生產(chǎn)運(yùn)作分析

1、名詞解釋1.assembly to order訂貨組裝first produce semi-finished products (parts and components) in advance, then assemble them into different products according to customer order. e.g. automobile manufacturing.2.Make to order 訂貨制造all products have been designed in advance， then according to customer orders,

2、buy raw materials，parts and components, and then manufacture and assembly them into products the customer requires.3.Engineer to order: 訂貨工程first design products according to customers requirement after receiving order, then purchase, and then make them.long production cyclepay more attention to red

3、ucing design cyclestandard and general parts should be used as much as possible, using CAD, CAPP、CAE、CAM. 4.Principle of process specialization 工藝專(zhuān)業(yè)化原則organize the production units according to a production process kind. Within one production unit: the same type of workers complete the same processe

4、s using the same type equipments.5.Group technology 成組技術(shù)allocate different equipments into a production cell to work on a product family that have similar shapes and process requirements. 6.Product Life Cycle 產(chǎn)品壽命周期the time duration from the time when a product is put into market to time when it dis

5、appear in the market;7.The Process Life Cycle 過(guò)程壽命周期three major stages of the manufacturing process life cycle. Early stage、 Middle stage 、Last stage .8.Aggregate planning 總合計(jì)劃Aggregate planning, which might also be called macro production planning, addresses the problem of deciding how many employe

6、es the firm should retain and, for a manufacturing firm, the quantity and the mix of products to be produced.Aggregate planning methodology is designed to translate demand forecasts into a blueprint for planning staffing and production levels for the firm over a predetermined planning horizon.9.Inve

7、ntory 庫(kù)存Inventory is the stock of any item or resource used in an organization.10.MRP (Materials Requirements Planning)n MRP is the basic process of translating a production schedule for an end product (MPS or Master Production Schedule) to a set of requirements for all of the （subassemblies） compon

8、ents and parts needed to make that item.n MRP is the classic pushsystem. The MRP system computes production schedules for all levels based on forecasts of sales of end items. Once produced, subassemblies are pushed to next level whether needed or not.n11.BOM （Bill of Materiel）物料清單MRP-Inputs BOM cont

9、ains complete description, listing not only the materials, parts, and components but also the sequence in which the product is created;BOM, along with MPS and inventory record are the three inputs ;BOM is often called product structure file or product tree because it show how all the materials, part

10、s, components, and subassemblies are put together to form a product.12. Lot For Lot (LFL) (按需確定批量)Lot for lot: the number of units scheduled for production each period is the same as the net requirement. LFL is only for convenience and ease of use, rather than optimal.13.Flow shop流水線生產(chǎn)車(chē)間All jobs fol

11、low the same paths from one machine to the next;14.Job shop 零工型生產(chǎn)車(chē)間No similar pattern of movement of jobs from one machine to the next.簡(jiǎn)答1.Describe four phases of the manufacturing process that appear in the product-process matrix.The matrix is based on four phases in the evolution of the manufactur

12、ing process:(1)jumbled flow,(2)disconnected line flow,(3)connected line flow, and(4)continuous flow.2.There are several similarities and several differences between Exponential Smoothing and Moving Averages forecasting methods. Compare them in detail.Comparing of ES and MASimilaritiesBoth methods ar

13、e based on assumption that underlying demand is stationary .Both methods depend on a single parameter.Both methods will lag behind a trend if one exits.DifferencesMA is better than ES in that it needs only past N data, while ES needs all the past data;It is significant advantage of ES over MA that i

14、t only needs to save the last forecast, while MA needs to store N past data.3.What does the term aggregate unit of production mean? Does aggregate unit of production always corresponds to actual items?AP describes aggregate units in the following situations:In terms of “average item-when the items p

15、roduced are similar;In terms of weight (tons of steel), volume (gallons of gasoline), amount of work required (worker-years of programming time), and dollar value (value of inventory in dollars)-when many different kinds of items are produced;Appropriate aggregating schema are determined by context

16、of the particular planning problem and the level of the aggregation require.aggregate unit of production does not always correspond to actual items. The firm produces a large variety of products, a natural aggregate unit is sales dollars. Sometimes aggregate unit of production is defined as a fictit

17、ious unit.4. What is the hierarchy recommended by Hax and Meal for aggregate planning purpose?Items: These are final products to be delivered to customer. An item is often referred to as an SKU(for stockkeeping unit) and represents the finest level of detail in the product structure.Families：These a

18、re defined as a group of items that share a common manufacturing setup cost. Types: Types are groups of families with production quantities that are determined by a single aggregate production plan.5.Describe the costs in Aggregate Planning in detailSmoothing cost-Occurs as a result of changing the

19、production level from one period to the next.Holding costs-Occurs as a result of having capital tied up in inventory.Shortage costs-occurs when demands are higher than anticipated.Regular time costs-Involve the cost of producing one unit of output during regular working hours; Overtime and subcontra

20、cting costs-costs of production units not produced on regular time; Idle time costs-underutilization of workforce; 6. All inventory costs can be placed into one of three categories, discuss each in turn.Holding cost (carrying or inventory cost)：The sum of costs that are proportional to the amount of

21、 inventory physically on-hand at any point in time.Order Cost：It depend on the amount of inventory that is ordered or produced.Penalty Cost：Also know as shortage cost or stock-out costThe cost of not having sufficient stock on-hand to satisfy a demand when it occurs.論述題1.Compare different type of pr

22、oduction system classified based on customization degree, point out in which situation they can be used, illustrate their advantages and disadvantages.Classified based on customization : make to stock 備貨型生產(chǎn) production for order訂貨型生產(chǎn)make to stock 備貨型生產(chǎn)Characteristic: (1) production based on the forec

23、asting (2) mass production, in big batch (3) high product inventory (4) high productivity (5) simple production organizationDisadvantage: high risk of excess inventory or order out of stockproduction for order訂貨型生產(chǎn)Characteristics: (1) production based on the order (2) different product has different specification, quantity, quality and delivery time（交貨時(shí)間） (3) nearly zero inventory (4) delivery time is the key (5) multi-product and low volume production (6) complex product