旅游路線作為南非當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的工具外文翻譯

1、旅游路線作為南非當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的工具外文翻譯 本科畢業(yè)論文外文翻譯外文題目:tourism routes as vehicles for local economic development in south africa: the example of the magaliesberg meander出 處:urban forum, 2007, volume 18, number 2, pages 85-104作 者: jonathan mograbi and christian m. rogersonabstract tourism routes have emerged as a sign

2、ificant element for promotion of tourism, especially in small towns and rural areas. in south africa, considerable policy attention is currently focused upon the development of new tourism routes. this article examines the local development impacts of the magaliesberg maender, a route tourism initia

3、tive that traverses across two south african provinces. it is argued that whilst this tourism route has extended the tourism growth potential of the locality, its wider impacts upon surrounding communities have been limited because of the weakness of local government to address issues concerning tou

4、rism planningkeywordsroute tourismlocal economic developmenttourism planning south africaintroductionroute development has been viewed as the worlds best hope to secure sustainability in travel and tourism eci africa 2006; lourens 2007. not surprisingly, in the international context, therefore, the

5、development of themed routes as tourist attractions has gained prominence in recent years. in present-day south africa, considerable activity also surrounds the development of route tourism, involving a linkage together of the tourism resources of a number of smaller centres and collectively marketi

6、ng them as a single tourism destination region briedenhann and wickens 2004; donaldson 2007. the development of wine routes as part of the strong and growing interest in special interest wine tourism represents one of the most well-known examples preston-whyte 2000; bruwer 2003. in addition, scenic

7、routes are being widely used to assist development of the tourism potential of free state and western cape provinces donaldson 2007. the most high profile and ambitious south african route tourism initiative is the activities of the african dream project organised by the open africa foundation visse

8、r 2004. in terms of local economic development led planning, the activity of route tourism is of special interest for it often involves developing cooperative planning arrangements and relationships taking place between different localities in order for them to collectively compete as tourism spaces

9、. tourism route planning is thus a subset of what is termed by timothy 1998 as cooperative tourism planning and by reed 1999 as collaborative tourism planning. it is argued that the clustering of activities and attractions in less developed areas, stimulates cooperation and partnerships between comm

10、unities in local and neighbouring regions and serves as a vehicle for the stimulation of economic development through tourism briedenhann and wickens 2004, p. 72. spatial networks are constituted by packaging tourism products into “inclusive and coherent routes through the use of themes and stories

11、such as folklore, working lives, food and drink routes, religious routes which help to move the tourist around geographically dispersed attractions clarke 2005, p. 92. it is against a backdrop of the significance of tourism routes for led in south africa that this article examines the issues and pro

12、blems surrounding route tourism development as an led initiative in south africa. the case study under analysis is the magaliesberg meander, a recent route tourism initiative that straddles two south african provinces, namely, gauteng and north west province. tourism routes: an international perspec

13、tiveroute tourism is a market-driven approach for tourism destination development. the terminology used to describe the concept often varies in different parts of the world, with use of the notions of themed routes, trails, scenic by-ways and so forth. usually, the term trails applies to a smaller s

14、patial scale and often to indicate the ability of visitors/tourists to engage in attractions on foot, by bicycle or on horseback. by contrast, the term drive tourism is utilised to encourage visitation to attractions that may be dispersed over longer distances, thus, bringing in even remote rural ar

15、eas within the orbit of route tourism olsen 2003; shih 2006. overall, the tourism route concept is considered to be “a very effective method of tourism distribution especially of tourists travelling by road driving, hiking, cycling etc within a given geographical area eci africa 2006, p. 6. in sever

16、al parts of the world, the concept of trails or heritage routes has been used particularly in the context of promoting tourism in small towns briedenhann and wickens 2004; meyer-cech 2005. according to meyer 2004, routes seem to be a particularly good opportunity for the development of less mature a

17、reas with high cultural resources that appeal to special interest tourists who often not only stay longer but also spend more to pursue their particular interest. routes appeal to a great variety of users such as international overnight visitors that visit the route as part of a special interest hol

18、iday, staying visitors that frequent the route or part of it on day excursions or urban domestic day visitors eci africa 2006, p. 8 the essential concept of route tourism is simple, namely, that of the linking together a series of tourism attractions to promote local tourism by encouraging visitors

19、to travel from one location to another. routes vary considerably in length and scale as well as theme adopted and visitors attracted in terms of characteristics as well as numbers lourens 2007. the development of tourism routes offers opportunities for the formation of local development partnerships

20、some of the best and most successful examples of such routes are the development of wine or food circuits, which have been widely researched in europe, north america and australasia meyer-cech 2003; hall et al. 2003; telfer 2001a, b; telfer and hashimot0 2003. as illustration, the niagara wine route

21、 in canada links over 50 wineries in the region and is the anchor for wine tourism telfer 2001a. this partnership is indicative of the potential for the development of competitive advantage through local clusters as a form of tourism-led led telfer 2001b. beyond wine and food tourism routes, there a

22、re also operational european examples of route-based cultural tourism murray and graham 1997meyer 2004 isolates several factors or objectives that underpin the development of route tourism initiatives: to diffuse visitors and disperse income from tourism, to bring lesser known attractions and featur

23、es into the tourism business/product, to increase the overall appeal of a destination, to increase length of stay and spending by tourists, to attract new tourists and to attract repeat visitors and to increase the sustainability of tourism products. of crucial importance for the attractiveness of a

24、ny route is its perceived distance in terms of, particularly, the spatial distance or actual travel distance between the source generating region and the tourist destination as well as the travel time needed to cover the geographical distancetourism routes can cater for the day visitor or the stay-o

25、ver tourist, the latter often linked to drive tourism. in many contexts, drive tourism is an essential associated concept to that of tourism route development. the australian state of queensland has placed particular emphasis upon theme trails linked to drive tourism olsen 2003. the concept of drive

26、 tourism is defined by olsen 2002 as individuals traveling away from home for at least one night, on holidays or visiting friends and relatives, in their own, a rented or borrowed vehicle as the primary mode of transport. drive tourism is also delineated by the way a route it incorporates several de

27、stinations shih 2006. in addition to the multi-destination feature, hardy 2003 points out that there are six components that form drive tourism, viz., the road, accommodation provision, information including visitor centres, signage and brochures, refueling and roadside services, vehicle repairs and

28、 recovery and attractions that target drive tourists. drive tourism is thus linked to the spatial dispersal of tourism through route development. in the usa and australia in particular, the importance of drive tourism has been recognised with government support in different ways signage, information

29、 etc; see eby and molnar 2002; olsen 2002, 2003. taiwan is a recent addition to the list of countries that now focus on drive tourism shih 2006 tourism networks and clusters are additional high profile issues in the literature on tourism routes and local destination development see hall 1999; michae

30、l 2003; pavlovich 2003; gibson et al. 2005; saxena 2005. dredge 2006, p. 269 observes: networks spanning public and private sectors are increasingly important in shaping tourism planning and development. for hall 2005, p. 154 networks and cluster relationships are a significant part of the developme

31、nt of intangible capital. moreover, gibson et al. 2005, p. 87 observe for the formation of strong tourism clusters international and national agencies actively promote the concept of business networks at a local destination level. the building of networks in tourism, through route tourism initiative

32、s, may assist variously to tackle the inherent competitiveness between micro-enterprises and foster greater cooperation, drawing together public and private sector interests and to increase visitor spend while minimizing leakage and imizing the multiplier effect in the local economy clarke 2005. ove

33、rall, vernon et al. 2005, p. 325 record that a striking feature of contemporary tourism is the wealth of collaborative initiatives between local authorities, government agencies, businesses and host communities. the need for cooperation in tourism development is viewed by saxena 2005 as central to a

34、verting the long-term costs of adversarial conflicts between interest groups which can be wasteful, ensuring a degree of local control, sensible use of natural resources and responsible marketing of tourism such that it supports local socioeconomic and environmental sustainability; and to foster dem

35、ocratic empowerment and equity and an enhanced tourism product.successful tourism route developmentit has been shown that if well-designed and imaginative, tourism routes can generate several positive advantages. according to meyer 2004, the most important are to spread the economic benefits more wi

36、dely spatially by developing tourist facilities, activities and services along tour routes in a manner that will facilitate tourist spending at these stopover points; to provide additional employment and income, both directly and indirectly, through local facilities and services requited to operate

37、tour programmes and to expand tourist markets and extend average length of stay of tourists by providing a variety of attractions and activities. a central element for successful route development is the formation of co-operative networks among a multitude of often very diverse tourism suppliers mey

38、er 2004, p. 16. indeed, a precondition for establishing a route is the buildup within a region of a good framework of collaboration between government, local council, private enterprises and associations, the tourism industry and local council lourens 2007. cooperation is viewed as a productive fact

39、or that is necessary and able to harness the energies of all involved with local development for the benefit of job creation and led. conceptually, these collaborative associations are considered as route networks characterised by participating parties being mutually dependent on resources controlle

40、d by others, albeit recognising that there are advantages to be accrued from a collective pooling of resources meyer 2004an essential starting point for route development is, thus, the development of a collective culture of ;cooperation to compete. there is an imperative for intense cooperation as o

41、pposed to competition between a variety of attractions and tourism suppliers. in many cases, collaborative networks and routes have only been established because of a small number of key individuals that function as the driving forces or leaders. good south african examples are those of open africa

42、visser 2004 and the stellenbosch wine routes, which grew out from the activities of viticulturalists who saw the opportunities that would accrue from collaboration in terms of the selling of wine preston-whyte 2000; bruwer 2003nevertheless, whilst local governments seek to use tourism as a critical

43、lever for local economic development, it remains that frequently local governments are unable to take responsibility for tourism development. briedenhann and wickens 2004 argue that local government must understand the value of tourism and provide a platform for the private sector to deliver. as obs

44、erved by meyer 2004, p. 19: leadership in developing routes is essential, if this is not forthcoming from the public sector, all too often the private sector fills this space.旅游路線作為南非當(dāng)?shù)亟?jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展的工具-以馬格雷斯堡河為例摘要 旅游線路已成為一個促進(jìn)旅游業(yè)的重要因素,尤其是在小城鎮(zhèn)和農(nóng)村地區(qū)。在南非,相當(dāng)大的政策的注意力目前集中在發(fā)展新的旅游路線。本文探討了馬格雷斯堡河路線旅游的倡議,對兩個南非當(dāng)?shù)厥》莅l(fā)展的影響。

45、有人認(rèn)為,這種旅游路線,雖然擴(kuò)大了當(dāng)?shù)芈糜螛I(yè)的發(fā)展?jié)摿?但其對周邊地區(qū)的影響是有限的,因為當(dāng)?shù)卣疅o力解決有關(guān)旅游規(guī)劃的問題。關(guān)鍵詞 旅游路線 地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展 旅游規(guī)劃 南非 簡介 旅游路線發(fā)展已被視為世界上最有希望確保旅行的可持續(xù)性(eci 非洲2006;羅倫斯2007年)。這在國際范圍內(nèi),是毫無異議的。因此,作為旅游景點為主題的路線發(fā)展,近年來已取得突出。在今天的南非,大量活動也圍繞著的路線旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展,涉及集中在一起的旅游資源,作為一個單一的旅游目的地區(qū)域的共同市場(布雷登漢姆和威肯斯2004年;唐納森2007年)。最有名的例子是葡萄酒的路線,葡萄酒旅游業(yè)在特殊利益下得到強(qiáng)勁發(fā)展和不斷壯大

46、(普雷斯頓-懷特2000年;布魯爾2003年)。此外,風(fēng)景線正在被廣泛用于協(xié)助的自由州和西開普省旅游發(fā)展?jié)摿?唐納森2007年)。最引人注目的,雄心勃勃的南非洲際航線旅游倡議活動是由解放非洲基金會(比塞爾2004年)舉辦的項目。 在地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(led)的規(guī)劃上,旅游活動路線它常常涉及到發(fā)展中國家的合作,以便規(guī)劃安排和關(guān)系到不同地區(qū)之間的地方競爭他們特別感興趣的集體旅游的空間。因此,旅游線路規(guī)劃是由蒂莫西(1998年)和里德(1999年)為共同提出的旅游合作規(guī)劃。有人認(rèn)為欠發(fā)達(dá)地區(qū)的活動和景點,通過集群當(dāng)?shù)睾椭苓叺貐^(qū)的旅游服務(wù)車輛能促進(jìn)社區(qū)之間的合作和伙伴關(guān)系,刺激經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展(布雷登漢姆和威肯斯

47、2004年,第72頁)。網(wǎng)絡(luò)所構(gòu)成的空間包裝的旅游產(chǎn)品分為“包容性和連貫的路線”,通過使用主題和故事(如民間文學(xué)藝術(shù),工作生活,食品和飲料的路線,宗教路線),幫助游客領(lǐng)略到不同景點的文化 (克拉克2005年,第92頁)。這是本文探討的問題。南非領(lǐng)導(dǎo)針對南非地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展,倡議洲際航線的旅游路線。所分析的案例研究是馬格雷斯堡河的路線旅游的倡議,南非橫跨兩個省,即豪登省和西北省。 旅游路線:國際視野 旅游路線是帶動旅游目的地發(fā)展經(jīng)濟(jì)的方法。世界不同地區(qū)的有不同的概念描述,往往與“主題路線”,“創(chuàng)新”等等術(shù)語。通常情況下,術(shù)語“創(chuàng)新”適用于空間尺度較小,往往用以指示游客,從事景點間的步行,騎自行車或騎

48、馬。相比之下,術(shù)語“駕車旅游”是用來鼓勵探視景點,可分散在更長的距離,因此,即使在偏遠(yuǎn)的農(nóng)村地區(qū),都能設(shè)計旅游路線軌道(奧爾森2003年;施2006年)?？傮w而言,旅游路線的概念被認(rèn)為是“一種在特定地理區(qū)域非常有效的,尤其是旅游集散道路行駛的游客法(駕駛,遠(yuǎn)足,騎自行車等)”(eci 非洲2006,第6頁)。 在世界一些地區(qū),旅游路線的概念已經(jīng)被使用,特別是在小城鎮(zhèn)(布雷登漢姆和威肯斯2004年;邁耶-切克2005年)。邁耶(2004年)認(rèn)為路線吸引游客特別感興趣的不是誰停留時間較長,而是花費更多的時間去提高自己的文化素質(zhì),特別是良好的路線。路線表明,國際旅游作為特殊利益的一部分,一日游或城市

49、夜生活旅客使過夜旅客的數(shù)量增加(eci 2006,第8頁)。 該旅游路線的基本概念很簡單,那就是把在一起的旅游景點連接起來推廣,鼓勵游客從一個地點前往另一個地方旅游。不同路線有不同的長度和規(guī)模,通過主題特點以及數(shù)字不同(羅倫斯2007年)吸引了參觀者。旅游業(yè)的發(fā)展路線提供了促進(jìn)地方發(fā)展的伙伴關(guān)系形成的機(jī)會。對這種“航線的最佳和最成功的例子中有一些是葡萄酒和食品電路,它已被廣泛應(yīng)用于歐洲,北美和大洋洲(邁耶,2003年,特爾弗2001年,特爾弗和哈師莫 2003年),葡萄酒之路的尼亞加拉地區(qū)50多個葡萄酒廠和加拿大的聯(lián)系是對葡萄酒旅游路線(特爾弗2001年)。這種伙伴關(guān)系通過當(dāng)?shù)氐陌l(fā)展優(yōu)勢潛力,作為一個旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)為主導(dǎo)的地方經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展形成集群(特爾弗2001年)。超越葡萄酒和美食旅游路線,也有文化旅游(莫雷和格雷厄姆1997年)歐洲業(yè)務(wù)的例子為基礎(chǔ)的路線。 邁耶(2004年)鞏固旅游業(yè)路線發(fā)展的幾個因素或目標(biāo):漫游客和旅游業(yè)收入分散。使旅游企業(yè)產(chǎn)品為不太知名的景點和特色,增加一個目的地的吸引力,以增加游客逗留時間和開支,以吸引新游客,吸引回頭客,并提高旅游產(chǎn)品的可持續(xù)性。任何路線的吸引力是至關(guān)重要的,尤