六級(jí)閱讀理解100篇文本.docx

1、六級(jí)閱讀理解 100 篇文本Can the Computer Learn from Experience計(jì)算機(jī)會(huì)總結(jié)經(jīng)驗(yàn)嗎Computers have been taught to play not only checkers, but also championship chess, which is a fairly accurate yardstick formeasuring the computer s progress in the ability to learn from experience.Because thegame requireslogicalreasoning,c

2、hess would seem tobe perfectly suited to the computer .all a programmer has to dois give the computer a program evaluating the consequences ofevery possibleresponsetoeverypossible move, and the computerwill win every time. In theory this is a sensible approach; inpractice itisimpossible.Today,a powe

3、rfulcomputer can analyze40 000 moves a second. Thatis an impressivespeed. But there arean astronomical number of possible moves in chess literallytrillions. Even if such a program were written (and in theory itcould be ,given enough people and enough time), there is no computer capable of holding th

4、at much data.Therefore, if the computer is to compete at championship levels, it must be programmed to function with less than complete data. It must be able to learn from experience, to modify its ownprogramm, to deal with a relatively unstructured situationina word, to “think ” for itself . In fac

5、t, this can be done. Chess-playing computers have yet to defeat world champion chess players, but several have beaten human players of only slightlylower ranks.The computers have had programs to carrythem throughthe early, mechanical stages of their chess games. But they have gone on from there to r

6、eason and learn, and sometimes to win thegame.There are otherproofs thatcomputers can be programmed tolearn,but thisexample issufficienttodemonstratethe point.Granted ,winning a game of chess is not an earthshaking event even whena computer does it . But there are many serious human problemswhichban

7、befruitfullyapproachedasgames.TheDefenseDepartmentusescomputerstoplaywargamesandwork outstrategiesfordealing withinternationaltensions.Otherproblems international and interpersonal relations , ecology and economics , and the ever-increasing threat of world faminecan perhaps be solved by the joint ef

8、forts of human beings and truly intelligent computers .Notescheck:a game played on a checkerboardby two players,each using12 piecesecology:therelationshipbetween organisms and theirenvironment生態(tài)關(guān)系，生態(tài)學(xué)Reading comprehensionThe purpose of creating chess-playing computers is _A to win the world chess ch

9、ampionB to pave the way for further intelligent computersC to work out strategies for international warsD to find an accurate yardstick for measuring computer progress2 Today , a chess-playingcomputer can be programmed to _A give trillions of reponses in a second to each possible moveand win the gam

10、eB function with complete data and beat the best playersC learn from chess-playing in the early stage and go on to winthe gameD evaluate every possible move but may fail to give the right response each time3 For a computer to“ think ” , it is necessary to _A mange to process as much data as possible

11、 in a secondB program it so that it can learn from its experiencesC prepare it for chess-playing firstD enable it to deal with unstructured situations4 The authors attitude towards the Defense Department is_A critical B unconcerned C positive D negative5 In the author s opinion,_A winning a chess ga

12、me is an unimportant eventB serioushumanproblems shouldn t be regarded as playinga gameC ecological problems are more urgent to be solvedD there is hope for more intelligent computers1 b 2 c 3 b 4 c 5 dYou Call This a Good Economy這能稱(chēng)之為上佳經(jīng)驗(yàn)You have tohave lived in the 1950s and 1960s tohave experienc

13、eda good economy. In the period between 1950 and 1970 it was therule ratherthanthe exception thatan ordinaryfamily,withouthighereducation,could sustainitselfdecentlyon theincome ofa singlebreadwinner （養(yǎng)家糊口的人） . In 1955,when I was 19 andliving in Brooklyn, N. Y., my father, whohad a sixth-gradeeducat

14、ion, maintained our family of five on a wage of $82 a weekas a bookbinder.My mother taught usfairness and compassion;myfather, discipline and enterprise.The U. S. economy in those years was good. Then where did this good economy go? It was inflated away. The price of gold, which I take as proxy for

15、the prices of all goods, was $35 an ounce in those years. It is at roughly ten times that price today.There is another answer, though: inflation force to be moved into higher tax groups,caused the entire work thus reducing after-taxpurchasing power. That is, my fathers bindery job in1954 paid$82 a w

16、eek, with $80 after deductions; today, at $ 820 per weekthe net would be $662.To ordinary people, the economy doesnt look very good at all.After-tax incomes continue to decrease in purchasing power. Thejobs offered in the employment ads pay only a little more thantheminimum wage,maybe $5anhour,which

17、,afterpayrolldeductions,yields$4 an hour. Comparethatwith minimum-wagejobsof the early1950s, when 75 cents was worth today s $7.50 beforeand after taxes.Notes1 Brooklyn: a district of New York city2 inflate:通貨膨脹3 proxy: the authority to act for another4 payroll: a list of employees and the wages due

18、 to eachReading ComprehensionIn the author s opinion,a good economy, to ordinarypeople canbe expressed in terms of _the amount of wageafter-tax incomethe actual purchasing powerthe minimum wage per hourIn the period between 1950 and 1970,_there was not much difference in the living standards between

19、people of higher and lower educationan ordinary family of five without exception could live on oneperson incomethe income of an ordinary family was more than enough for buying foodfor an average family the income was sufficient to support allthe membersToday a bookbinder s wage is ten times that of

20、the 1950 its income tax rate has increased _ a.50 times b.60times c. 70 times d. 80 timess but4 The worsening of a bookbinder s livelihoodresultsfrom _a. his low education and the amount of wageb. the high-taxation and the income deductionsc. the high taxation and cost of livingd. thelow wage and hi

21、gher prices5 The passage implies that while the cost of living is gettinghigher_a. the value of labor actually is shrinkingb. the minimum wage level is increasing likewisec. the income tax rate is rising alongd. the employment ads naturally offer a higher minimum wage6 The authors tone in writing th

22、e article is_a. ironical b. subjective c. high-sounding d. convincing7 the article aims to _.a. help control the rapidly increasing pricesb. give some advice to the policy-makersc.impress the younger generation with some basic factsd.call upon the societys attention against inflation1 c 2 b 3 d 4 c

23、5 a 6 d 7 cAre Experts Always Right專(zhuān)家總是對(duì)的嗎The world has become so complicated that weve lost confidencein our ability to understand and deal with it. But common senseis useful now as it ever was. No amount of expertise substitutes for an intimate knowledge of a person or a situation. At timesyou jus

24、t have to trust your own judgement.Italmost costme my lifeto learnthat.I was reading abook oneday, idly scratching the back of my head, when I noticed that,in one particularspot,the scratchingechoed insidemy head likefingernailson an empty cardboard carton,I rushed offto my doctor.“Got a hole in you

25、r head, have you?” he teased. “It s nothingjust one of those little scalp nerves sounding off.”Two years and four doctors later, I was still being told it wasnothing. To the fifth doctor. I said, almost in desperation,”But I live in tis body. I know somethings different.”“If you wont take my word fo

26、r it,I ll take an X-ray and prove it to you, ” he said.Well, there it was, of course, the tumor that had made a hole asbig as an eye socketin the back of my skull.Afterthe operation,a young resident paused by my bed.” It s a good thing youre so smart, ” he said. ” Most patientdie of these tumors bec

27、ausewe dont know theyre there until it is too late.”I mreallynot so smart. And I m too docilein the face of authority.I should have been more aggressivewith those firstfourdoctors.It s hard to questionopinionsdeliveredwith absolutecertainty.Experts always sound so sure. Nevile Chamberlain, the Briti

28、shprime minister,was positive,justbeforethe start ofWorld WarII, that there would beThalberg did not hesitate“peace for our time.” Producer Irvingto advise Louis B. Mayer againstbuyingthe rights to Gone With the Wind because“no Civil War pictureever madea nickel.” Even AbrahamLincolnsurelybelievedit

29、whenhe saidin his GettysburgAddress: ” The worldwilllittlenote,nor long remember, what we say here ”We should not, therefore, be intimidated by experts. When its an area we really know aboutour bodies, our families, ourhouseslet s listen to what the experts say, then make up ourown minds.Notescardbo

30、ard carton:a box or container made of a stiff pasteboardof paperscalp: the skin covering the headtumor: 腫瘤eye socket: the opening or cavity in which the eye fitsdocile: easily managed or taughtreading comprehension“It ” in“ deal with it”(para.1) refers to _a. confidence b. the world c. ability d. co

31、mplication2.“Expertise ” in para.1 means_a. common sense b. expert skill or knowledge c. unusual ability to appreciated. personal experience3. We have to trust our own judgement since _a. not all of us have acquired reliable expertiseb. experts often lose their common sensec. experts may sometimes f

32、ail to give good adviced. intimate knowledge of a person is not to be substituted forby expertise4 “That ” in“it almost cost me my life to learn that2) refers to_”(para.a. I can learn to trust my judgementb. I can acquire an intimate knowledge of myselfc. common sense is not as useful as knowedged.

33、expertise may not be reliable5 While reading one day, the author_a. found a hole at the back of his headb. heard a scratching sound from a cartonc. noticed some echo from his head where he was scratchingd. noticed a sound coming out from his head6 “tease ” in paragraph 3 means_a. to make fun of b. t

34、o comfort c. to reply d. to disbelieve7 “ if you won t take my word for it ” in para.5 may be paraphrased_a. if you dont think my word is worth anythingb. if you dont listen to my advicec. if you dont believe my judgementd. if you prefer actions to words8 “Skull ” in para.6 most probably means_a. th

35、e bony framework of the headb. the surface skin of the headc. the nerve system inside the headd. the top part of the head9 The author didnt think he was smart(para.7)because_a. he had already suffered for two yearsb. he had not been able to put up with the painc. he had believed too much in expertis

36、ed. he had formed too strong an opinion of himself10 It happens that the examples given by the author_a. all concern with warsb. are taken from modern American historyc. have become popular themes in moviesd. have American Civil War as the background11 In the last paragraph, the work”intimidate” may

37、 mean_a. deceive b. frighten c. make timid d. encourage1 b 2 b 3 c 4 d 5 c 6 a 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 a 11 cJust Call Me Mister1 On cold days people in Manhattan like to take their childrento PlaySpace, an indoorplaygroundfullof wonderfulclimbingandsliding contraptions. There s just one irritating detail: w

38、hen you pay your money, the cashier pulls out a felt-trip marker and an adhesive lapel tag and asks you your name.“Frum,” I say.“No, your first name.”“What do you need my first name for?”“To writeon the tag,so allthe childrenand the staffwillknowwhat to call you.”“In that case, write Mr. Frum. ”2 At

39、 which I am shot a look as if I had asked to be called to Duke of Plaza Toro.3 In encouragingfive-year-oldsto address grownups by theirfirstnames, PlaySpaceisonlyslightlyahead ofthetimes.Asjournalist, I faithfully report that the custom of addressingstrangersformallyis as dead as the practiceof leav

40、inga visitingcard.a4 There s hardlya secretary leftwho does notreply,when I givea message fro herboss,“ I lltellhim you called,David. ” Ora public relations agent,whether inBangor orBangkok, who doesnot begin his telephonic spiel with a cheerful“Hello, David! ”5 You dont have to be a journalistto co

41、llectamazing first-namestories.Place a collectcall,and the operatorfirst-namesyou.The teenager behind the counter at a fast-food restaurant asksa 70-year-oldcustomer forhis firstnamebefore takinghis order.6 Habitualfirst-namesclaimtheyaremotivatedby nothingworsethan uncontrollablyhigh-spiritedfriend

42、liness.I dontbelieveit. I f I asked the fast-food order-takers to lend me $50, their friendliness would vanish in a whoosh. The PR man drops all hischeerfulnessthe moment he hears Iwont go along withhis storyidea. No, it s not friendliness that drives first-namers; its aggression.The PRagents who ca

43、llmeDavid uninvitedwould never,if they could somehow get him on the phone, address press baronRupert Murdoch that way. The womanat the bank who calledme Davidwould never first-name the banks chairman. Like themock-cheerystaff at PlaySpace, they are engaged in a smiley-faced act ofbelittlement, an as

44、sertion of power disguised as good cheer.Notes1 contraptions:(informal)mechanical devices;gadgets2 felt-tip marker:軟筆尖的顏色筆3 adhesive lapel tag:不干膠標(biāo)牌4 Duke of Plaza Toro: Duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially in Britain. Plaza Tora is Spanish, something like “ Bull Fighting

45、Ring ” in English5 Bangor:City of South central Maine6 Bangkok:Captical of Thailand,曼谷7 spiel(slang)a lengthy,usuallyextravagant,speech or argumentintended to be persuasive8 collect call:a telephone call with payment to be made by the receiver9 press baron:Baronisthe lowestmale rank of nobility,but hereit stands for a man with great power in press10 mock: simulated11 cheery:cheerfulReading comprehensionThe author apparently regrets_having to take his children to P