英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)閱讀知識(shí)輔導(dǎo)：英國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)

1、2017年英語(yǔ)專業(yè)八級(jí)閱讀知識(shí)輔導(dǎo)： 英國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)government and administration英國(guó)政府機(jī)構(gòu)the united kingdom is a constitutional monarchy, theheadof state is a kingor a queen.the unitedkingdomisgoverned, in the name of the sovereign by his or hermajestysgovernment.thesystemofparliamentarygovernmentis not based on awrittenconstit

2、ution, the british constitution is not set out inany singledocument. it is made up of statute law, common law and conventions. thejudiciary determines common law andinterprets statutes.聯(lián)合王國(guó)是君主立憲制國(guó)家，國(guó)家的首腦是國(guó)王或女王。聯(lián)合王 國(guó)以君的名義，由國(guó)王或女王陛下政府治理。英國(guó)的議會(huì)制度并不是 基于成文憲法，英國(guó)憲法不由單一文件構(gòu)成，而由成文法，習(xí)慣法和慣 例組成。司法部門(mén)裁定習(xí)慣法或解釋成文法。i.t

3、he monarchy君主制1 .elizabeth ii, her title in the united kingdom is elizabeththe second, by the graceof god of the unitedkingdom of great britain and northern ireland and her otherrealms andterritories, queen, head of thecommonwealth, defender of the faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全稱是上帝神佑，大布列顛及北愛(ài)爾蘭聯(lián) 合王國(guó)以及她的其他領(lǐng)土和領(lǐng)地的女王

4、，英聯(lián)邦元首，國(guó)教保護(hù)者伊莉莎白二世。2 .the queen is the symbol of the whole nation. in law, sheis head of the executive,an integral part of thelegislature, head of the judiciary, the commander-in-chief of allthe armed forces and the supreme governorof the church of england. she givesroyal assent to bills passed by p

5、arliament.女王是國(guó)家的象征。從法律上講，她是行政首腦，立法機(jī)構(gòu)的組 成部分，司法首腦，全國(guó)武裝部隊(duì)總司令，英國(guó)國(guó)教至高無(wú)上”的。她任命首相和重要的政府官員。對(duì)議會(huì)通過(guò)的法案給予御準(zhǔn)。3 .the monarch actually has no real power. the monarchspower are limited by lawand parliament. constitutionalmonarchy began after the glorious revolution in 1688.君主政體實(shí)際已無(wú)實(shí)權(quán)。它的權(quán)力受限于法律和議會(huì)。君主立憲制是從1688年的光榮革命后

6、開(kāi)始。il.parliament議會(huì)i.the united kingdom is a unitary, not a federal, state. parliament consists of thesovereign, the house oflords and the house of commons.英國(guó)是中央集權(quán)國(guó)家，而不是聯(lián)邦制國(guó)家。議會(huì)由君主，上議院 和下議院組成。2 .the main functions of parliament are: (1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by votingfor taxation, the means o

7、fcarrying on the work of government; (3) to examinegovernment policy and administrations, including proposalfor expenditure; and (4)to debate the major issues of the day.議會(huì)的主要作用是：(1)通過(guò)立法；(2)投票批準(zhǔn)稅為政府工作提供資金；(3)檢查政府政策和行政管理，包括撥款提議；(4)當(dāng)天的議題辯論。3 .the house of lords is made up of the lords spiritual and th

8、e lords temporal. themain function of the houseof lords is to bring the wide experience of its membersinto the process of lawmaking. in other words, the non-elected house is to act as achamber of revision, complementing but not rivaling the elect house.貴族院（上議院）由神職貴族和世俗貴族組成。它的主要作用是用 議員的豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)幫助立法。換而言之，

9、非選舉的上議院是修正議院， 補(bǔ)充而非反對(duì)由選舉產(chǎn)生的下議院。4 .the house of common is elected by universal adult suffrage and consists of 651members of parliament （mps）.it is in the house of commons that the ultimateauthority.下議院（平民院）由成人普選產(chǎn)生，由651名議員組成。下議院擁 有最終立法權(quán)。5 .britain is divided 651 constituencies. each of the constituenci

10、es returns onemember to the house of commons.a general election must be held every five yearsand is often held at more frequent intervals.英國(guó)被劃分為651個(gè)選區(qū)，每個(gè)選區(qū)選一名下議院議員。大選 必須五年舉行一次，但經(jīng)常不到五年就進(jìn)行一次選舉。6 .britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. these twoparties are the conservati

11、veparty and the labour party. since 1945, either theconservative party or the labour party has held power. theparty which winssufficient seats at a general election to command a majority of government. theleader of themajority party isappointed prime minister. the party which wins thesecondlargest n

12、umber of seats becomes theofficial opposition, with its own leaderand shadow cabinet . the rule of opposition is to help theformulation of policy.criticizes the government and debate with the government.英國(guó)有很多政黨，但有兩個(gè)主要的政黨-保守黨和工黨。從1945年以來(lái)，兩黨一直輪流執(zhí)政，在大選 中獲多數(shù)議席因而在下議院擁有多數(shù)支持者的政黨組建政府，多數(shù)黨由君主任命為首相。獲得第二多數(shù)議席的政黨

13、則正式成為反對(duì)黨，有自己的和影子內(nèi)閣。反對(duì)黨的目的是幫助制定政策，它可以經(jīng)常給 政府提出批評(píng)性的建議和修正議案。iii .the cabinet and ministry內(nèi)閣和內(nèi)閣部長(zhǎng)1. the prime minister presides over the cabinet, is responsible for the allocation offunctions among ministersand informs the queen at regular meetings of generalbusiness of the government. cabinet members ho

14、ld meetingsunder thechairmanship of the prime minister for a few hours each week to decide governmentpolicy on majorissues.首相主持內(nèi)閣，負(fù)責(zé)分配大臣們的職能，在定期會(huì)見(jiàn)女王時(shí)向女 王報(bào)告政府事務(wù)。內(nèi)閣在首相的主持下，每周開(kāi)會(huì)幾小時(shí)，以決定在重大問(wèn)題上政府的政策。2. ministers are responsible collectively to parliament forall cabinet decisions;individual ministers arere

15、sponsible toparliament for the work of their department.內(nèi)閣的所有決定由大臣集體向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)，各大臣又為各自部門(mén)的工作向議會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)。iv .the privy council樞密院1. the privy council was formerly the chief source of executive power in the stateand give private advice tothe king.so the privy council was also called the kingscouncil in history. t

16、oday its role is largely formal,advising the sovereign to approvecertain government decrees.樞密院原來(lái)是政府行政權(quán)力的源泉，給君主提供 “私人建議。它 在歷也稱為國(guó)王議會(huì)。今天它的主要作用是禮節(jié)性的，如建議君主批 準(zhǔn)政府的法令。2. its membership is about 400, and includes all cabinet ministers, the speaker ofthe house of common andsenior british and commonwealth sta

17、tement.它的主要成員有400人左右，包括內(nèi)閣閣員，下議院院長(zhǎng)及英 國(guó)，英聯(lián)邦的高級(jí)政治家等。v.government department and the civil service政府各部和公務(wù)員部1 .commonwealth office, the ministry of defense主要的政府部門(mén)包括：財(cái)務(wù)部，內(nèi)務(wù)部，外交部，國(guó)防部等。2 . members of the civil service are called civil services.they staff governmentdepartments. civil servantsare recruitedmai

18、nly by competitive examination. civilservants do not belong to any political party. changesof government do not involvechanges in departmental staff, there are about 541800civil servants in britainnow.文職人員部的成員被成為公務(wù)員。公務(wù)員主要是通過(guò)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)考試錄 用。公務(wù)員部門(mén)不屬于任何政黨，政府的變更并不影響部門(mén)職員的變 更。英國(guó)現(xiàn)約有541800名公務(wù)員。vi.local government地方政府部門(mén)1. there are two main tiers of