愛倫坡及其作品中的哥特式元素

1、愛倫坡及其作品中的哥特式元素poe and gothic elements in his worksabstract: the gothic tradition plays an important role in english and american literature, and many writers have inherited the writing tradition in their novels. this paper analyzes the influence of the gothic tradition on the creation of poes famous

2、 gothic stories which contain gothic elements in many aspects, including themes, characters, environment, details and climaxes and so on. at the same time, poe adds disintegrating mentality and fresh energy into the old form of gothic tradition. whats more, he endows the characters with complicated

3、psychological description which makes the old gothic form perfect. he makes his gothic stories imitate the gothic technique successfully and adds something new to gothic tradition as well. as a result his gothic stories maintain the unique and everlasting artistic charm in the literature.key words:

4、edgar allan poe; gothic novels; gothic tradition; improvement摘要：哥特式傳統(tǒng)在英美文學(xué)的創(chuàng)作中扮演著非常重要的角色，許多作家都把這一傳統(tǒng)用到他們的作品中。本文旨在分析哥特式傳統(tǒng)在愛倫坡的著名哥特式小說中的運用與影響。這些著作在主題、人物、環(huán)境的描述以及細節(jié)和情節(jié)的刻畫方面都運用了哥特式的協(xié)作方法。愛倫坡將分裂的心理和新鮮的能量注入舊的哥特式形式，并賦予小說中的人物畸形的心理刻畫使其與傳統(tǒng)的哥特式完美結(jié)合。他在巧妙地運用哥特式傳統(tǒng)的同時又增添了新的元素，使得他的哥特式小說在世界文學(xué)藝術(shù)中保持著持久的魅力。關(guān)鍵詞：愛倫坡；哥特式小說；哥

5、特式傳統(tǒng)；傳承contentsi. an introduction to the gothic tradition and its influence on literature.1.2a. the origin of gothic tradition and iits development.1.2b. the beginning of gothic novel.2.3c. the characteristics of english gothic novel.34ii. a brief introduction to emily brontedgar allan poe and wuthe

6、ring his gothic novels.3heights42.2 wuthering heights and gothic tradition.6iii. gothic depiction plays a key role in poes gothic works.5a. gothic application to the description of environment.5.8b. gothic application to the creation of characters disintegrating mind.6c. .9gothic application to the

7、device of plotclimax.7.10iv. emily bronteedgar allan poes improvement on the gothic tradition.7.11v. conclusion.9works cited.10poe and gothic elements in his worksthe gothic elements in wuthering heightsabstract: the gothic tradition has very significant influence on the english and american literat

8、ure, and many writers have inherited this writing tradition in their novels. in this paper, the writer analyzes the influence of the gothic tradition on the creation of emily brontes famous novel wuthering heights. the novel contains gothic elements in many aspects, including the theme, characters,

9、environment descriptions, details and plots, etc. meanwhile, emily bronte adds violent emotion, complex mentality and fresh energy into the old form. whats more, she endows the characters with complicated psychological description which makes the old gothic form and fervid content combines perfectly

10、. at the same time, she adds reality into the novel skillfully; thus, she makes wuthering heights imitate the gothic technique successfully and adds something new to the black romanticism of gothic tradition as well. as a result this novel maintains the unique and everlasting artistic charm in the w

11、orld literaturekey words: emily bronte; wuthering heights; gothic tradition; improvement摘要：哥特式傳統(tǒng)在英美文學(xué)的創(chuàng)作中具有非常顯著的影響。許多作家都把這一傳統(tǒng)用到他們的作品中。本文旨在分析哥特式傳統(tǒng)在艾米麗勃朗特的著名小說呼嘯山莊中的運用與影響。這篇著作在主題、人物、環(huán)境的描述以及細節(jié)和情節(jié)的刻畫方面都運用了哥特式的協(xié)作方法。艾米麗勃朗特將瘋狂的情感、復(fù)雜的心理和新鮮的能量注入古老的形式，并賦予小說中的人物復(fù)雜的心理刻畫使其與傳統(tǒng)的哥特式完美結(jié)合。同時，她把現(xiàn)實完美的融入到小說中，因此，她在巧妙地運用哥

12、特式傳統(tǒng)的同時又增添了新的元素，使得這部獨特的小說在世界文學(xué)藝術(shù)中保持著持久的魅力。關(guān)鍵詞：艾米麗勃朗特；呼嘯山莊；哥特式傳統(tǒng)；借鑒與發(fā)展. an introduction to the gothic tradition and its influence on literaturea. the origin of gothic tradition and its its development the term “gothic” admittedly, originated from a confluence of history and architecture. the goths we

13、re a northern germanic european people whose ways and beliefs differed largely from those of greco-roman classical civilization farther south. so to the southern outlook, the goths were wholly uncivilized and barbarous. they were absorbed by christianity, brought a unique architectural and artistic

14、sensibility. gradually, “gothic style” becomes the representive style of “the middle age” in europe (hayes 73). the gothic architecture is always very strange and eccentric, high and broad, and with a heavy atmosphere of religion. it is not only frequently associated with architecture, and it can al

15、so be applied to sculpture, panel painting, illuminated manuscripts, stained glass, jewellery and textiles produced in that period. the gothic style expressed the essence of the catholic faith, concerned with creating a sense of the numinous, of the presence of god, while still incorporating older p

16、agan (nature-worship) symbolism: gargoyles, elemental spirits whose purpose was to ward off evil. however, the term “gothic” was never actually applied to any of these art forms until after “the dark ages” was over. with the arrival of the renaissance and the enlightenment, anything medieval came to

17、 be seen as backward and primitive, associated with brutality, superstition and feudalism. gothic was therefore used derisively until a revival of interest in everything medieval occurred in the mid-to-late 18th century. in the 18th century, the novel was coming into its own as an established litera

18、ry form, many novelists began to look to older, oral and romantic traditions (e.g. the arthurian legends) as a literary source essentially, a reaction against ideas of the enlightenment and realistic literary conventions. romanticism was a literary genre preferring grandeur, picturesqueness, passion

19、, and extraordinary beauty. like the gothic art style, romanticism was considered the opposite of classical, and also particularly medieval in character. the gothic novel, distinctive for its fascination with the horrible, the repellent, the grotesque and the supernatural, in combination with many o

20、f the characteristics of the romantic novel, was (and still is) seen by some critics as a sub-genre of romanticism, and by others as a genre in its own right (snyder 212).b. the beginning of english gothic novelthe english gothic novel began with horace walpoles the castle of otranto (1765), which w

21、as enormously popular and quickly imitated by other novelists and soon became a recognizable genre. to most modern readers, however, the castle of otranto is a dull reading. except for the villain manfred, the characters are insipid and flat; the action moves at a fast clip with no emphasis or suspe

22、nse. but contemporary readers found the novel electrifyingly original and thrillingly suspenseful, with its remote setting, its use of the supernatural, and its medieval trappings, all of which have been so frequently and poorly imitated that they have become stereotypes. the genre takes its name fr

23、om otrantos medieval or gothicsetting. early gothic novelists tended to set their novels in remote times like “the middle ages” and in remote places like italy or the middle east (hayes 75).in 1847wuthering heightsby emily bronte. it is a story of a wild passion in which gothicism runs simultaneousl

24、y to romanticism.c. the characteristics of gothic novelslwhat makes a work gothic is a combination of at least some of these elements: a castle, ruined or intact, haunted or not (the castle plays such a key role that it has been called the main character of the gothic novel); a curious heroine with

25、a tendency to faint and a need to be rescued frequently; a hero whose true identity is revealed by the end of the novel; a passion-driven, willful villain-hero or villain; dungeons, underground passages, crypts, and catacombs which, in modern houses become spooky basements or attics; extreme landsca

26、pes, like rugged mountains, thick forests, or icy wastes, and extreme weather; horrifying (or terrifying) events or the threat of such happenings; labyrinths, dark corridors, and winding stairs; magic, supernatural manifestations, or the suggestion of the supernatural; omens and ancestral curses; ru

27、ined buildings which are sinister or which arouse a pleasing melancholy; dungeons, underground passages, crypts, and catacombs which, in modern houses, become spooky basements or attics, labyrinths, dark corridors, and winding stairs, shadows, a beam of moonlight in the blackness, a flickering candl

28、e, or the only source of light failing (a candle blown out or, today, an electric failure); extreme landscapes, like rugged mountains, thick forests, or icy wastes, and extreme weather, omens and ancestral curses, magic, supernatural manifestations, or the suggestion of the supernatural, a passion-d

29、riven, willful villain-hero or villain, a curious heroine with a tendency to faint and a need to be rescued frequently, a hero whose true identity is revealed by the end of the novel, horrifying (or terrifying) events or the threat of such happenings. the gothic creates feelings of gloom, mystery, a

30、nd suspense and tends to the dramatic and the sensational, like incest, diabolism, necrophilia, and nameless terrors. it crosses boundaries, mixed daylight and the dark side, life and death, consciousness and unconsciousness. sometimes covertly, sometimes explicitly, it presents transgression, taboo

31、s, and fears fears of violation, of imprisonment, of social chaos, and of emotional collapse. most of us immediately recognize the gothic elements (even if we dont know the name) when we encounter it in novels, poetry, plays, movies, and tv series. to some readers safely experiencing dread or horror

32、 is thrilling and enjoyable. gothic fiction, the frightening and horrifying stories of various kinds have been told in all ages, but the tradition confusingly designated as “gothic” is a distinct modern development in which the characteristic theme is the stranglehold of the past upon the present, o

33、r the encroachment of the “dark” age of oppression upon the “enlightened” modern era (drabble 422). in gothic romances and tales this theme is embodied typically in enclosed and haunted settings such as castles, crypts, convents, or gloomy mansions, in images of ruin and decay, and in episodes of im

34、prisonment, cruelty, and persecution. from those sources the first master of america gothic writing, poe, developed a more intensity hysterical style in gothic stories.gothic elements have made their way into mainstream writing. they are found in sir walter scotts novels, charlotte brontes jane eyre

35、, and emily brontes wuthering heights and in romantic poetry like samuel coleridges “christabel” lord byrons “the giaour” john keatss “the eve of st. agnes”,etc. a tendency to the macabre and bizarre which appears in writers like william faulkner, truman capote, and flannery oconnor has been called

36、southern gothic (hayes 74). . a brief introduction to edgar allan poe emily bronte and wuthering heightshis gothic novelsemily brontepoe, novelist and poet, is one of the most important figures of english american literature in nineteenth century.his life experience and hard writing career stamped a

37、 direct and deep influence in his creating of short stories and poems, the main literary forms, both of them are not the reflection of the real world, but the imagination of him. most of them are gothic novels with decadent content, eccentric and abnormal psychological characters, and the plot of de

38、ath and decadence.usually the basic tone of them is negative and oppressive, filled with mysteries. the ancient eccentric castles, decadent temples or abbeys and the ghastly crypts are always the happening places of his gothic novels. his heroes often present as crazy noble, the murder who tortured

39、himself, the weak neurotic man who addicted in the corpses and death, or the man with abnormal psychology. these abnormal heroes and heroines were locked in the terrible castles, abbeys, crypts or inner world, and standing various kinds of pain and horror. poes gothic novels show, though carefully c

40、rafted symbols, complex characters in deep psychological states. the symbols are rays of light that poe casts on those hidden, deep recesses of the human mind. often, the stories gain added complexity and sophistication because of poes use of complex narrators. in order to show the details of their

41、psychological states, poe did his best to place the characters in a special situation to enhance the force of his works. whats more, his characters own an alter ego or a double, thus signifying the incompleteness and the self-loathing part of an individual. sometimes the characters try to escape fro

42、m or destroy or bury the part of the self which is represent as the double, the annihilation of the double or the half of ones half, leads to the destruction of the other half, thus to the self-destruction(tong 117-118). emily and her siblings were raised in the yorkshire area ofengland. childhood i

43、maginings shared with siblings became an important part of emilys writings. as an adult, emily recognized a metaphysical power in her life that made it known in her greatest poems and is a profound presence in wuthering heights. set during late eighteenthcentury england, wuthering heights reflected

44、the social upheaval occurring in england when emily bronte wrote the novel.the industrialization of england had given rise to a middle class based on wealth not land ownership. the arrival of irish refugees from the potato famine presented the problem of parentless children in need of homes and soci

45、alization, such as heathcliff. ultimately, emily portrays the problem of being female in the patriarchal culture of the early nineteenth century. (heather glen, 2004)wuthering heights is emily bronts only novel. it was first published in 1847 under the pseudonym “ellis bell”, and the second edition

46、was edited by her sister charlotte.the narrator tells the tale of the all-encompassing and passionate, yet thwarted love between heathcliff and catherine earnshaw, and how this unresolved passion eventually destroys them and many around them. now considered as a classic english literature, wuthering

47、 heights met with mixed reviews by critics when it first appeared, with many horrified by the stark depictions of mental and physical cruelty. though charlotte brontes jane eyre was originally considered the best of the bront sisters works, many subsequent critics of wuthering heights argued that it

48、s originality and achievement made it superior. wuthering heights has also given rise to many adaptations and inspired works, including films, radio, television dramatizations, a musical by bernard j. taylor and songs (notably-wuthering heights by kate bush), ballet and opera. actually, the the goth

49、ic novels were very influential and they originated from the late eighteenth century in england, after 1920s, its core position transferred to america, among them, the novels written by poe are the most famous (wei 1). he is a famous novelist, his works impacted deeply on many european and american

50、writers. he is good at depicting the horrible scenes and the morbid psychology.when it comes to poe, a famous american novelist, no one can ignore his gothic novels. what, however, contributes to the authors success of those works? there are two main reasons. “besides influencing romantic poets, but

51、 also influence the bronte sisters and other novelists in 19th century” (david cecil, 1962 44). at the time when the bronte sisters works were published, the prime of gothic novels had already passed. however, their works written in their childhoods (1826-1843) were in the same time as mary shellys

52、gothic terror novels. meanwhile, it is said that besides reading various literary works, bronte sisters also enjoyed reading blackwoods and frasers magazines, which had published all kinds of stories and poems that were terrible and exciting with intense plots. when it comes to emily bronte (1818-18

53、48), a, famous british novelist, no one can ignore her masterpiecewuthering heights overflowing with enthusiasm and extremely frightening. what, however, contributes to the authors success of the work? there are two main reasons.one is the environmental impact on the authors growth. emily bronte poe

54、 was born in a pastors poor travel actors family; her mother is parents died when she was only three years old. this sudden death probably warped him for the rest of life. he was taken into the home of john allan, a successful and ambitious richmond merchant. because of lack of mothers parents love,

55、 and especially her fathers love, and the conflicts between his foster-father, he lived a lonely life which made him eccentric to the society. and his character was full of contradictions, naturally stubborn and willful, gloomy, indignant and intolerant. indifference, in the desolate yorkshire, she

56、lived a lonely life, which made her born silence and unsociableness. and her character was full of contradictions, naturally stubborn and willful, gloomy, indignant and intolerant. shehe, however, had a strong and creative brain filled with eccentric but depressed mighty. emily poe was endowed with

57、the unique imagination which a novelist must have. and both her his character and her his mind were with gothic color which can be seen in “william wilson”.another is the impact of the authors contemporary academic schools morbid love affection. emily bronte poe had an unhappy childhood during which time he had senses of inferiority, timidness, introversion, and precocity. during school time, he felt more and more insecure and estrange from his schoolmates for his lowly origin and more and more antagonistic to mr. allan out of