工商管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯[1].doc

臨沂師范學(xué)院工商管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯工商管理專業(yè)英語(yǔ)詞匯手冊(cè)商 學(xué) 院2009年1月目錄管理學(xué)3組織行為學(xué)5市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)11經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)28商務(wù)談判34財(cái)務(wù)管理40質(zhì)量管理4750管理學(xué)absenteeism缺勤率 achievement-oriented leadership成就取向型領(lǐng)導(dǎo) acquisition購(gòu)買 adaptability適應(yīng)性administrative ability行政管理能力administrator 行政人員 advanced technology先進(jìn)技術(shù) affection情感 affiliation needs 歸屬的需要 affiliation歸屬aggressiveness進(jìn)取性antagonism 敵對(duì)appraisal tool評(píng)價(jià)工具 appraisal鑒定 approval procedure 批準(zhǔn)程序 approval批準(zhǔn) aspiration抱負(fù) assessment 評(píng)估 attitude態(tài)度authority職權(quán) autocratic leader專制式領(lǐng)導(dǎo)balance sheet資產(chǎn)負(fù)債表 behavior science行為科學(xué)behavior表現(xiàn) board of director董事會(huì) bonus獎(jiǎng)金 budget預(yù)算 business ethics competitive price有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)力的價(jià)格 business 商業(yè)capacity to produce生產(chǎn)能力 capital outlay 資本支出 capital shortage資金短缺cash flow現(xiàn)金流量 cash position 現(xiàn)金狀況 company image公司形象 company公司 compensation報(bào)酬 controlling 控制confidence信心 conflict of interests利益沖突 conflict 沖突 conglomerate resource大型聯(lián)合企業(yè)資源 consistency strategy應(yīng)變策略 consistency一致性control device控制手段 coordinate協(xié)調(diào) counselor顧問(wèn) customer service strategy顧客服務(wù)策略 delegation of authority授權(quán) democratic leader民主式領(lǐng)導(dǎo) demographic factor人口因素 derivative policy派生政策 desire欲望 deviation偏差 devotion 奉獻(xiàn) discretion 靈活性 diversification多種經(jīng)營(yíng) dividend股息 division general manager分公司總經(jīng)理 dynamic 動(dòng)態(tài)的 eclectic折中 economic system經(jīng)濟(jì)體系effectiveness 效果efficiency效率 end result 最終結(jié)果 enterprise企業(yè)enthusiasm熱情entrepreneur企業(yè)家equipment 設(shè)備 esteem needs尊敬的需要 esteem尊敬expense account開(kāi)支帳戶 external environment外部環(huán)境 feasibility可行性 feedback反饋 flexible靈活的 followership追隨 franchise 特許經(jīng)營(yíng) free-rein leader自由放任式領(lǐng)導(dǎo) general manager總經(jīng)理 geographic factor地理因素 group objective 集體目標(biāo)growth goal增長(zhǎng)目標(biāo) human input人力投入 human relation人際關(guān)系 hygiene motivator保健激勵(lì)因素 individuality個(gè)性 industry產(chǎn)業(yè)ingredient要素 innovation 創(chuàng)新 inspection record檢驗(yàn)記錄 inspire鼓舞 instrumental leadership指導(dǎo)型領(lǐng)導(dǎo) intelligence智力 internal environment內(nèi)部環(huán)境interpersonal skills人際交往能力 inventory存貨 joint venture合資企業(yè) labor dispute勞資糾紛 labor-hour工時(shí) latitude自主權(quán) law法律 layoff解雇 leader behavior領(lǐng)導(dǎo)行為 leading 領(lǐng)導(dǎo)liquidation strategy破產(chǎn)政策 loyalty忠誠(chéng) machine-hour機(jī)時(shí) machinery機(jī)器 maintenance 維持 major decision主要決定 management by objectives目標(biāo)管理 managerial decision管理決策商業(yè)道德 managerial function管理職能manager經(jīng)理market share市場(chǎng)占有率 merit system考績(jī)制度 mission/ objective 目標(biāo) modern operational management現(xiàn)代經(jīng)營(yíng)管理morale士氣 motivate 激勵(lì) motivational techniques激勵(lì)方法 motivation激勵(lì)needs for self-actualization自我實(shí)現(xiàn)的需要 obedience 服從 opportunity機(jī)會(huì) optimistic樂(lè)觀的 organizational culture組織文化 organizing 組織 overall budget總預(yù)算 participative leadership參與型領(lǐng)導(dǎo) payroll工資表 performance業(yè)績(jī)performance業(yè)績(jī) personal interest個(gè)人利益 persistence毅力 personal responsibility個(gè)人責(zé)任 personal worth個(gè)人價(jià)值 personality性格 pervasiveness fear普遍性憂慮 pessimistic悲觀的 physiological needs生理的需要 planning計(jì)劃 power權(quán)利policy 政策 portfolio matrix資產(chǎn)組合距陣 practitioner實(shí)際工作者 prejudice偏見(jiàn) pressure壓力 primacy 領(lǐng)先性 principle原理priority 優(yōu)先 probability概率 procedure程序 process步驟 procurement采購(gòu) productivity生產(chǎn)率productivity生產(chǎn)率 product產(chǎn)品 product line產(chǎn)品系列profitability利潤(rùn)率 public responsibility社會(huì)責(zé)任 profit利潤(rùn)promotion晉升 program規(guī)劃 proprietary product專利產(chǎn)品psychology心理學(xué) public relation公共關(guān)系 quality of products產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量 quantitative objective 定量目標(biāo) 定性目標(biāo) record of labor-hours lost誤工記錄recruit招聘 regulation 法規(guī) reinforcement theory強(qiáng)化理論 resentment 忿恨 resistance 抵制 responsibility職責(zé)retail零售retrenchment strategy緊縮政策 return on investment投資回報(bào) review審查 reward獎(jiǎng)勵(lì) rival競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手 rule規(guī)則 safety安全 sales volume銷售量 satisfaction滿意satisfaction滿足 scientific management 科學(xué)管理staffing人事supervisor主管人員security needs 安全的需要 select選拔 self-actualization自我實(shí)現(xiàn) service服務(wù)sick leave病假 size of the organization組織規(guī)模static 靜止的 status地位 stock option 股票期權(quán) strength優(yōu)勢(shì) structure結(jié)構(gòu) style 作風(fēng) subconscious潛意識(shí) subordinate下級(jí) supplier供貨商 supportive leadership支持型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)surplus盈余 synergy共同作用 tactics戰(zhàn)術(shù) tax rate 稅收率 technique方法 the commitment principle投入原則 the contingency approach隨機(jī)制宜法 the cooperative social systems approach協(xié)作社會(huì)系統(tǒng)法 the decision theory approach 決策理論法 the empirical approach經(jīng)驗(yàn)法the group behavior approach集體行為法 the interpersonal behavior approach人際行為法the mathematical approach數(shù)學(xué)法 the managerial grid管理方格圖 the managerial roles approach管理任務(wù)法 the operational approach經(jīng)營(yíng)法the social-technical systems approach社會(huì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)法 the systems approach系統(tǒng)法 threat威脅 train 培訓(xùn) trait 品質(zhì) turnover人員流動(dòng) vacation休假 value 價(jià)值 vendor 小販 wage rate工資率 weakness 弱點(diǎn) welfare 福利 wholesale批發(fā) work efficiency工作效率 zeal熱誠(chéng) 組織行為學(xué)absences 缺勤achievement motivation 成就動(dòng)機(jī)acquired immune deficiency syndrome( aids )愛(ài)滋病action research 行動(dòng)研究active listening 主動(dòng)的傾聽(tīng)adult ego state) 成人自我心態(tài)affiliation motivation 親和動(dòng)機(jī)affirmative action 認(rèn)可性行動(dòng)alienation疏離appraisal interview考評(píng)面談area of job freedom工作自由領(lǐng)域assertiveness果斷at-risk pay風(fēng)險(xiǎn)工資attitudes態(tài)度attribution歸因autocratic leaders獨(dú)裁型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者autocratic model獨(dú)裁模型autonomy自主baseline information基準(zhǔn)信息bases of power權(quán)力基礎(chǔ)behavioral bias行為偏見(jiàn)behavioral intentions行為意向biofeedback生理反饋body language身體語(yǔ)言boundary roles邊緣角色boundary spanners邊界人員brainstorming頭腦風(fēng)暴法change agents變革顧問(wèn)changing變革charisma領(lǐng)導(dǎo)魅力child ego state兒童自我心態(tài)clarified thinking澄清思維closed-end questions封閉式問(wèn)題closed questions集中式問(wèn)題cluster chain簇式溝通鏈coach教練codetermination協(xié)同決定coercive power強(qiáng)制性權(quán)力cognitive dissonance認(rèn)知失調(diào)cohesiveness凝聚力collectivism集體主義collegial model合作模型committee委員會(huì)communication溝通communication overload 溝通過(guò)度communication process溝通過(guò)程comparable worth可比較的價(jià)值competence motivation能力動(dòng)機(jī)complementary transaction互補(bǔ)式交互作用complete pay program完全工資方案conceptual skills概念技能conditional strokes有條件的肯定conflict沖突conformity服從confronting正視consensus一致意見(jiàn)consideration關(guān)懷consultative management協(xié)商式管理contingency approach to ob ob的權(quán)變方法contingency model of leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的權(quán)變模型core dimension工作的核心維度corrective discipline糾正性紀(jì)律cost-benefit analysis成本收益分析cost-reward comparison成本回報(bào)比較counseling咨詢服務(wù)counseling functions咨詢功能credibility gap信用差距cross-cultural communication跨文化溝通crossed transaction交叉式交互作用cultural contingency文化權(quán)變cultural distance文化距離cultural diversity文化多樣性cultural empathy文化認(rèn)同cultural shock文化沖擊custodial model監(jiān)護(hù)模型decision-making model of leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的決策模型defensive reasoning防御型推理deferred judgment延遲判斷delegation授權(quán)development level發(fā)展程度devils advocate魔鬼代言人dialectic decision method( ddm) 辯證決策法directive counseling指導(dǎo)式咨詢discharge解雇discipline紀(jì)律discrimination歧視division of work工作劃分double-loop learning雙回路學(xué)習(xí)downward communication下行溝通drives驅(qū)力dysfunctional effect消極影響ecological control生態(tài)控制economic incentive system經(jīng)濟(jì)刺激系統(tǒng)ego states自我心態(tài)elaborating夸大electronic brainstorming電子化頭腦風(fēng)暴法electronic grapevine電子化的小道消息electronic mail ( e-mail) 電子郵件electronic monitoring電子監(jiān)控emotional catharsis感情宣泄employee assistance program支持員工方案employee ownership員工所有制employee territories員工領(lǐng)地employment enrichment就業(yè)豐富化empowerment授權(quán)enhancers for leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的放大器enriched sociotechnical work system豐富的社會(huì)技術(shù)工作體系equal employment opportunity ( eeo) 均等就業(yè)機(jī)會(huì)equal pay act of 1963 1963年公平報(bào)酬法案equity sensitivity公平敏感度equity theory公平理論e-r-g model e-r-g模型escalating commitment投入的升級(jí)ethical imperative道德約束ethical leadership有道德的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)ethical treatment有道德的對(duì)待ethnocentrism民族優(yōu)越感existence needs生存需要expatriates外派人員expectancy期望expectancy model期望模型experiential learning體驗(yàn)式學(xué)習(xí)expert power專家性權(quán)力extinction消退extrinsic motivators外部激勵(lì)因素face saving維持臉面facilitators協(xié)調(diào)員fact premises事實(shí)前提feedback反饋feedback-seeking behavior尋求反饋的行為feminine societies女性化社會(huì)filtering過(guò)濾flexible work schedule彈性工作時(shí)間表followership skills追隨性技能formal groups正式群體free-rein leaders無(wú)控制的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者frustration挫折感functional effect有益效果fundamental attribution bias基本歸因偏差gain sharing收益分享gain-sharing plan收益分享計(jì)劃genetic monitoring基因監(jiān)控genetic testing基因測(cè)試geocentric organizations地球中心組織goal setting目標(biāo)設(shè)置goals目標(biāo)goals of organizational behavior組織行為的研究目標(biāo)gossip chain流言鏈grapevine小道消息group decision support system群體決策支持系統(tǒng)group dynamics群體動(dòng)態(tài)性groupthink群體思維growth need成長(zhǎng)需要hawthorne effect霍桑效應(yīng)hidden agendas隱蔽的情緒hierarchy of needs需要層級(jí)high context culture高度情境文化higher-order needs高級(jí)需要holistic ob 整體obhomeostasis內(nèi)平衡honesty tests誠(chéng)實(shí)測(cè)試human relations人際關(guān)系human resources approach to ob 的人力資源方法human skill人際技能humanistic values人文價(jià)值觀hygiene factors保健因素iceberg model of counseling冰山咨詢模型impairment testing機(jī)能損傷測(cè)試imposter phenomenon騙子現(xiàn)象impression management印象管理incentives誘因individual differences個(gè)體差異individualism個(gè)體主義individualization個(gè)性化industrial democracy企業(yè)民主inference推斷informal groups非正式群體informal leader非正式的領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者informal organization非正式組織information technology信息技術(shù)initiation of action行為的觸發(fā)inputs投入instrumentality工具性interventions干預(yù)intrinsic motivators內(nèi)源性動(dòng)機(jī)因素job breadth工作廣度job content工作內(nèi)容job context工作環(huán)境job depth工作深度job diagnostic survey工作診斷調(diào)查job enlargement工作擴(kuò)大化job enrichment工作豐富化job involvement工作投入job rotation工作輪換job satisfaction工作滿意度job satisfaction survey工作滿意度調(diào)查job scope工作范圍just-in-time training即時(shí)培訓(xùn)kaizen改善lateral communication同級(jí)溝通law of diminishing returns回報(bào)遞減法則law of effect效果法則law of individual differences個(gè)體差異性法則layoff survivors sickness裁員幸存者憂慮癥leader-member exchange model領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者成員交換模型leader-member relations領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者成員關(guān)系leader-position power領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者的職位權(quán)力leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)leadership style領(lǐng)導(dǎo)風(fēng)格learned helplessness習(xí)得性無(wú)助legitimacy of organizational influence組織影響的合法性legitimate power法定性權(quán)力liaison individuals傳播小道消息的人life position人生立場(chǎng)linking pin聯(lián)結(jié)點(diǎn)locus of control控制點(diǎn)long-term orientation長(zhǎng)期取向loose rates寬松的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)low context culture低度背景文化lower-order needs低級(jí)需要macro motivation宏觀激勵(lì)management by objectives ( mbo) 目標(biāo)管理management by walking around ( mbwa) 走動(dòng)式管理managerial grid管理方格論manipulation of people操縱別人masculine societies男性化社會(huì)matrix organization矩陣組織mechanistic organization機(jī)械化的組織mentor輔導(dǎo)員micro motivation微觀激勵(lì)middle-management committees中層管理委員會(huì)mission使命models of ob組織行為模型morale士氣motivating potential score ( mps) 激勵(lì)潛在指數(shù)動(dòng)機(jī)motivationmotivational factors激勵(lì)因素multi-skilling多面手multiculturalism多元文化主義multinational organizations跨國(guó)組織mutuality of interest互惠利益natural work module自然工作模塊natural work team自然工作團(tuán)隊(duì)negative reinforcement陰性強(qiáng)化negative strokes負(fù)面肯定neighborhoods of offices相鄰辦公室network關(guān)系網(wǎng)network charts網(wǎng)絡(luò)圖networking組網(wǎng)行為neutralizers緩沖器noise噪音nominal group名義組織nondirective counseling非指導(dǎo)式咨詢nonverbal communication非語(yǔ)言溝通norm of reciprocity互助規(guī)范norms規(guī)范ombudsperson咨詢員open-book management開(kāi)放式管理open-door policy開(kāi)門政策open-end questions開(kāi)放式問(wèn)題open questions開(kāi)放問(wèn)題open system開(kāi)放系統(tǒng)operant conditioning操作條件作用organic organizations有機(jī)的組織organization development ( od) 組織開(kāi)發(fā)organizational behavior ( ob) 組織行為學(xué)organizational behavior modification ( ob mod) 組織行為校正organizational behavior system組織行為系統(tǒng)organizational citizens組織公民organizational citizenship behavior組織公民的行為organizational commitment組織忠誠(chéng)度organizational culture組織文化organizational learning curve for change組織變革學(xué)習(xí)曲線organizational politics組織政治organizational socialization組織社會(huì)化outcomes結(jié)果/產(chǎn)出output restriction產(chǎn)出限制over participation參與過(guò)度paper-and-pencil test紙-筆測(cè)驗(yàn)paradigms范式parent ego state家長(zhǎng)式自我心態(tài)parochialism鄉(xiāng)土觀念participation參與participative counseling參與式咨詢participative leaders參與型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者participative management參與型管理path-goal leadership路徑目標(biāo)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)perceived control知覺(jué)到的控制perception知覺(jué)perceptual set知覺(jué)定式performance appraisal績(jī)效評(píng)估performance feedback績(jī)效反饋performance gaps績(jī)效偏差performance monitoring績(jī)效監(jiān)視performance-satisfaction-effort loop績(jī)效滿意努力環(huán)路personal barriers個(gè)人障礙personal power個(gè)性權(quán)力personal wellness個(gè)人幸福philosophy of ob組織行為哲學(xué)physical barriers物理障礙physical withdrawal行為退化piece rate計(jì)件工資polarization極端化political power政治權(quán)力politics政治polygraph多導(dǎo)儀positive reinforcement陽(yáng)性強(qiáng)化positive strokes正面的肯定post-traumatic stress disorder創(chuàng)傷后遺癥power權(quán)力power distance權(quán)力距離power motivation權(quán)力動(dòng)機(jī)practice實(shí)踐prejudice偏見(jiàn)preventive discipline預(yù)防性紀(jì)律primary needs基本需要primary outcomes首要產(chǎn)出proactive主動(dòng)procedure工作程序process consultation進(jìn)展咨詢productivity勞動(dòng)生產(chǎn)率profit sharing利潤(rùn)分享progressive discipline累進(jìn)式紀(jì)律psychic costs精神代價(jià)psychological contract心理契約psychological distance心理距離psychological stress evaluator心理壓力測(cè)評(píng)器psychological support心理支持psychological withdrawal心理退化punishment懲罰quality circles質(zhì)量小組quality of work life ( qwl) 工作生活質(zhì)量quick fixes快速到位rate setting標(biāo)準(zhǔn)設(shè)定reactive反應(yīng)性的readability可讀性realistic job previews實(shí)際工作預(yù)覽reference group參照群體refreezing鞏固reinforcement強(qiáng)化reinforcement, continuous連續(xù)性強(qiáng)化reinforcement, fixed-interval固定間隔的強(qiáng)化reinforcement, fixed-ratio固定比率的強(qiáng)化reinforcement, variable-interval可變間隔的強(qiáng)化reinforcement, variable-ratio可變比率的強(qiáng)化程序reinforcement schedules強(qiáng)化程序relatedness need關(guān)系需要relaxation response放松反應(yīng)reliability信度reorientation再定位repatriation歸國(guó)人員research研究resilience彈性resistance to change對(duì)變革的抵制result-oriented approach to ob的結(jié)果導(dǎo)向方法retraining再培訓(xùn)reverse cultural shock逆向文化沖擊reward power獎(jiǎng)賞權(quán)力rights of privacy隱私權(quán)risky shift風(fēng)險(xiǎn)偏移role角色role ambiguity角色模糊role conflict角色沖突role models角色模型role perceptions角色知覺(jué)rumor謠言sabbatical leaves安息日假期sanctions獎(jiǎng)懲制度secondary needs次級(jí)需要secondary outcomes次級(jí)產(chǎn)出selective perception選擇性知覺(jué)self-actualization自我實(shí)現(xiàn)self-appraisal自我評(píng)價(jià)self-concept自我概念self-efficacy自我效能感self-fulfilling prophecy自我實(shí)現(xiàn)預(yù)期self-leadership自我領(lǐng)導(dǎo)self-managing teams自我管理團(tuán)隊(duì)self-perceived task ability自己知覺(jué)的工作能力self-serving bias自我服務(wù)偏差semantic barriers語(yǔ)義障礙semantics語(yǔ)義學(xué)sexual harassment性騷擾shaping塑造short-circuiting超近路short-term orientation短期取向single-loop learning單路學(xué)習(xí)situational leadership model情境領(lǐng)導(dǎo)模型skill-based pay技能工資skill variety技能多樣化social cues社會(huì)線索social culture社會(huì)文化social desirability bias社會(huì)贊許性偏差social equilibrium社會(huì)均衡social facilitation群體敦促social information processing社會(huì)信息處理socialization社會(huì)化social leader社交領(lǐng)導(dǎo)social learning theory社會(huì)學(xué)習(xí)理論social loafing群體惰性social desirable responses社會(huì)贊許性反應(yīng)social responsibility社會(huì)責(zé)任social support社會(huì)支持social system社會(huì)系統(tǒng)socioeconomic model of decision making決策的經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)模型sociotechnical system ( sts) approach社會(huì)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)模型spillover effect溢出效應(yīng)stages of team development組織發(fā)展的演變status地位status anxiety地位焦慮status deprivation地位喪失status symbols地位象征status system地位系統(tǒng)stress壓力stressors壓力源stress-performance model壓力績(jī)效模型stress threshold壓力閥stroking肯定structure結(jié)構(gòu)substitutes for leadership領(lǐng)導(dǎo)的替代品suggestion programs建議計(jì)劃super leadership超級(jí)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)superordinate goal超凡的目標(biāo)supportive model支持模型surface agenda表面議題surveillance devices監(jiān)視設(shè)施systems approach to obob的系統(tǒng)方法tardiness遲到task identity任務(wù)完整性task leader任務(wù)領(lǐng)導(dǎo)task significance任務(wù)的重要性task structure任務(wù)結(jié)構(gòu)task support任務(wù)支持task team任務(wù)團(tuán)隊(duì)team building團(tuán)隊(duì)建設(shè)teamwork團(tuán)隊(duì)合作technical skill技術(shù)技能telecommuting電子通勤theft偷竊行為theories理論theory x理論theory y理論theory z理論360-degree feedback度反饋total quality management tqm全面質(zhì)量管理training multiplier effect培訓(xùn)放大效應(yīng)traits特質(zhì)transactional analysis(ta)交互作用分析tran cultural employees跨文化員工transfer of training培訓(xùn)轉(zhuǎn)換transformational leaders轉(zhuǎn)換型領(lǐng)導(dǎo)者trauma創(chuàng)傷triple-reward system三方受益的系統(tǒng)trust信任tunnel vision管窺turnover離職率two-factor model of motivation雙因素激勵(lì)模型two-way communication process雙向溝通過(guò)程type a people a型人type b people b型人uncertainty avoidance不確定性規(guī)避unconditional strokes無(wú)條件肯定under participation參與不足unfreezing解凍upward communication上行溝通valence效價(jià)validity效度value premises價(jià)值觀假設(shè)valuing diversity重視多樣化violence暴力行為virtual offices虛擬辦公室vision遠(yuǎn)景wage incentives獎(jiǎng)金刺激whistle-blowing內(nèi)部員工揭發(fā)willingness to accept the influence of others接受他人影響的意愿win-win outcome of conflict沖突的雙贏結(jié)果work change工作變革work ethic工作倫理workplace trauma工作場(chǎng)所創(chuàng)傷workplace violence工作場(chǎng)所的暴力行為xenophobia排外市場(chǎng)營(yíng)銷學(xué)absorption of costs 成本分配accessibility 可進(jìn)入性accessory equipment markets 附屬設(shè)備市場(chǎng)account management policies 客戶管理策略acquisition new-product development strategy 新產(chǎn)品開(kāi)發(fā)收購(gòu)戰(zhàn)略activity-based costing 以活動(dòng)為基礎(chǔ)的成本系統(tǒng)adaptability 適應(yīng)性adaptation to market variations 適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)變化adaptive positioning 適應(yīng)性定位additions to existing product lines 現(xiàn)有產(chǎn)品線的增加adequate size 準(zhǔn)確的大小/足夠的規(guī)模administered vertical marketing systems 管理式垂直營(yíng)銷系統(tǒng)administrative relationships 管理關(guān)系adopter categories 采購(gòu)者的類型adoption process 采購(gòu)過(guò)程advertising and market segmentation 廣告與市場(chǎng)細(xì)分advertising and sales promotion 廣告和銷售促進(jìn)advertising effects 廣告效果advertising ethics 廣