第七章 票據(jù)法 國際商法

1、第一節(jié) 票據(jù)的概念及法理 Concept and legal principle of bills n何謂票據(jù)？ q廣義：所有商業(yè)上用作權(quán)利憑證的單據(jù)(document of title)。無論是否可流通，是否有價(jià)，是否代表物 權(quán)。(Documents of title to the goods) q 狹義：僅指流通票據(jù)(negotiable instruments )。以支 付一定金額為目的，可以流通轉(zhuǎn)讓的有價(jià)證券。 (negotiable securities to pay a certain sum of money ) 即票據(jù)法上規(guī)定的票據(jù)，匯票本票和支票。 The origin of

2、 bills nBill is originated from Ancient Greek 交子 ：a paper currency in Northern Song dynasty n Now, it is widely used in settlement. 票據(jù)的作用 n匯兌作用 the role of remittance n信用工具作用 the role of credit instrument n支付工具作用 instrument of payment n流通的作用the role of circulation 二、票據(jù)的概念和特征二、票據(jù)的概念和特征 1、概念、概念 票據(jù)又稱流通

3、證券（票據(jù)又稱流通證券（negotiable instrument）,是權(quán)利財(cái)產(chǎn)的是權(quán)利財(cái)產(chǎn)的 一種，其全部權(quán)利得依票據(jù)的交付或背書而合法轉(zhuǎn)讓，一種，其全部權(quán)利得依票據(jù)的交付或背書而合法轉(zhuǎn)讓，善意善意 的受讓人得享有票據(jù)上的全部權(quán)利，不受其前手的權(quán)利瑕疵的受讓人得享有票據(jù)上的全部權(quán)利，不受其前手的權(quán)利瑕疵 的影響。的影響。 Negotiation can be effected only by delivery or endorsement and delivery. The transferee in good faith can acquire a better title than th

4、at held by all his prior parties. 票據(jù)的特征 n1. 流通性 transfer with rapid and convenient way n 2. Bill relationship separate from basic relationships (relative separate) n 3. Protect the third party in good faith. n 4. A bill is a formal security. It shall comply with legal form. 三、票據(jù)的種類三、票據(jù)的種類 匯票、本票和支票匯票

5、、本票和支票 （1）匯票與支票是委托式的票據(jù)。它是由出票人簽發(fā)）匯票與支票是委托式的票據(jù)。它是由出票人簽發(fā) 的，委托付款人于規(guī)定的時(shí)間無條件地向受款人支付的，委托付款人于規(guī)定的時(shí)間無條件地向受款人支付 一定金額的流通證券。因此，匯票與本票均有三個(gè)當(dāng)一定金額的流通證券。因此，匯票與本票均有三個(gè)當(dāng) 事人，出票人（事人，出票人（drawer）、受款人）、受款人(payee)和付款人和付款人 （drawee）。匯票與支票的主要區(qū)別在于：支票必須）。匯票與支票的主要區(qū)別在于：支票必須 以銀行為付款人，而匯票的付款人不以銀行為限，既以銀行為付款人，而匯票的付款人不以銀行為限，既 可以是銀行，也可以不是銀行

6、?？梢允倾y行，也可以不是銀行。 （2）本票是允諾式票據(jù)，它是由出票人允諾于規(guī)定時(shí)）本票是允諾式票據(jù)，它是由出票人允諾于規(guī)定時(shí) 間無條件地由他自己向受款人支付一定金額的流通證間無條件地由他自己向受款人支付一定金額的流通證 券。所以，本票只有兩個(gè)當(dāng)事人，即出票人和受票人。券。所以，本票只有兩個(gè)當(dāng)事人，即出票人和受票人。 本票的出票人就是付款人。本票的出票人就是付款人。 票據(jù)法體系 n大陸法系： q日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一匯票、本票法和日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一支票法合稱 為日內(nèi)瓦統(tǒng)一法。 n英美法系： q英國、加拿大、美國、澳大利亞等 q英國1882年票據(jù)法和美國1897年統(tǒng)一流通證券法 n我國票據(jù)法： q1996年1月1日始

7、生效的中華人民共和國票據(jù)法 Negotiable instrument laws nBritish law UK Bills of Exchange Act of 1882 US Uniform Commercial Code of 1962, Article 3 nFrench and German law nUniform law for Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes of Geneva of 1930 nConvention Providing a Uniform Law for International Bills of Exchang

8、e and International Promissory Notes and Convention Providing a Uniform law for International Checks United Nations 1988 nNegotiable Instrument Law of Peoples Republic of China 匯票匯票 Bill of exchange P408 nsection 3, bill of exchange act, 1882,UK A Bill of exchange is an unconditional order in writin

9、g, addressed by one person to another, signed by the person giving it, requiring the person to whom it is addressed to pay on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time a sum certain in money to or the order of a specified person or to bearer. Negotiable Instruments Law of the Peoples Republic

10、 of China (2004 Revision) nArticle 19 A draft is a bill signed by the drawer, requiring the entrusted payer to make unconditional payment in a fixed amount at the sight of the bill or on a fixed date to the payee or the holder. n第十九條 匯票是出票人簽發(fā)的，委托付款人 在見票時(shí)或者在指定日期無條件支付確定的金 額給收款人或者持票人的票據(jù)。 Exchange for U

11、S $ 35,000.00 Shanghai, April 2, 2007 At 60 days sight, pay to the order the Bank of China The sum of US Dollars Thirty-five Thousand only. Value received To: The Citibank New York, U.S.A. For: China National Chemicals Import his rights over the bill will not be affected by the title defects of his

12、direct prior party. Holder/bearer ACDE B Drew a draft on B Endorsed and lost it Picked it up and transferred it to E for value Accepted the draft Gave it as a present nAccording to the tenor (期限期限) Demand draft/ sight draft Time/ usance draft/after sight 1)Payable at a fixed time after sight ( the a

13、ccepting date) 2)Payable at a fixed time after date ( the issuing date) 3)Payable at a fixed future date/deferred payment bill e.g. “at a fixed time after a B/L date” 2.2.4 Classification of a bill of exchange 2.2.4 Classification of a bill of exchange nAccording to whether commercial documents are

14、attached thereto clean draft; documentary draft nAccording to the drawer Bankers draft; traders draft 匯票的種類 n按出票人分：銀行匯票和商業(yè)匯票 n按付款時(shí)間：即期和遠(yuǎn)期 n按承兌人分：銀行承兌和商業(yè)承兌匯票 n是否跟單分：光票和跟單匯票 n是否注明收款人：記名和不記名匯票 匯票樣本 nBILL OF EXCHANGE nNo.09-7019 Beijing, 20th Sep. 2003 nExchange for At 60 days D/P sight of this FIRST of

15、 Exchange (Second being unpaid). nPay to the order of BANK OF COMMUNICATIONS nthe sum of nDrawn under Metropolitan Bank ,L/C No.0319, dated:6th sep.2003 nTo Metropolitan Bank Ltd. n Spencers building.humdinger Road nKarrachi-Pakistan for : NCUT nXIEZHAOYANG 票據(jù)行為Acts relating to a bill of exchange n出

16、票（出票（Issue） n背書(Endorsement) n提示提示(Presentation) n付款付款(payment) n承兌(Acceptance) n保證(Guarantee or aval) n拒付（Dishonor） n追索（Recourse） n貼現(xiàn)（貼現(xiàn)（Discounting) 匯票的出票 Issue n第二十二條 匯票必須記載下列事項(xiàng)： （一） 表明“匯票”的字樣； （二） 無條件支付的委托； （三） 確定的金額； （四） 付款人名稱； （五） 收款人名稱； （六） 出票日期； （七） 出票人簽章。 匯票上未記載前款規(guī)定事項(xiàng)之一的，匯票無效。 n Article 22

17、A draft shall bear the following items: n 1. Chinese characters denoting draft; n 2. Commission on unconditional payment; n 3. The amount of money fixed; n 4. Name of the payer; n 5. Name of the payee; n 6. Date of draft; n 7. Signature of the drawer. n A draft lacking one of the items listed above

18、is invalid. Endorsement nArticle 27 The holder of a draft may transfer the rights associated with the draft or authorize others to exercise some of the rights. n If the drawer writes the Chinese characters meaning Not Transferable on a draft, the draft shall not be transferred. Acceptance n Article

19、38 Acceptance refers to a promise of a draft payer to pay the actual amount of draft when the draft is due. n Article 39 For a draft payable on a fixed date or on a fixed date set after the date of draft, the holder shall make presentation for acceptance to the payer before the due date of draft. Pr

20、esentation for acceptance refers to the act of the holder to present the draft and demand for the pledge of the payer to pay. Guarantee nArticle 45 A guarantor shall undertake the liabilities of guaranty for the debt involved in the draft. A guarantor shall be some person other than the debtor of th

21、e draft. n Article 46 A guarantor shall record the following items on the draft: n 1. The word Guarantee; n 2. Name and residence of the guarantor; n 3. Name of the guaranteed party; n 4. Signature or seal of the guarantor. n Article 50 A guarantor shall undertake several liability together with the

22、 guaranteed for the draft under guarantee. If the draft is not paid when due, the holder has the right to demand the guarantor for payment and the guarantor shall pay the full amount. n第五十條 被保證的匯票，保證人應(yīng)當(dāng)與被保 證人對持票人承擔(dān)連帶責(zé)任。匯票到期后得不 到付款的，持票人有權(quán)向保證人請求付款，保 證人應(yīng)當(dāng)足額付款。 nArticle 51 If there are two or more guara

23、ntors, the guarantors shall undertake a joint and several liability. n第五十一條 保證人為二人以上的，保證人之間承擔(dān)連 帶責(zé)任。 nArticle 52 After the draft debt is cleared, the guarantor may exercise the right of recourse of the holder against the guaranteed and the prior holder. n第五十二條 保證人清償匯票債務(wù)后，可以行使持票人 對被保證人及其前手的追索權(quán)。 付款 Pay

24、ment n第五十三條 持票人應(yīng)當(dāng)按照下列期限提示付款： （一） 見票即付的匯票，自出票日起1個(gè)月內(nèi)向付款 人提示付款； （二） 定日付款、出票后定期付款或者見票后定期 付款的匯票，自到期日起10日內(nèi)向承兌人提示付款。 nArticle 53 A holder of a draft shall make presentation for payment according to the following time limits: n 1. Presentation for payment shall be made to the payer within one month starting

25、 from the date of draft for a draft payable at sight; n 2. Presentation for payment shall be made to the acceptor within 10 days starting from the due date for a draft payable on a fixed date or on a fixed date after the date of draft or on a fixed date after sight. Right of Recourse n Article 61 Up

26、on a refusal of payment to a draft, the holder may exercise the right of recourse against the endorser, drawer or other debtors of the draft. n The holder may also exercise the right of recourse before the due day of a draft in one of the following cases: n 1. The acceptance of a draft is refused; n

27、 2. The acceptor or payer has died or fled, or is living in hiding; n 3. The acceptor or payer has been declared bankrupt according to law or whose business operations have been suspended due to violations of the law. n第六十一條 匯票到期被拒絕付款的，持票人可以對背 書人、出票人以及匯票的其他債務(wù)人行使追索權(quán)。 匯票到期日前，有下列情形之一的，持票人也可以行 使追索權(quán)： （一）

28、 匯票被拒絕承兌的； （二） 承兌人或者付款人死亡、逃匿的； （三） 承兌人或者付款人被依法宣告破產(chǎn)的或者因 違法被責(zé)令終止業(yè)務(wù)活動(dòng)的。 n第六十二條 持票人行使追索權(quán)時(shí)，應(yīng)當(dāng)提供 被拒絕承兌或者被拒絕付款的有關(guān)證明。 nArticle 62 In exercising the right of recourse, the holder shall provide the certificates relating to the refusal of acceptance or dishonor. 收款人（payee） n收款人又稱“抬頭” n抬頭又具體分類如下： qPay to John S

29、mith only (限制性抬頭) qPay to John Smith or order Pay to the order of John Smith Pay to John Smith (指示性抬頭) qPay to bearer (來人抬頭) 拒付（Dishonor） n遭拒付后持票人注意事項(xiàng)： q退票通知：須在遭拒付的次日之前書面或口頭通知 背書人或出票人。 q拒絕證書：在遭拒付后的下一個(gè)營業(yè)日內(nèi)委托法定 公證人做成拒付證書。 匯票案例1 n出票人：出票人：Overseas Development Bank S.A. n持票人：持票人：AB公司 n付款人：付款人：Lasalle Nat

30、ional Bank,Chicago n事件：事件：浙江興業(yè)銀行收到AB公司交來的匯票要求辦 理貼現(xiàn)，金額為200萬美元。此前該行曾收到過一份 以該匯票付款行總裁名義發(fā)來的電報(bào)，稱已備妥200 萬美金，請求代為通知AB公司可隨時(shí)兌現(xiàn)。初看上 去匯票一切正常，要素齊全，且付款行屬于國際性 大銀行。但出票行有問題，因?yàn)樵阢y行年鑒上查不 到。 n結(jié)果：結(jié)果：興業(yè)銀行將匯票按托收處理，并立即 電詢付款行，同時(shí)急電委托其在盧森堡的分 行代查出票行情況。結(jié)果付款行稱從未有過 “出票行”這個(gè)客戶，更不知曉這一匯票的 存在；經(jīng)分行核實(shí)：多年前該國曾有一家名 字相同的銀行，但早已倒閉。 啟 示 n檢查出票行或付

31、款行或承兌行等相關(guān)銀行是 否能夠在銀行年鑒中找到； n匯票金額巨大或者付款為遠(yuǎn)期的，應(yīng)當(dāng)謹(jǐn)慎； n查看匯票金額及日期等關(guān)鍵要素有無涂改跡 象，印鑒是否相符； n 必要時(shí)委托銀行甄別。 匯票案例2 n出票人：某市B公司 n承兌人：某市銀行 n收款人：新加坡A公司 n事件：事件：A與B簽訂貿(mào)易合同，其中我國B公司為進(jìn)口方，分批裝 運(yùn)。第一批貨款結(jié)清后，雙方合作愉快，于是A公司提出下批貨 款可延期一年付款，條件是我國B公司只需開立一張經(jīng)銀行承兌 的遠(yuǎn)期匯票。B公司原本資金緊張，考慮到能先到貨物的優(yōu)越條 件，同意開出經(jīng)我國某市銀行承兌的匯票。 n結(jié)果：結(jié)果：B公司將匯票交于A后，遲遲不見發(fā)貨。一年 后

32、，美國某銀行持此匯票要求我國某市銀行付款。 原來，A公司在收到匯票后即在美國銀行辦理了貼 現(xiàn)，使我國銀行和企業(yè)遭重大損失。 啟示： n出具匯票一定要謹(jǐn)慎，票據(jù)具有無因性，與背 后的商品交易無關(guān)，只要匯票要式成立，即便 具有法律效力。 作業(yè)：按要求制作匯票 nDrawer: Continental Co.,London nDrawee: Bank of Europe,Paris nPayee:the order of Ace Trading Co. nSum:USD1,250.00 nDate of issue:01 April,2002 nTenor:at 90 days after sigh

33、t 第三節(jié) 本票 promissory note n本票是出票人簽發(fā)的、承諾自己在見票時(shí) 或在指定的日期無條件支付確定金額給收 款人或持票人的票據(jù)。 n英國票據(jù)法對本票的定義： qA promissory note is an unconditional promise in writing made by one person to another, signed by the maker, engaging to pay,on demand or at a fixed or determinable future time, a sum certain in money to the pa

34、yee,or to the order of, a specified person or to bearer. 中華人民共和國票據(jù)法對本票的定義 n第七十三條 本票是出票人簽發(fā)的，承諾自己在 見票時(shí)無條件支付確定的金額給收款人或者持 票人的票據(jù)。 本法所稱本票，是指銀行本票。 Article 73 A promissory note is an instrument written and issued by a drawer, promising to pay unconditionally a fixed amount of money to a payee or holder at t

35、he sight of the instrument. n The term promissory note used in this law refers to the bank note. Requirements for a promissory note 本票基本事項(xiàng) n Article 75 A promissory note shall record the following items: n 1. The characters indicating Promissory Note, n 2. Unconditional promise to pay; n 3. Amount o

36、f money fixed; n 4. Name of the payee; n 5. Date of issue; n 6. Signature of the drawer. n A promissory note is invalid if one of the above items is missing. 本票示意圖： 出票人 Drawer 受票人（付款人） Drawee（Payer） 收款人 Payee 收款 出票人 Drawer 收款人 Payee 出票 nFeatures of a promissory note： q兩個(gè)基本當(dāng)事人 q無條件支付承諾 q無須承兌 q只可開出一張

37、n本票實(shí)質(zhì)是出票人和付款人為同一人的匯 票。 本票式樣 Promissory Note for USD12,345.00 Tianjin,12 Nov.2001 At 60 days after sight, we promise to pay to the order of ABC Trade Co. the sum of US Dollars Twelve Thousand Three Hundred and Forty Five only. For Tianjing Textile Co. signed 本票案例 n出票人：出票人：香港匯豐銀行旺角分行 n持票人：持票人：某港商 n事件：

38、事件：該港商與珠海義華公司簽訂合同，約定 港方以手中金額為600萬港元的銀行本票作為 預(yù)付款，中方在收到本票后立即支付50萬元人 民幣給對方作為反擔(dān)保費(fèi)。義華公司在收到本 票后向珠海中行請求質(zhì)押貸款。 n疑點(diǎn)：疑點(diǎn)： 經(jīng)我方銀行審核發(fā)現(xiàn)，該票號碼和金額有改動(dòng) 痕跡，票面文字模糊不清，且出票人簽字為單 簽（其印鑒本上規(guī)定超過50萬港幣需雙簽方屬 有效）。 n結(jié)果：結(jié)果：中行隨即與出票行聯(lián)系查詢，得知 該票為篡改本票，而實(shí)際金額僅有600港 元。 啟示 n 金額較大、要素不全、制作粗劣的本票應(yīng)該 十分小心； n 有涂改痕跡或者以傳真形式出現(xiàn)； n 簽名與印鑒冊不符、出票行在年鑒中無法找 到。 支票

39、 n Article 81 A check is an instrument issued by a drawer, at the sight of which the check deposit bank or other financial institutions unconditionally pay the fixed amount to the payee or holder. n第八十二條 支票是出票人簽發(fā)的，委托辦理支票 存款業(yè)務(wù)的銀行或者其他金融機(jī)構(gòu)在見票時(shí)無條 件支付確定的金額給收款人或者持票人的票據(jù)。 英國票據(jù)法： qA cheque is a bill of excha

40、nge drawn on a banker payable on demand. 示意圖： 出票人 Drawer 付款行 Payer 收款人 Payee 支票的特點(diǎn) n三個(gè)基本當(dāng)事人； n支票均為即期，故支票又稱以銀行為付款人的 即期匯票； n無條件支付命令； n支票只有一張。 n支票的票據(jù)行為（無承兌） 支票式樣 Cheque for US$2,658.00 London,20 Nov.,2001 Pay to the order of China National Textile Corp. The sum of To National Westmister Bank, London,En

41、gland For ABC Trade Co. signed 支票基本事項(xiàng) n1. Characters denoting “Check”, n 2. Commission to pay unconditionally; n 3. Amount fixed; n 4. Name of the payee; n 5. Date of draft; n 6. Signature of the drawer. n A check shall be invalid if one of the above items is missing. n注明“支票”字樣； n無條件支付命令； n出票日期和地點(diǎn)； n確定金額；