語篇結(jié)構(gòu)介紹

英語語篇的結(jié)構(gòu) 隨著語篇語言學(xué)（text-linguistics）的興起，人們已將語言研究的中心由句子轉(zhuǎn)為語篇。句子在英漢翻譯實(shí)踐中出現(xiàn)頻率最高，但句子是個語法單位，不是理想的語言單位。在實(shí)際交往中，語言的基本單位是語篇。一 什么是語篇？ 語篇是一個具有完整意義的語義單位。它與句子的關(guān)系不是大小關(guān)系，而是“實(shí)現(xiàn)”關(guān)系，即語篇依靠句子來實(shí)現(xiàn)。但語篇不是句子的任意堆砌。構(gòu)成語篇的句子在意義和結(jié)構(gòu)上都是相關(guān)的，有照應(yīng)手段將其聯(lián)系在一起。任意的句子堆砌不叫語篇。 語篇長短不一。一個句子，短語甚至一個單詞都可以構(gòu)成語篇。如標(biāo)語、諺語、廣告、請柬等常常用一句話構(gòu)成一個完整的意義單位。例如：1 No parking. 禁止停車2 Forbidden fruit is sweet. (諺語) 禁果最甜；偷歡最樂。3 Mr. and Mrs. John Smith request the pleasure of the company of Mr. Richard Wilson at a cocktail party on Saturday, November 20, at 17:30-19:00. 約翰史密斯先生及夫人謹(jǐn)邀請理查德威爾遜先生光臨十一月二十日（星期六）十七點(diǎn)三十分至十九點(diǎn)舉行的雞尾酒會。l 在實(shí)際交往中，一句話構(gòu)成的語篇較少見，常見的是由許多句子或段落，甚至許多章節(jié)組成的語篇。在實(shí)用性翻譯中，句子往往是較小的翻譯單位，一般常見的還是語篇翻譯。二 語篇的翻譯要求和步驟 語篇翻譯是翻譯的高級階段，是對各種翻譯技巧進(jìn)行綜合運(yùn)用的理想翻譯單位。只有通過語篇翻譯才能使各種技巧不斷增強(qiáng)，最終達(dá)到融會貫通的高層境界。要求：以語篇語言學(xué)為理論指導(dǎo)，以語篇分析為語篇理解的手段和語篇翻譯的基礎(chǔ)，并借鑒傳統(tǒng)的翻譯理論和方法的合理部分，最大限度的使原文和譯文達(dá)到意義上的對等。三 語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)：（一）語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)也是語篇理解和語篇翻譯的重要方面。語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)是由語篇的交際目的、環(huán)境、方式、題材、體裁、語言風(fēng)格、修辭手段等多種因素決定的。語篇的組織結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系大體有下列幾種：1順序關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)： 指語篇按事物發(fā)展的先后順序展開，是一種比較簡單的敘述方法，適用于按步驟或按固定程序進(jìn)行描敘的語篇。例如： Until 1952 I had been quite content to eke out（竭力維持）an existence in London， though even in those uninflated days an assistant lecturers salary required very carefully budgeting. At the time I had a room in a cheap boarding house in Brunswick Square. I enjoyed it enormously and after two years had begun to think of myself as a Londoner. （這個語篇的結(jié)構(gòu)基本上是按時間順序關(guān)系組織的。）My house consists of two floors: the ground floor and the first floor.On the ground floor, there is the dining-room, the lounge or sitting-room, the kitchen and the hall. In the hall, we keep a stand for hats, coats and umbrellas. A staircase leads from the hall to the landing on the first floor. On this floor there are four bedrooms, a bathroom and lavatory（這個語篇的是按空間順序關(guān)系組織的。）2層次關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu) 是指句子不是橫向直線發(fā)展，而是分幾個意義層次縱向展開，但都屬于一個主題或主題句。 如： There is something wrong with the morality of a saying like “Honesty is the best policy”. (1) The wrongness lies in equating virtue with profit. Any tolerably observant person must see that the equation is false. (2) There are countless occurrences in life when doing what we believe to be right does not bring us material rewards. Indeed we may sometimes suffer for it. (3) To offer sound policy as an excitement to good moral is therefore in itself dishonest. (4) Honesty, if it requires a motive, must be valued for reasons other than politics.第一句是主題句第（1）層次的兩句話是對主題句的進(jìn)一步闡釋第（2）層次是對主題的論證第（3）層次是作者提出的反論第 (4) 層次是一句結(jié)論，用來反扣主題。 3遞進(jìn)關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)句子采用環(huán)環(huán)相扣，層層推進(jìn)的方式排列，語義也隨之前呼后應(yīng)，逐步遞升，直到推出一個結(jié)論來。如： Smoking gives you bad health. That makes you unpopular. Unpopularity leads to loneliness. Loneliness drives you to smoke more heavily.4 平衡關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)指句子以平衡方式排列。在層次上是平等的，沒有先后之別；各圍繞主題的某個側(cè)面展開敘述。句子結(jié)構(gòu)大體相同，總體上呈現(xiàn)一種平衡關(guān)系結(jié)構(gòu)。但在表意上，往往采取對比手段；或兩種相反事物對比、或同一事物兩個對立方面對比，正反兼說，互相映襯。如： Alfred Nobel, the Swedish inventor and industrialist, was a man of many contrasts. He was the son of a bankrupt, but became a millionaire; a scientist with a love of literature, an industrialist who managed to remain an idealist. He made a fortune but lived a simple life, and although cheerful in company he was often sad in private. A lover of mankind, he never had a wife or family to love him; a patriotic son of his native land, he died alone on foreign soil. He invented a new explosive dynamite, to improve the peacetime industries of mining and road building, but saw it used as a weapon of war to kill and injure his fellow men四 語篇分析的主要內(nèi)容：語篇翻譯是建立在語篇理解的基礎(chǔ)上的，而語篇分析又是語篇理解的一個重要手段。語篇分析要圍繞構(gòu)成語篇的特征進(jìn)行，大致包括以下內(nèi)容：（一） 分析語篇的主題或中心思想。（二） 分析語篇的情景語境（三） 分析語篇的銜接手段五 語篇的連貫和段落的分合（一） 語篇的連貫 語篇的連貫指語言片段以語篇意向?yàn)橹骶€，所形成的語義、邏輯上的連貫性。這種連貫性可通過連接詞語來銜接，也可按一定的時空、邏輯關(guān)系來貫通。譯者在翻譯過程中，須把每個詞，每句話放在語境中去認(rèn)識，從中領(lǐng)會原文作者的寫作意圖，進(jìn)而做出確切翻譯。例如：We owe protection to those men first, and we owe the security for their families if they die. I say it! I voice it! I proclaim it! And I care not who in heaven or hell opposes it!譯文一：我們首先幸虧有了這些人的保護(hù)，如果他們不幸犧牲，我們要保護(hù)他們家人的安全。我提出它！我表達(dá)它！我呼吁它！不管誰反對！譯文二：我們幸虧有了這些人的保護(hù)，如果他們光榮犧牲，我們就要肩負(fù)起保護(hù)他們家人安全的職責(zé)。我提出來！我表達(dá)已見！我呼吁！不管誰對之反對！分析：譯文二恰如其分地運(yùn)用原文作者使用的重復(fù)法，成功地實(shí)現(xiàn)了語篇的連貫，還表達(dá)出了強(qiáng)烈的感情色彩：我們要肩負(fù)起保護(hù)他們家人安全的職責(zé)。（二） 段落的分合一般說來，語篇翻譯只需按原文的段落層次進(jìn)行即可。但是，英漢語行文習(xí)慣不同，按原文的段落層次翻譯有時不合漢語的行文習(xí)慣。在這種情況下，翻譯時，有必要對原文的段落層次劃分作適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)處理，予以拆分或合并。例如：1 He was a little man, barely five feet tall, with a narrow chest and one shoulder higher than the other and he was thin almost to emaciation(憔悴;消瘦). He had a crooked nose, but a fine brow and his colour was fresh. His eyes, though small, were blue, lively and penetrating. He carried his three-cornered hat under his arm and in his hand a gold-headed cane. He walked everyday, rain or fine, for exactly one hour, but if the weather was threatening, his servant walked behind him with a big umbrella. （分段處理） 他個頭矮小，長不過五尺，瘦骨伶仃，身板細(xì)窄，且一肩高一肩低。他長著一副鷹勾鼻子，眉目還算清秀，氣色也還好，一雙藍(lán)眼睛不大，卻迥然有神。 他腋下夾頂三角帽，手上拄根金頭拐杖，天天散步一小時，風(fēng)雨無阻。當(dāng)然落雨下雪時自有仆人亦步亦趨，為他撐傘。分析：譯文對原文進(jìn)行了適當(dāng)?shù)募夹g(shù)處理，將“他”的外貌描寫作為一段，將“他”的行為描寫作為另一段進(jìn)行處理，顯得層次分明，條理清楚。2 A spirited discussion springs up between a young girl who insists that women have outgrown the jump-on-the-chair-at-the-sight-of-a-mouse era and a colonel who says that they havent. “A womans unfailing reaction in any crises,” the colonel says, “is to scream. And while a man may feel like it, he has that ounce more of nerve control than a woman has. And that last ounce is what counts.”這時一位年輕的女士同一位上校展開了熱烈的辯論。她堅(jiān)