虛擬語氣語法總結(jié)

1、虛擬語氣虛擬語氣主要是用來表達一種無法實現(xiàn)的愿望，一種與事實相反的情況，或者將不可能實現(xiàn)的，或可能性很小的事實，假想為事實予以表 述。這樣的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)稱為虛擬語氣。它主要有三種形式，即與現(xiàn)在事 實相反的假設(shè)，與過去事實相反的假設(shè)，與將來事實相反的假設(shè)。它 們具體結(jié)構(gòu)如表8 7。虛擬語氣的構(gòu)成種類與現(xiàn)在事實相反條件句結(jié)構(gòu)主句結(jié)構(gòu)動詞用過去式be動詞用 wereShould/could/would/might+V與過去事實相反的用 had+doneShould/could/would/might+have done與將來事實相反動詞用過去式were to doshould +vShould/coul

2、d/would/might+V虛擬語氣其他習(xí)慣用法簡表功用句型例句表示主觀愿望wish現(xiàn)在didI wish we could go to the seaside today.過去Had doneI wish I had gone to the basketball match yesterday.將來Should/ would/ could/ might+v.I wish I could fly to the moon.I wish you would stay here a littleIon ger.would rather過去had done過去時I would rather you

3、came to my party tomorrow.現(xiàn)在或?qū)韆s if, as though,現(xiàn)在didIt seems as if he was sick.過去had+過去分詞Theyre talk ing as if they had bee n friends for many years.將來Should/ would/ could/ might+vThe man looked worried, as though someth ing would happe n to him.表示間 接的命 令、建 議或請 求賓語從句suggest, propose, in sist, desir

4、e, dema nd, request, order, comma nd 等 之后(should)+vThey required that I (should) go at on ce. He suggested that the meeti ng (should) start earlier.表語從句主句中的主語常是:suggestio n, idea, proposal, order, request 等My suggesti on is that we (should) cope with the matter.Our only request is that this problem

5、(should) be settled as soon as possible.同位語從句They received an order that the work(should)be stopped.主語從句It is suggested (requested, proposed 等) that It is suggested that we (should) get everyth ing ready by toni ght.表示驚 奇、惋It is a pity (a shame, no wonder 等) that (Should)+v.It is a great pity that h

6、e (should) be so careless.惜、理應(yīng)如此等It is n ecessary(importa nt,n atural, stra nge 等)thatIt is importa nt that every one remember these rules.表示祝may+V.May you succeed!愿或愿表示強烈的愿望、祝愿”時，常用Long live the Peoples Republic of望動詞原形Chi na!God bless you !其他It is (high/about) time that+ 主語+should+v或過去式Its time th

7、at you should go home now.It is high time that we left.1 語法辨析Incorrect: If I was a girl ， I would marry youCorrect: If I were a girl ， I would marry you表示與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬語氣時，if條件句中的be動詞一律用were，這句話應(yīng)譯為我要是個女孩, 我就嫁給你。實際上不可能是個女孩。Incorrect: If I were you I will not worryCorrect: If I were you I shouldnt worry現(xiàn)在

8、時的虛擬語氣主句要用 should 或 would 加動詞原形,這句話應(yīng)譯為我要是你的話,就沒有必要 煩惱。要注意這種語態(tài)用在這里實際上是想把要講出的觀點表達得婉轉(zhuǎn)些,有禮貌些。Incorrect: God forgives you!Correct: God forgive you!這里的主語 God 是第三人稱單數(shù),之所以動詞不加 s 是因為要表達一種祝愿,即人力所不能及的 事情，實際上是forgive前有一助動詞should， May等，但在口語中將其省略了。女口： May you be happy 祝你幸福。Incorrect: If the weather was nice yeste

9、rday,we would have gone to the zooCorrect: If the weather had been nice yesterday ， we would have gone to the zoo因句中有 yesterday 一詞即表示的是與過去相反的事實，即昨天天氣很不好，我們也未去動物園， 所 以 if 條件句應(yīng)用 had 過去分詞。Incorrect: If it is was not snowing right now,I will go for a walkCorrect: If it was (were) not snowing right now ，

10、 I would go for a walk虛擬語態(tài)be動詞作助動詞時，則可用was來取代were，如was to。虛擬語態(tài)中的動詞如果是表示 正在進行之中也要用進行時態(tài)。Incorrect: If you had taken my advice, you would have been better now Correct: If you had taken my advice, you would be better now這句話的意思是如果你以前要是能聽我的忠告的話， 你現(xiàn)在就會好多了。 其條件句是與過去事實相反 的虛擬句，而主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬句，這在語法書中叫做混合虛擬條件句。

11、例如：If I hadcaught that plane ， I would be dead now 即： The plane I intended to catch crashed and everyone was killedIncorrect: He were you ， he would go home at once Correct: Were he you ， he would go home at once Correct: If he were you ， he would go home at once 在虛擬條件句中的 if 可以省略，但 if 省略后其句子的結(jié)構(gòu)要采用倒裝

12、語序。Incorrect: Supposing your teacher saw you with me What does she think?Correct: Supposing your teacher saw you with me ， what might she think?這句話中沒有 if 條件句，但仍要用作虛擬語態(tài)。這里因為有些分詞或介詞短語，起到了從句的作用。 這些短語有：without , providing, supposing , but for（you） Incorrect: To see the girl ， you will like her Correct:

13、To see the girl ， you would like her這里的條件句是用不定式取代了。Incorrect: Im sorry I did have come here by car Correct: Im sorry I should have come here bycar這里的條件句被省略了，其意為我真應(yīng)該坐小車來。同樣在句意不會混淆的情況下，主句也有時可以 被省略，如： What if we should fail! （ 我們?nèi)f一失敗了如何 ）。 If he could do it, why not? （ 如果他能做， 他怎么會不干呢 ?）Incorrect: If th

14、e earth were （was） to turn from east to west ， I will give you this car as a giftCorrect: If the earth were（was） to turn from east to west I would give you this car as a gift條件句中也常用 were to 來表示說話者認為可能性極小或根本不可能的事。Incorrect: If youd have told him early ， he would have passed the exam Correct: If you h

15、ad told him early ， he would have passed the exam 非正式口語中往往聽見外國人講：d havepp （過去分詞 ）但仍沒有人認為它是正確的句子，不易為我們效仿。Incorrect: The little girl looked as if she would have seena ghostCorrect: The little girl looked as if she had seen a ghost要注意的是 as if 從句中如果用虛擬語氣， 它的用法要與 if 條件句的動詞結(jié)構(gòu)相同， 即與現(xiàn)在事實相 反動詞用過去式，be動詞用were，

16、而與過去事實相反的動詞用 had + pp （過去分詞）。另外更要注意的 是，并非所有 as if 從句都要用虛擬語氣。如： Itlooks as if it is going to snow （ 看天好像要下雪 ）即是真 實條件句。Incorrect: I should have come here early ， but I had beenbusy Correct: I should have come here early but I wasbusybut 是轉(zhuǎn)折連詞，其后的句子是真實句，而不是虛擬句。Incorrect: To tell the truth ， I wish I kn

17、ow her address now Correct: To tell the truth, I wish I knew heraddress nowwish的賓語從句中要用虛擬結(jié)構(gòu)，與現(xiàn)在事實相反的條件動詞要用過去式，be動詞用were，與過去事實相反的條件動詞要用 had +過去分詞。如：I wished I had passed that examIncorrect: His homework was written badlyI wish he will do it better tomorrow Correct: His homework was written badly I wi

18、sh he would do it better tomorrowwish 要用來表示對現(xiàn)狀不滿，希望將來有所改進，則要用 would 加動詞原形。并非wish不能表達真正的祝愿，但是不能接從句，而要用雙賓語，或不定式，如: I wish you luck (雙賓語)I wish you to be a good stude ntI wish to see her at onceIn correct: I wish it will not be ano ther failureCorrect: I hope it will not be another failureCorrect: I wi

19、sh it would not be another failure要注意hope與wish的不同用法。2例題解析例 1 If he on tourists for his bus in ess， he would have to close his shopA depe nds B will depe ndC depe nded Dhas depe nded答案C這是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：如果他僅靠旅游來做生意的話，他早就要關(guān)門了。例 2 Had she been younger， shemore beautifulA had bee n B might have bee n C m

20、ight be D would be答案B.因其條件句是省去if的與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。例 3 If you that TV play last ni ght ， you would nt be sleepyA have nt watchedB did nt watchC had nt watchedD would nt have watched答案C .因是與過去事實相反的假設(shè)。應(yīng)譯為：昨晚你要是不看那個電視劇，你現(xiàn)在也不會這么困倦了。這是混合虛擬句，主句是與現(xiàn)在事實相反的虛擬。例 4 If it tomorrow， we will not go for the picnicA will r

21、ain B had rained C rained D rai ns答案D .因其主句是將來時，所以條件句應(yīng)用一般現(xiàn)在時表示將來。所以要注意的是有些真實條件句并沒有虛擬的含意，不要亂用虛擬語態(tài)。例 5 We had hoped that wego home at onceA did B will C / D would答案D. had hoped用來表達對過去未能實現(xiàn)的愿望，其賓語從句要用would加動詞原形。例 6 I want to see her todayrd rather you A did nt B do not C dont D do答案A. d rather其后如直接接動詞則用

22、動詞原形。如加賓語從句則從句中謂語動詞要用過去 式。例 7 It is very late， Its timeA we have left B we will leaveC we left D we leave答案 C. 要注意 It is (high/about) time 其后可接 for something,女口： It is time for supper. 或 for somebody to do something也可接從句，但從句中的謂語動詞要用過去式， 有時也可用should加動詞原 形，但should不可省略。例 8 These typewritten papers are

23、very neatI wish I type too， but I dont know howA can B may C could D will答案C. 因wish在從句中表示與現(xiàn)在相反的虛擬，所以要用would或could。例 9 It is important that he this work at onceA do B does C did D will do答案A .虛擬語氣可以用來表示要求、建議、提議、命令、意愿等。在Itis +形容詞（過去分詞）+從句的結(jié)構(gòu)中，從句中的謂語動詞要用should加動詞原形，其should在美語中經(jīng)常省略。這樣的形容詞有：important , n

24、ecessary, strange, natural。這樣的過去分詞有： demanded, requested, suggested, required , recommended。例 10 The teacher ordered that the students herA obeys B obeyed C obey ing D obey答案D.因帶有命令要求口氣的動詞其賓語從句中的謂語動詞也要用should加動詞原形。其should在美語中貝 U被省略。這樣的動詞有： ask, advise, dema nd, desire, in sist, order, recomme nd, re

25、quire , request, suggest 例 11 She rejected my suggestion that sheher son the next weekA met B will meet C meet D would meet答案C.因同位語從句的謂語動詞要用 should加動詞原形。這是因為其前面的名詞是由例 10中的那些表示愿望、命令、建議的動詞轉(zhuǎn)化而來的。例 12 Whats the matter with her?I dont know but she looks shed lost her boy friendA that B so that C as D as

26、if答案D.其意為她看上去好像是失掉了男朋友一樣臉色不好看。例 13 You fin ally passed the examYes, your help. I would have not succeededA but that B but for C but if D tha nks to答案B. 由but for , without , supposing等短語或連接詞也可以引出虛擬語態(tài)。例 14 today, he would get there by the weekendA Would he leave B Was he leavi ngC Were he to leave D If he leaves答案C.如果條件句中if被省去，則要用倒裝語序。be to在虛擬條件句中應(yīng)用 were to或was to取代。例 15 I wish I