憲法論文論清教對(duì)18世紀(jì)美國(guó)憲法基本原則的影響

1、論清教對(duì)18世紀(jì)美國(guó)憲法基本原則的影響 論清教對(duì)18世紀(jì)美國(guó)憲法基本原則的影響 influences of puritanism on the principles of american constitution in the 18th century 【摘要】 18世紀(jì)的美國(guó)憲法是世界憲法史上一部里程碑式的文獻(xiàn),其內(nèi)容等相關(guān)規(guī)定雖然存在一定的缺陷,但是它所確立的代議民主原則、權(quán)力分立與制衡原則和有限政府原則,成為了世界各國(guó)在立憲活動(dòng)中所普遍遵循的憲法原則,對(duì)世界各國(guó)的憲政之路產(chǎn)生了深遠(yuǎn)的影響。美國(guó)憲法中三大原則的確立,是一系列歷史因素共同作用的結(jié)果。其中,清教的影響是不容忽視的。清教是歐洲

2、宗教改革時(shí)期出現(xiàn)在英國(guó)的一支新教教派,它要求清除英國(guó)國(guó)教中殘余的天主教因素,沒(méi)有獲得成功,并因此而一度被英國(guó)政府迫害。為了逃避宗教迫害和實(shí)現(xiàn)自身的宗教理想,一部分清教徒向北美大陸移民,準(zhǔn)備在北美大陸建立屬于自己的“千年王國(guó)”。清教在建立“千年王國(guó)”的實(shí)踐過(guò)程中,以自身的宗教理論為指導(dǎo),并廣泛吸收歐洲先進(jìn)的思想,形成了有非常鮮明特色的美國(guó)清教思想。清教徒通過(guò)與北美大陸其他有識(shí)之士的互動(dòng)與融合,參與美國(guó)獨(dú)立戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng),實(shí)現(xiàn)了美國(guó)的獨(dú)立。清教不僅對(duì)美國(guó)建國(guó)作出了巨大的貢獻(xiàn),其思想和實(shí)踐對(duì)美國(guó)憲法也產(chǎn)生了重大的影響。本文從美國(guó)憲法的三大原則出發(fā),根據(jù)筆者所掌握的歷史資料,通過(guò)理性分析,揭示了清教理論與實(shí)踐和

3、美國(guó)憲法的聯(lián)系,從而展示出清教是如何對(duì)美國(guó)憲法產(chǎn)生影響的。本文首先是從闡明美國(guó)憲法中的最基本原則代議民主原則開(kāi)始,通過(guò)介紹清教的內(nèi)部民主,指出了其內(nèi)部模式中含有民主因素。接著結(jié)束清教在北美大陸上的民主實(shí)踐,指出其民主發(fā)展過(guò)程,論證了清教對(duì)代議民主原則的影響。然后,分析了清教內(nèi)部機(jī)制,從而介紹美國(guó)歷史上的聯(lián)邦思想的清教淵源。其后闡述了清教在北美大陸上自治實(shí)踐和統(tǒng)一實(shí)踐,以及歷史上著名的清教徒麥迪遜的思想和實(shí)踐,指出清教是如何對(duì)權(quán)力分立與制衡原則的確立作出了貢獻(xiàn)。最后,筆者介紹了清教理論中的自由主義因素,以及清教的宗教自由和法治實(shí)踐,通過(guò)對(duì)清教和有限政府原則之間的關(guān)系的研究,從而證明了清教對(duì)有限政

4、府原則的影響?！綼bstract】 the american constitution in the 18th century is a landmark in the history of world constitution. though there are some defects in it, the principle of representative democracy, the principle of separation and restriction of power and the principle of limited government established

5、 by it are universally followed by other countries in the process of establishing the constitution. these principles have exerted great influence on the constitutionalism of various countries.the establishment of the three principles of the american constitution resulted from a series of historical

6、factors, among which the influence of puritanism cannot be ignored. puritanism was a newly emerging sect in britain during the period of european religious reform. it claimed to eliminate the residue of catholicism in anglicanism. however, it failed and the puritans were persecuted by the english go

7、vernment. in order to escape from the persecution and to fulfill their religious ideal, some puritans emigrated from britain to north america and prepared to build their own“eternal country”. during the process of building their“eternal country”, the puritans, based on the their own religious theory

8、 and practice, assimilated advanced thoughts from europe, cooperated with men of insight in north america, participated in the war of american independence and finally helped achieve the independence of america. puritanism has contributed to the founding of america greatly and its thoughts and the p

9、uritanspractice have exerted great influence on the american constitution.this thesis begins from the three principles of the american constitution, based on the materials gathered by the author, reveals the relationship between the theory and practice of puritanism and the american constitution, an

10、d shows how puritanism has influenced the american constitution. this thesis firstly illuminates the most basic principle in american constitution-the principle of representative democracy. it continues to introduce the inner democracy of puritanism and its democratic practice in north america and t

11、o discuss the influence of puritanism on this principle. then, this thesis analyzes the inner mechanism of puritanism, the autonomous practice and unification practice of puritanism as well as the famous puritan madisons thoughts and practice, and points out how the puritans has contributed to the e

12、stablishment of the principle of separation and restriction of power. in the end, the author introduces the factors of latitudinarianism and the freedom of religion and judicial practice in puritanism. this thesis proves the influence of puritanism on the principle of limited government through anal

13、yzing the relationship between them. 【關(guān)鍵詞】 清教; 美國(guó)憲法; 代議民主原則; 權(quán)力分立與制衡原則; 有限政府原則 論清教對(duì)18世紀(jì)美國(guó)憲法基本原則的影響摘要 4-5 abstract 5-6 引言 9-11 第1章 清教對(duì)美國(guó)憲法的代議民主原則的影響 11-17 1.1 美國(guó)憲法的代議民主原則 11-13 1.1.1 代議民主原則的理論介紹 11-12 1.1.2 代議民主原則的理論淵源 12-13 1.2 清教的內(nèi)部民主 13-14 1.3 清教在北美殖民地的民主實(shí)踐 14-17 1.3.1 五月花號(hào)公約：確立少數(shù)服從多數(shù)原則 14-15 1.3.

14、2 代議民主制度的逐步形成 15-17 第2章 清教對(duì)美國(guó)憲法的權(quán)力分立與制衡原則的影響 17-30 2.1 美國(guó)憲法的權(quán)力分立與制衡原則 17-19 2.1.1 權(quán)力分立與制衡原則的理論介紹 17 2.1.2 權(quán)力分立與制衡原則的理論淵源 17-19 2.2 清教的內(nèi)部機(jī)制 19-20 2.3 清教在北美殖民地的自治實(shí)踐 20-22 2.4 清教的三權(quán)分立實(shí)踐 22-23 2.5 清教統(tǒng)一北美殖民地的嘗試 23-27 2.5.1 新英格蘭聯(lián)盟 23-24 2.5.2 奧爾巴尼會(huì)議 24-25 2.5.3 邦聯(lián)國(guó)會(huì) 25-27 2.6 詹姆斯麥迪遜突出的個(gè)人作用 27-30 2.6.1 詹姆斯麥迪遜的權(quán)力分立與制衡思想 27-28 2.6.2 詹姆斯?麥迪遜對(duì)權(quán)力分立與制衡原則的影響 28-30 第3章 清教對(duì)美國(guó)憲法的有限政府原則的影響 30-39 3.1 美國(guó)憲法的有限政府原則 30-31 3