測(cè)繪專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)論文外文翻譯

1、The measurement of the surveying and mapping in mine Since the seventy s, as the electronic technology and laser technology development, the type of surveying and mapping instruments with electronics (such as range finder, electronic tachometer, gyroscopes) to the traditional surveying and mapping i

2、nstruments methods produced profound effect. In satellite remote sensing, global positioning system, as a representative of the space on earth observation technology in surveying and mapping application in the science of mature, computer technology, system scientifically based geographic information

3、 system and application for the emergence of surveying and mapping information source of access, analyze, management, processing and application fully provide strong technical support, automation and intelligence of surveying and mapping system is already in investigation, therefore we can say, the

4、modern mapping technology is undergoing a profound revolution. Mining of measuring technology of an important application field, in the vast coal, metal mines, nonferrous mine production process played an important role. Mine survey of modern task is: in mine exploration, design, development and pro

5、duction of the different stages of the operation of the ground and underground mining area, the space, resources, (in mineral and land resources and environment are mainly) information acquisition, storage, processing, display and use for reasonable and effective development resources, protecting th

6、e resources, protecting the environment, management, industrial and environmental services for the continuous development of the station. In order to realize its modern task, mine measurement must be making full use of modern surveying and mapping instruments and techniques, put the advanced modern

7、technology with mine surveying the actual work, specific characteristics, and the combination of broaden the living space mine survey and business scope, promote the reform and development of mine survey, adapt to the market economy system and mining system reform needs. Electronic tachometer, space

8、 information technology, the inertial measurement system and other modern surveying and mapping instruments have been in mine survey technology is used to further development and are constantly. This paper to modern surveying and mapping instruments of the development of the technology and its appli

9、cation in mine.1、Electronic tachometer and its application in mine survey: Electronic tachometer as the most widely used surveying and mapping instruments, is electronic technology and optical technology development of the combination of the photoelectric measuring instrument, is also set range find

10、er, electronic advantages in a wide range of instruments, application prospects, the intelligent electronic tachometer is currently the biggest selling surveying and mapping instruments, is also the main future development direction. Intelligent electronic tachometer is with light, electricity and m

11、agnetism, machine of the latest scientific achievements, set the location, measuring Angle for the integration of advanced instrument. The international advanced electronic tachometer are on a memory card, internal memory or electronic hand book way, way of double record data transmission communicat

12、ion function, can receive external computer instruction by the computer input data, also can to outside the computer output data. The international advanced electronic tachometer have Japanese SOKKIA POWERSET series production of electronic tachometer and SET5F, SET6F, SET5W electronic tachometer, S

13、wiss produces the TCA100 and TCA1800 electronic tachometer, Japan NIKON DTM-A series of electronic tachometer, etc. Our country has just south of the surveying and mapping instruments company production NTS-200 series electronic tachometer. Electronic tachometer has set up a the engineering survey,

14、mine surveying, cadastral etc a wide range of applications, its development and application is in rapid developing. Electronic tachometer because and has the advantages of transit and range finder, and provide measurement results in digital form, its simple operation, stable performance, data can be

15、 through the electronic hand book and the computer to carry on the advantages of communication in the mine in the measurement of a wide range of applications. The ground control survey, topographic, engineering surveying all available is, contact measurement, the measurement work can also be used in

16、underground i To as a representative of the intelligent, digital instrument is minesurveying instrument one of the development direction in the future. Based on theelectronic tachometer and the modern computer technology can establish a mine 3 d data to be automatic collection, transmission,processi

17、ng of mine surveying dataprocessing system, instead of traditional hand book records, manual entry, detailed calculation of repetitive work. In addition, electronic tachometer in mine surfacemovement monitoring, land reclamation project implementation, mine construction aspects also have been applie

18、d, each big ore measurement organizations are to instead of traditional instruments for routine measure the work, not only improves the efficiency, picked up speed, and reduced the development, and to ensure the accuracy2、Space information technology and its application in the measurement of the min

19、e.The core of spatial information technology and the subject is the 3 S technology (Remote Sensing:RS)、 (Global Positioning System GPS)、 (Grographic Information System：GIS) Remote sensing including satellite remote sensing and remote sensing, remote sensing data topographic map surveying as the impo

20、rtant means in practice has a wide range of applications, satellite remote sensing for mapping is also mine of study and has made some significant results, based on remote sensing data to build digital terrain model (DTM) and then used in surveying and mapping work has won more applications. GPS as

21、a cause of surveying and mapping in the traditional concept of major change technology, has become a main technology of land measurement method, also is the most potential mobile technology, in mine measurement, control survey, project survey, environment monitoring, disaster prevention and reductio

22、n of the navigation transport plays a significant role. Because not only have all-weather GPS, high precision and high flexibility, and the advantages of the traditional measuring technology without strict control, compared the level measurement, dont take points between depending on the point, with

23、out the need to build standard, there is no error accumulation, the three dimensional positioning etc, and in the field measurement model, error sources and data processing to the traditional concept of surveying and mapping is a revolutionary change. The geographic information system as the geograp

24、hical distribution of space of therelevant data collecting, processing, management, analysis of computer technology system, and its development and application of surveying and mapping the development of science is of great significance, is the modern mapping technology of important technical suppor

25、t. With 3 S integration or integrated as the leading technology of space information system has gradually become the surveying and mapping learning or the earth informatics new technology system and the work pattern, its advanced nature, timeliness obvious. With the space information technology for

26、technical support, modern surveying and mapping instruments, technology is in rapid development in. The measurement of the remote sensing technology in the mines application has experienced a long time, and has accumulated rich experience. For remote sensing, it can be used as remote sensing data mi

27、ning on the data topographic map surveying data source, like a piece of correction, through visual interpretation, field adjustable draw the work, complete the topographic map surveying and mapping. Compared with the traditional mapping method, using remote sensing data of mapping speed, low cost, h

28、igh precision, it is a kind of application very extensive mapping method. Remote sensing in mine measurement of the applications of the key theory and technology also is in the investigation. Application of remote sensing data mining area, can obtain real-time, dynamic and comprehensive information

29、source, to the mining area environment monitoring of the mining area environment protection to provide decision support. Remote sensing data mining area for prospecting, geological conditions, roof and floor of coal seam in such aspects as research has been applied, all these, explains the applicati

30、on of remote sensing technique in mining measurement is mine surveying realize its modern task important guarantee. GPS technology in the measurement of the mine is mainly applied to replace traditional ground surveying and mapping work. Using GPS technology such as mining surface movement monitorin

31、g, hydrology monitoring, mining area control elevation hole net establishment or measure, reform, GPS receiver with performance to price has been rising, and its application in the measurement of mine work the ground has become a part of the modern mine survey is an important support technology. Use

32、d in mining area the geographic information system is for mine geographical information system, or called mine material source environment alinformation system (MRIES). MREIS has become the important developing direction mine survey. With mining area environment resources information system as a pla

33、tform to all kinds of measurement techniques for data acquisition approach, can build a collection of data acquisition, processing, management, analysis and output in one of the automation, intelligent technology system, as the sustainable development of mining decision support system. Mine survey M

34、REIS work is to establish the fist work, and to create a MREIS mine surveying is an inevitable trend. Therefore, the GPS in the mining area is first applied used in a mine measurement information system established measurement, and then based on this establish the mining area environment information

35、 system resources. Space information technology is mine surveying realize its modern task of important technical support and guarantee, 3 S technology and other measuring instrument technology on the basis of the organic combination of the mining area environment information system is the spatial da

36、ta information technology in mine survey of the applications of the comprehensive results.3 .the inertial measurement system and its application in the measurement of the mineThe inertial measurement system (Inertial ISS) is a kind of navigation and positioning technology, have all-w, autonomous, fa

37、st can flexible and advantages, the earth measurement, engineering surveying and mining measure the work of automation and versatility provided another kind of new technology. It is to use the principle of inertial navigation, and earn geodetic data (longitude and latitude, elevation, azimuth, gravi

38、ty anomaly and vertical deflection, etc.) of a kind of technology system. ISS can be divided into two categories: platform utility system and type system in the field of surveying and mapping, ISS main application target includes: (1) control measure, such as the existing control point review, encry

39、ption, and aerial control, etc.; (2) pipeline monitoring, orientation, crustal deformation, the surface subsidence observation; (3) underground positioning, all kinds of engineering and construction measure; (4) earthquake, gravity survey, geophysical research; (5) shaft and cans of vertical way bea

40、m of monitoring, etc. GPS/ISS combination system is to meet high precision navigation and positioning of the development direction of the request. This combination system can make the GPS and the performance of theISS, can get a lot of complementary to the whole land measurement model dataprocessing

41、, and make sure that 3 d coordinate and the positioning and the precision of the navigation unstable, and increased significantly. The inertial measurement system in mine to the measurement of the Lord is applied in application in themeasurement of the application, the activities of the underground

42、measurement, and of course the ground also has been applied in many fields, such as stated above. ISS in mines in China, the application in the measurement of work is to carry out in-depth,continue to develop. With GPS + ISS combination system used in mines measurement is a promising a technologyFou

43、r other new technology in the new instrument of surveying and mapping application to the measurement of the mineOther modern surveying and mapping instruments, such as laser point to meter, the gyro th, digital levels and related technology are all mine surveying and mapping measurement is used, and

44、 with the instrument technology as the foundation, formed many mining measurement instrument, as mine survey for the application of modern instruments and techniques.Mine survey as a cross subject, the development and the progress and the mining technology and the development of the mining project,

45、measuring instruments and equipment of science and technology and the development of other subjects like mathematical science, computer science, etc, the development are closely related. Modern mapping technology is based on the electronic technology, space technology, optical technology, computer t

46、echnology based on comprehensive technology, and has the intelligence, automation and so on a series of advantages. Modern science and technology, the rapid development of surveying and mapping can surely promote the further development of mine survey. With modern technology, mining engineering surv

47、eying and mapping technology and related science and technology as the foundation, the mine survey will form and collect data acquisition, processing, management, transmission, analysis, expression, application, output for the integration of intelligence, automation technology system for mine resour

48、ces, environmental information system establishment provide fundamental material, promoting mine sustainable development.測(cè)繪在礦山測(cè)量中的發(fā)展七十年代以來(lái)，隨著電子技術(shù)和激光技術(shù)的發(fā)展，光電結(jié)合型的測(cè)繪儀器(如測(cè)距儀、全站儀、陀螺儀)對(duì)傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)繪儀器方法產(chǎn)生了深刻的影響。以衛(wèi)星遙感、全球定位系統(tǒng)為代表的空間對(duì)地觀測(cè)技術(shù)在測(cè)繪科學(xué)中的應(yīng)用日趨成熟，以計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)、系統(tǒng)科學(xué)為基礎(chǔ)的地理信息系統(tǒng)的出現(xiàn)和應(yīng)用為多源測(cè)繪信息的獲取、分析、管理、處理及其充分應(yīng)用提供了有力的技術(shù)支持，自動(dòng)

49、化、智能化的測(cè)繪系統(tǒng)已處于研究之中，因此可以說(shuō)，現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)正在經(jīng)歷著一場(chǎng)深刻的革命。礦山測(cè)量技術(shù)的一個(gè)重要應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域，在廣大的煤礦、金屬礦山、有色礦山等的生產(chǎn)過(guò)程中發(fā)揮著重要的作用。礦山測(cè)量的現(xiàn)代任務(wù)是：在礦山勘探、設(shè)計(jì)、開(kāi)發(fā)和生產(chǎn)運(yùn)營(yíng)的各個(gè)階段，對(duì)礦區(qū)地面和地下的空間、資源、(以礦產(chǎn)和土地資源為主)和環(huán)境信息進(jìn)行采集、存儲(chǔ)、處理、顯示、利用，為合理、有效地開(kāi)發(fā)資源、保護(hù)資源、保護(hù)環(huán)境、治理環(huán)境服務(wù)，為工礦區(qū)的持續(xù)發(fā)展報(bào)務(wù)。為了實(shí)現(xiàn)其現(xiàn)代任務(wù)，礦山測(cè)量必須充分應(yīng)用現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器和技術(shù)，將先進(jìn)的現(xiàn)代技術(shù)同礦山測(cè)量的實(shí)際工作、具體特點(diǎn)相結(jié)合，拓寬礦山測(cè)量的生存空間和業(yè)務(wù)范圍，促進(jìn)礦山測(cè)量的改革和發(fā)展

50、，適應(yīng)市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)體制和礦山體制改革的需要。全站儀、空間信息技術(shù)、慣性測(cè)量系統(tǒng)等現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器技術(shù)均已在礦山測(cè)量中得到了應(yīng)用并正在不斷向縱深發(fā)展。為此本文對(duì)現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器技術(shù)的發(fā)展及其在礦山測(cè)量的應(yīng)用進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)的分析和研究，以使礦山測(cè)量更好地服務(wù)于礦山可持續(xù)發(fā)展。 現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪儀器、技術(shù)及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用： 1 全站儀及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用： 全站儀作為當(dāng)前應(yīng)用最為廣泛的測(cè)繪儀器，是電子技術(shù)與光學(xué)技術(shù)發(fā)展結(jié)合的光電測(cè)量?jī)x器，也是集測(cè)距儀、電子經(jīng)緯儀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)于一體的、應(yīng)用前途廣泛的儀器，智能化的全站儀是目前銷(xiāo)量最大的測(cè)繪儀器，也是今后發(fā)展的主要方向。智能型全站儀是集光、電、磁、機(jī)的最新科學(xué)成果，集測(cè)距、測(cè)角

51、為一體的先進(jìn)儀器。國(guó)際上先進(jìn)的全站儀均以存儲(chǔ)卡、內(nèi)部存儲(chǔ)器或電子手簿的方式記錄數(shù)據(jù)，具有雙路傳輸?shù)耐ㄓ嵐δ?，能接收外部?jì)算機(jī)的指令，由計(jì)算機(jī)輸入數(shù)據(jù)，也能向外部計(jì)算機(jī)輸出數(shù)據(jù)。目前國(guó)際上較先進(jìn)的全站儀有日本SOKKIA生產(chǎn)的POWERSET系列全站儀及其SET5F、SET6F、SET5W全站儀，瑞士Leica公司生產(chǎn)的CA100及TCA1800全站儀，日本NIKON的DTM-A系列全站儀等。我國(guó)目前僅有南方測(cè)繪儀器公司生產(chǎn)的NTS-200系列全站儀。全站儀已在工程測(cè)量、礦山測(cè)量、地籍測(cè)量等領(lǐng)域得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，其發(fā)展及應(yīng)用正處在飛速發(fā)展之中。全站儀由于兼具有經(jīng)緯儀和測(cè)距儀的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，且以數(shù)字形式提

52、供測(cè)量成果，其操作簡(jiǎn)便、性能穩(wěn)定、數(shù)據(jù)可通過(guò)電子手簿與計(jì)算機(jī)進(jìn)行通訊等優(yōu)點(diǎn)使其在礦山測(cè)量中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用。地面控制測(cè)量、地形測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量均可利用全站儀進(jìn)行，聯(lián)系測(cè)量、井下測(cè)量工作也可用全站儀進(jìn)行。以全站儀為代表的智能化、數(shù)字化儀器是礦山測(cè)量?jī)x器今后的發(fā)展方向之一。基于全站儀和現(xiàn)代計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)可建立礦山三維數(shù)據(jù)自動(dòng)采集、傳輸、處理的礦山測(cè)量數(shù)據(jù)處理系統(tǒng)，取代傳統(tǒng)的手簿記錄、手工錄入、繁瑣計(jì)算等大量的重復(fù)性的工作。此外，全站儀在礦山地表移動(dòng)監(jiān)測(cè)、礦區(qū)土地復(fù)墾工程實(shí)施、礦區(qū)施工等方面也都得到應(yīng)用，各大礦的測(cè)量機(jī)構(gòu)正在以全站儀取代傳統(tǒng)的儀器進(jìn)行日常的測(cè)量工作，既提高了效益，加快了速度，又減少了開(kāi)發(fā)，

53、保證了精度。2 空間信息技術(shù)及其在礦山測(cè)量中的應(yīng)用：空間信息技術(shù)的核心和主體是“3S”技術(shù)，即遙感(Remote Sensing：RS)、全球定位系統(tǒng)(Global Positioning System: GPS)、地理信息系統(tǒng)(Grographic Information System：GIS)。遙感包括衛(wèi)星遙感和航空遙感，航空遙感作為地形圖測(cè)繪的重要手段已在實(shí)踐中得到了廣泛的應(yīng)用，衛(wèi)星遙感用于測(cè)圖也正在礦究之中并已取得一些意義重大的成果，基于遙感資料建立數(shù)字地面模型(DTM)進(jìn)而應(yīng)用于測(cè)繪工作已獲得了較多的應(yīng)用。GPS作為一項(xiàng)引起傳統(tǒng)測(cè)繪觀念重大變革的技術(shù)，已經(jīng)成為大地測(cè)量的主要技術(shù)手段，也是最具潛力的全能型技術(shù)，在礦山測(cè)量、控制測(cè)量、工程測(cè)量、環(huán)境監(jiān)測(cè)、防災(zāi)減災(zāi)以及交通運(yùn)輸工具的導(dǎo)航方面發(fā)揮著重要的作用。由于GPS不僅具有全天候、高精度和高度靈活性的優(yōu)點(diǎn)，而且與傳統(tǒng)的測(cè)量技術(shù)相比，無(wú)嚴(yán)格的控制測(cè)量等級(jí)之分，不必考慮測(cè)點(diǎn)間通視，不需造標(biāo)，不存在誤差積累，可同時(shí)進(jìn)行三維定位等優(yōu)點(diǎn)，在外業(yè)測(cè)量模式、誤差來(lái)源和數(shù)據(jù)處理方面是對(duì)傳統(tǒng)測(cè)繪觀念的革命性轉(zhuǎn)變。地理信息系統(tǒng)作為對(duì)空間地理分布有關(guān)的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行采集、處理、管理、分析的計(jì)算機(jī)技術(shù)系統(tǒng)，其發(fā)展和應(yīng)用對(duì)測(cè)繪科學(xué)的發(fā)展意義重大，是現(xiàn)代測(cè)繪技術(shù)的重大技術(shù)支撐。以“3S”一體化或集成為主導(dǎo)的空間信息技術(shù)體系已逐漸成為