)?shù)分配可均勻，圖表型作文首段還應(yīng)根據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)圖表趨勢(shì)進(jìn)行描寫(xiě)。l1這是一所大學(xué)里學(xué)生所購(gòu)書(shū)籍的結(jié)構(gòu)變化2. 你對(duì)于學(xué)生選擇書(shū)籍類(lèi)別變化的評(píng)論3 你哪類(lèi)書(shū)籍賣(mài)得多？ 說(shuō)明原因198519952005Philosophy and Society45%23%13%Novels33%17%5%Foreign Languages11%31%39%Computer Science2%19%30%Others9%10%13%第一段在描述圖表的時(shí)候，應(yīng)該做些簡(jiǎn)單的數(shù)學(xué)換算，而不是將圖表中的數(shù)字原原本本照抄，因?yàn)樽x者自己在圖表中可以看數(shù)字，無(wú)需作者再重新列出。這種圖表文章常要用到的詞有increase, decrease, go up, come, down, decline, drop, fluctuate, rise等。第一段引入具體數(shù)據(jù)描述大學(xué)生購(gòu)書(shū)類(lèi)別的變化。第二段評(píng)述引起這種變化的原因，如學(xué)生未來(lái)工作極需要外語(yǔ)和計(jì)算機(jī)知識(shí)，因特網(wǎng)的存在使許多流行小說(shuō)能夠在網(wǎng)上閱讀。第三段評(píng)述個(gè)人選擇的具體原因并作解釋。 The table shows the changes of students choices of various kinds of books from 1985 to 2005. Obviously enough, the number of novels and books of philosophy and society has declined gradually, while foreign languages books and computer science ones enjoy much more popularity. Though different readers have their own particular taste, this phenomenon involves several complicated factors. Firstly, nowadays, most of the college students tend to buy more books concerning foreign language learning and computer science, mainly because there is a pressing need of foreign languages and computer skills for their future employment. Secondly, novels are still popular though the sales decreased thanks to the availability of the Internet. Most of popular books could be read online. I always buy books of computer science, firstly because it is my major. Secondly, it is well known that computer science often witnesses the fastest changes, thus in order to keep up with the pace, I have to constantly arm myself with new information.（99年6月）Reading Selectively or Extensively?1.有人認(rèn)為讀書(shū)要有選擇2. 有人認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)博覽群書(shū)3. 我的看法這類(lèi)文章要求前兩段分別陳述兩種不同的觀點(diǎn)，最后一段說(shuō)明作者的觀點(diǎn)。在詞匯的使用上，最常用的有 some people holdwhile others think/ some people are in favor of , others insist / some people claim, but others think/ in my opinion/ as far as Im concerned/ as I see it/ as for me 等。仔細(xì)看這種類(lèi)型的中文提綱，可知其要求陳述兩種完全相反的觀點(diǎn)，然后再提出作者自己的立場(chǎng)。在說(shuō)明兩種相反觀點(diǎn)的時(shí)候，重點(diǎn)應(yīng)該強(qiáng)調(diào)兩種觀點(diǎn)各自的內(nèi)容、所持的理由，即所謂的“公說(shuō)公有理，婆說(shuō)婆有理”，內(nèi)容應(yīng)該稍微詳細(xì)。第三段明確表示傾向于何種觀點(diǎn)，可提供前面沒(méi)有的、作者本人的特別信息，再補(bǔ)充前面兩段已提過(guò)的某一觀點(diǎn)，這些觀點(diǎn)可寫(xiě)得簡(jiǎn)略一點(diǎn)。這類(lèi)論說(shuō)文可根據(jù)個(gè)人的主觀看法寫(xiě)成中立型論說(shuō)文或傾向型論說(shuō)文。此范文以中立性比較論說(shuō)文為例。第一段可以陳述有選擇地閱讀的原因，如時(shí)間有限，有害書(shū)籍的存在。第二段說(shuō)明博覽群書(shū)的原因，如各類(lèi)知識(shí)關(guān)系密切，觸類(lèi)旁通，可以開(kāi)闊眼界。最后一段提出自己的觀點(diǎn)，得出中立的結(jié)論。Some people think we should read selectively when we read. That is to say, we should select books that are beneficial for us or that we are interested in. First, reading selectively can help us concentrate our limited time and attention on those selected books. Second, without careful selection, we may encounter harmful books which do harm to our minds.Others think we should read selectively. No matter what kind of book it is, we should look it over. We should read various kinds of books, whether we are interested in them or not. They maintain that reading extensively can help to enlarge our view and grasp the general knowledge in different fields.In my opinion, the two reading ways have their roles respectively in our reading. However, if we only read the books we select or prefer, the framework of our knowledge may not be complete. And if we read without selection, we may not have so much time and energy to be specialized in one particular field. Therefore, the combination of the two methods is more reasonable.（03年6月）假設(shè)你在某日某時(shí)目擊一起車(chē)禍，就此寫(xiě)一份見(jiàn)證書(shū)。見(jiàn)證書(shū)須包括以下幾點(diǎn)：1. 車(chē)禍發(fā)生的時(shí)間及地點(diǎn)2. 你所見(jiàn)到的車(chē)禍情況3. 你對(duì)車(chē)禍原因的分析An Eye-Witness Account of a Traffic Accident（03年9月）1.簡(jiǎn)單敘述一下這位同學(xué)生?。ɑ蚴軅┑那闆r 2.同學(xué)、老師和我是如何幫助他/她的 3.人與人之間的這種相互關(guān)愛(ài)給我的感受是 The Day My Classmate Fell Ill (or Got Injured)（04年1月）1建議報(bào)考的專(zhuān)業(yè)及理由 2報(bào)考該專(zhuān)業(yè)的基本條件 3應(yīng)當(dāng)如何備考 A Letter in Reply to a Friend December 27th, 2003 Dear （05年1月）For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a campaign speech in support of your election to the post of chairman of the student union. You should write at least 120 words. Following the outline given below in Chinese:1. 你認(rèn)為自己具備了什么條件 (能力，性格，愛(ài)好等) 可以勝任學(xué)生會(huì)主席的工作 2. 如果當(dāng)選，你將會(huì)為本校同學(xué)做什么A Campaign speechToday I am very glad to run for the president of the students union. I am a junior in Chemical Department. Since I came into the university, I have always been the monitor of my class. I have done a very good job for my classmates. All my classmates and teachers gave me a good praise. I am good at communication and organizing. And I like to help others. Moreover, I have a variety of hobbies, such as, basketball, football, ping-pong, etc. I am sure that I am qualified for this position. If I become the president, I will try my best to do well. I will organize some suitable activities for you. I will do many things for you to reach your demands as well. I sincerely hope you will give me a chance. Please believe me that I will be a good president. Thank you.（05年6月）1、 向老師致以節(jié)日祝賀 2、 從一件難忘的事回憶老師的教誨和無(wú)私的奉獻(xiàn) 3、 我如何回報(bào)老師的關(guān)愛(ài)（06年1月）1. 名校校園正成為旅游新熱點(diǎn)2校園是否應(yīng)對(duì)游客開(kāi)放，人們看法不同3我認(rèn)為Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?（07年6月）歡迎辭，歡迎加入俱樂(lè)部。標(biāo)題：Welcome to our club書(shū)寫(xiě)提綱：1. 表達(dá)你的歡迎；2. 對(duì)你們俱樂(lè)部作一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)要介紹。（08年6月）1.娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)多種多樣2.娛樂(lè)活動(dòng)可能使人們受益，也可能有危害性3.作為大學(xué)生，我的看法。（08年12月）1. 一次性塑料袋的使用2. 使用一次性塑料袋帶來(lái)的問(wèn)題3. 限制一次性塑料袋的意義Disposable plastic bags were once widely used in China. When we went shopping at supermarkets and departments stores, shopping assistants often provided free plastic bags for our convenience. For a while, life without them seemed unimaginable for most of us.However, disposable plastic bags do bring severe damage to our environment. Costumers usually threw them away after use, and because they are thin and hard to decompose, these plastic products will exist for a long time. This is an immediate threat to our earth and water. Nowadays, the government has passed relevant regulations for limiting the use of disposable plastic bags: they are not free any more. In some shopping places, in order to invoke the public awareness of environmental protection, plastic bags are offered in a much higher price. As a result, people are changing their behavior: paper and clothing bags that vanished for a long time come back to our daily life. It is true that by limiting its usage, everyone in this society contributes some effort to the improvement of the environment. Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bagl 分析現(xiàn)象問(wèn)題，提出作者觀點(diǎn)（00年1月）1. 大學(xué)的費(fèi)用（tuition fees）可以通過(guò)多種途徑解決。2. 哪種途徑適合我（說(shuō)明原因）第一段直奔主題，提出學(xué)生關(guān)注的解決學(xué)費(fèi)上漲的問(wèn)題。第二段分析解決途徑最后一段先做出選擇，再分析選擇的原因How I Finance My College Education? In the past decade the university tuition fees have increased steadily and now students care more about how to finance their college education. To this problem, there are at least three possible approaches. First of all, some students get money from parents and other family members. Secondly, students can borrow money from the bank to support their college study, which has become convenient and popular especially in recent years. Finally, it is wise for students to take part-time jobs, for in this way they can not only earn money, but also put textbook knowledge into practice. I support myself and take a part-time job as a tutor. In this way I make money, and relieve my parents burden. More importantly, in this way, I get out of the ivory tower, and succeed in combining textbook knowledge with social experience and make more progress in my study.l 分析問(wèn)題，提出建議這類(lèi)短文要求分析某個(gè)問(wèn)題的成因、危害性，某個(gè)事情的目的等，提出根除問(wèn)題或辦好事情的建議。1. 假冒偽劣商品的危害2. 怎樣杜絕假冒偽劣商品第一段提出主題，市場(chǎng)上充斥著很多假貨。第二段說(shuō)明假冒偽劣商品的危害，如損害消費(fèi)者的利益等。第三段提出消滅假冒偽劣商品的建議，如健全法律法規(guī)等。My View on Fake commoditiesNowadays, there are a lot of fake commodities on the market. They range from daily commodities to expensive goods. They have caused much harm in society.First, fake commodities damage the consumers interests. In addition, fake commodities badly affect the reputation of businessmen and manufacturers, too. Those who have been deceived will be reluctant to consume, which will make business slack. Worst of all, some fake commodities such as medicine, gas cylinders and electric devices will endanger peoples lives and social security. There are many ways to eliminate fake commodities but the following ones may be more effective. First, the laws of the protection of consumers should be enforced to severely punish those who produce or sell fake commodities. Second, consumers should be taught how to tell good commodities from fake ones. Third, they should be advised to protect their interests and not to be led astray by false advertisements. In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of fake commodities and launch a campaign against them. Only in this way will fake commodities be possibly eliminated from the market in the future.二 寫(xiě)主題句主題句的作用舉足輕重，它決定著段落內(nèi)容、材料的取舍。1. 主題句應(yīng)包括兩個(gè)部分，即主題和觀點(diǎn)。如：Smoking cigarettes (主題) is a hazard to your health. （觀點(diǎn)） 2. 如果題目中給了主題句，那么可以將其翻譯過(guò)來(lái)，放置于斷首、段中或斷尾。如中文主題句“上大學(xué)的費(fèi)用可以通過(guò)多種途徑解決”可以這樣處理。 Nowadays, nearly all universities expand their enrollment, which enables more and more young people to enter universities. But higher tuition fees become a burden to some families. How to finance the college education has been an issue widely discussed. Actually there are many ways to handle the college tuition problem. You can depend on your parents and get the necessary money from them. You can take full advantage of the loan from the bank, which is offered to students with low interests. You can earn money by yourself by doing a part-time job during summer and winter vacations. 3. 如果寫(xiě)作要求中沒(méi)有確定主題句，那么自己寫(xiě)的主題句就要求不能太含糊，范圍不能太大，否則重點(diǎn)不突出，讓人看得一頭霧水。主題句也不能太細(xì)微，否則很難繼續(xù)闡述或討論下去，所以應(yīng)選擇合宜的范圍以便展開(kāi)話題，表明態(tài)度是要直截了當(dāng)。 段落的主題句對(duì)主題的限定主要通過(guò)句中的關(guān)鍵詞來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)。關(guān)鍵詞要求盡量具體。對(duì)“具體”的要求包括兩個(gè)方面: 一是要具體到能控制和限制段落的發(fā)展；二是要具體到能說(shuō)明段落發(fā)展的方法。準(zhǔn)確地把握關(guān)鍵詞是清楚地表達(dá)段落主題、寫(xiě)好段落主題句的重要前提之一。以下例子中劃線部分為關(guān)鍵詞。 1） Exercise is good for people. (范圍太大) Aerobic exercise is good for people. (合適) Jogging in fresh air is good for people. （太細(xì)微） 2） Driving a car can be dangerous sometimes. (范圍太大) Drunk driving is dangerous. （合適） Alcohol influences drivers judgment and makes their driving dangerous. （太細(xì)微） 在寫(xiě)“（大學(xué)費(fèi)用的解決）哪種途徑適合我”這一段的主題句時(shí)，要明確指出“適合我的途徑”，并且范圍要適中。比較一下三個(gè)主題句。Id like to raise money by working. （范圍太大）Id like to raise the tuition by doing a part-time job.（合適）Id like to earn the tuition f or next term by being a tutor of an 11-year-old girl. （太細(xì)微）英語(yǔ)基本句型1. 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ) They listened carefully.2. 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+ 賓語(yǔ) Advertisements cheat people.3. 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+ 主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ) John was elected president of the company.4. 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+ 間接賓語(yǔ)+ 直接賓語(yǔ)The assistant showed the customer several items on the shelf.5. 主語(yǔ)+ 謂語(yǔ)+ 賓語(yǔ)+ 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)A few people consider businessman to be honest.這些基本結(jié)構(gòu)看似簡(jiǎn)單，卻可作為檢查句子是否正確的一種標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。在實(shí)際寫(xiě)作時(shí)并非總是使用這樣簡(jiǎn)單的句型，而是將加以變化、擴(kuò)展或補(bǔ)充各類(lèi)修飾成分，來(lái)表達(dá)豐富的思想，同時(shí)增強(qiáng)文章的可讀性。英語(yǔ)基本句型的擴(kuò)展擴(kuò)展句型指增加某些修飾或限定成分，加大句子的信息量，避免使用干巴巴的句子組織文章。適當(dāng)增加某些修飾或限定成分，可以使句子結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)，語(yǔ)義連貫，表意清晰，邏輯性強(qiáng)。例如：1. Many people are not honest. Many people living in modern cities are not honest.Many people living and working in modern cities are less honest than countrymen.2. Advertisements cheat people. Advertisements sometimes cheat people.Advertisements sometimes cheat people who dont know much about the products.3. This is for us to decide. How to use it is for us to decide.How to use it is for us, not for the computer, to decide.4. Do not leave the building. Do not leave the building until instructed to do so. Do not leave the building in dangerous circumstance until instructed to do so.句子的擴(kuò)展是為了表達(dá)思想，要有目的地?cái)U(kuò)展，決不是為了擴(kuò)展而擴(kuò)展，造成句子冗長(zhǎng)，啰嗦，破壞了句子的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性。句子的語(yǔ)法要求1. 句法結(jié)構(gòu)要完整英語(yǔ)句子中各個(gè)成分互相約束，意義相互銜接。寫(xiě)一個(gè)句子的時(shí)候，要考慮各個(gè)成分之間的關(guān)系。I analyze that there are three reasons bring aboutBringing the changes.2. 詞性的使用要正確Many young couples pursuit pursuetheir own world.3. 主謂關(guān)系要一致句子的一致性包括主謂一致，代詞與先行詞一致以及分詞、動(dòng)名詞、不定式的邏輯主語(yǔ)與句子的語(yǔ)法主語(yǔ)一致等。句子意義的要求句子的意義要靠詞匯和結(jié)構(gòu)成分來(lái)表達(dá)。句子的意義必須“簡(jiǎn)意賅”。如何使用詞匯和句子成分要靠平時(shí)的學(xué)習(xí)和積累，很多時(shí)候要經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)的推敲，才能找到準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)出意思的方法。避免意義不全的句子In fact, these changes influence us not only individually.一個(gè)句子當(dāng)中如果有詞組not only, 后面應(yīng)該有 but (also).盡量用最少的語(yǔ)言表達(dá)最大的信息量。They would never enjoy the idea of putting as much money as possible in the bank, 劃線部分 the idea of 可以省略而不影響句子意思。用較具體、精確的詞匯代替抽象詞匯。People will live in comfortable circumstances and lead happy lives.Comfortable 可用well-furnished and soothing 代替，happy 可用contented and joyful 代替。句子的不同形態(tài)句子的不同形態(tài)對(duì)文章的表意和美感能起到很大作用，寫(xiě)作時(shí)這些不同句型的替代使用可使文章句式變化多樣，避免一成不變，單調(diào)乏味。1 以主語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭Honesty is considered as virtue not only in China but also in any other cultures.2. 以介詞詞組開(kāi)頭With the development of technology, computers become much cheaper now than ten years ago.3。以副詞開(kāi)頭Slowly the proportion of the private-owned houses rises4. 以動(dòng)名詞開(kāi)頭Telling lies in commercials is especially a serious problem.5. 以不定式開(kāi)頭To protect our future on Planet Earth we must protect our environment.6. 以現(xiàn)在分詞開(kāi)頭Skimming the newspaper, he earnestly searched for a job opportunity.7. 以過(guò)去式開(kāi)頭Satisfied with the real estate market, many businessmen start to invest in it.8. 以狀語(yǔ)開(kāi)頭When students graduate form universities, they have to face fierce competition on the job market.9. 使用同位語(yǔ)Computers, the most essential equipment for many people today, are getting cheaper and cheaper.10. 提問(wèn)Who wouldnt prefer a house with total ownership?常見(jiàn)寫(xiě)作錯(cuò)誤一、主語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤1. 主語(yǔ)缺失1) In our country feels very free. People feel free in our country.2) In my hometown arent very busy. People in my hometown arent very busy.2. 非名詞主語(yǔ)1) Rich doesnt ensure a happy life. Being rich doesnt mean a happy life. / Wealth doesnt ensure a happy life.2) Keep two full-time jobs is simply impossible. Keeping two full-time jobs is simply impossible.3. 主謂錯(cuò)位1 ) Reading books can acquire knowledge. People can acquire knowledge from books.2) Now peoples lives cant leave TV. Now people cant do without TV.二 謂語(yǔ)錯(cuò)誤1. 多重謂語(yǔ)1) In our modern society, there are many examples around us show that many people are cheated. In our modern society, many examples around us show that many people are cheated. / A large number of people have fallen victim to various tricks.2) Poverty makes many people cant study abroad. Poverty makes many people unable to study abroad. / Poverty makes it impossible for many people to study abroad. / Poverty prevents many people from studying abroad. / Many people cant study abroad because of poverty.2. 非動(dòng)詞謂語(yǔ)1) Some people firmly agree, but others against it. Some people firmly agree, but others are against it.2) It is said that the place worths touring.It is said that the place is worth touring.3. 主謂不一致1) I have to visit the teacher who teach me College English. I have to visit the teacher who teaches me College English.2) I use a disk because it hold plenty of data. I use a disk because it holds plenty of data.4. 誤用詞組1) They insist on post-graduate study is very important for them. They insist that post-graduate study very important for them.2) I am afraid of that its going to rain. I am afraid that its going to rain.三、冠詞錯(cuò)誤1) In my opinion, the future of bicycle is very promising. In my opinion, the future of the bicycle is very promising.2) They suggest that we should choose only the good books to read and never touch the bad ones. They suggest that we should choose only good books to read and never touch bad ones.四 代詞錯(cuò)誤1. 偷梁換柱1) An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, you should not plagiarize.An important thing for the student to remember is that when writing a paper, he should not plagiarize.2) If we cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.If we cheat others, friends will never believe us and they will leave us alone. / If you cheat others, friends will never believe you and they will leave you alone.2. 指代不明1) He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, which nobody believed. He gave a reason, which nobody believed, for not attending the meeting. / He gave a reason for not attending the meeting, a reason which nobody believed.2) Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden they have to bear. Sometimes teachers have to inform the students of the heavy burden students have to bear.五、形容詞、副詞錯(cuò)誤1) What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look differently. What is more, the change of the weather will make the place look different.2) Surprising enough, he faces the failure very bravely. Surprisingly enough, he faces the failure very bravely.六、分詞誤用1) Comparing with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem. Compared with other countries, China pays little attention to the energy problem.2) Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewing through my camera. Those spirits were just like an indispensable part of the whole picture when viewed through my camera.七 修飾詞誤置1) Spoken English is an important part for learning English people. Spoken English is an important part for people learning English.2) To keep the air clean, we must move the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside. To keep the air clean, we must move to the countryside the factories which give off poisonous gases to the countryside.八、垂懸修飾語(yǔ)1) Having carried out economic reforms in our country, peoples living standard has been greatly improved. Having carried out economic reforms in our country, people have greatly improved their living standard.2) To tell my friend the good news, the letter was posted at once. To tell my friend the good news, I posted the letter at