城市公共交通存在的問答及其對策

1、*城市公共交通存在的問題及對策，城市公共交通存在的主要問題 隨著城市經濟的發(fā)展 ,城市人口也隨之增加 , 進而出行人口數量也急劇上升?！俺塑囯y”及交 通設施的不足 ,嚴重影響了經濟的發(fā)展 ,造成這些 問題的最根本原因是城市公共交通體系的不完 善。盡管實施了一系列政策措施 ,但仍存在一些問 題。這些問題的存在削弱了公交的優(yōu)勢 ,制約了公 交的發(fā)展。具體表現在 : 1，城市公共交通的分擔率低。目前 ,在一些 大城市中盡管實施了一系列公交優(yōu)化的政策 ,而 公交的運輸量也處于上升趨勢 ,但是公共交通的 出行比例仍然很低。一些城市公交不但沒有成為 城市客運交通主體 ,而且公交的比例還呈下降的 趨勢。2，

2、公交服務水平低。主要表現為 :速度慢 ,乘 車換乘不方便 ,路線不合理 ,密度低 ,甚至有些地方 存在公交盲區(qū)。 改革開放以來 ,我國大城市道路面 積有了大幅度提高 ,但仍遠遠落后于交通量的增 長速度。3，公交服務水平差。公共交通低水準的服 務質量常成為乘客投訴與媒體曝光的對象 ,直接 影響其承擔的客運比例。公共交通低水準的服務 質量常常表現為乘坐公交車耗時太長、 舒適性差、 安全事故多、公交乘務人員服務質量差。4，公交基礎設施缺乏統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃。城市公共 交通線網構成主要以公交樞紐站為依托 ,實現點 與點的連接。由于長期以來 ,我國城市公共交通基 礎設施薄弱 ,缺乏統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃 ,特別是在舊城市改造

3、和新區(qū)開發(fā)時沒有把公交設施配套納入統(tǒng)一規(guī)劃 給交通營運、管理和居民出行帶來不便。5，公共交通網絡規(guī)劃不合理。“發(fā)展公共 交通”與“保持主要道路通暢”是城市交通工作 者的兩大目標。 但是近年來 ,隨著我國城市公共交 通的發(fā)展 ,公共車輛的投放量日益加大 ,乘車難的 矛盾有所緩解 ,行車難的矛盾卻日益突出。 特別是 大巴列車化、中小巴頻繁靠停 ,形成動態(tài)瓶頸 ,嚴重 影響了主要道路的交通秩序。二， 解決城市公共交通問題的途徑城市公共交通對居民的生活有著很大影響 公共交通必須以方便居民出行為目的 ,并兼顧公交企 業(yè)效益。因此 ,針對目前城市公共交通出現的主要問 題,采取以下措施 :1，公共交通線路的

4、優(yōu)化 城市公共交通最終的服務對象是城市出行居民 ,即公 交乘客。要想建立合理的公交線路 ,很重要的一點就 是對公交乘客的心理、出行行為進行調查研究 ,以進 一步確定公交最優(yōu)線路模型的優(yōu)化目標和約束條件。 參考國內外的大量數據 ,并結合我國城市的特點 ,在對 城市公共交通線網進行優(yōu)化時 ,必須考慮以下一些因 素:(1)為更多乘客提供服務 ;(2) 使全體乘客總出行時 間最短 ,減少換乘次數 ;(3) 使路線的效率最大 ;(4) 保證 良好的可達性 ,尤其是要減少公交乘客的步行距離 ;(5) 擴展公交服務范圍 ,減少公交盲區(qū)。2，采用先進的公交智能調度技術 隨著城市居民出行量的增加 ,城市公共交通

5、越來越不 能滿足出行需求。要想使公共交通能夠發(fā)揮最大的優(yōu) 勢,從根本上解決交通出行問題 ,單單依靠公交線路的 優(yōu)化和增加道路設施遠遠不夠 ,為此必須同時引進先 進的城市公交管理技術 ,如可以引入先進的城市智能 公共交通管理方法。 該系統(tǒng)的研究應該注意以下問題 : 建立適合我國公交企業(yè)的調度優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)。 這方面主要 研究的是適合我國公交企業(yè)的調度優(yōu)化系統(tǒng)模式、 各 種新技術 ,例如車輛自動定位技術等與調度優(yōu)化系統(tǒng) 相結合的可能性、以及基于公交線路流量的線路配車 數技術模型。目前 ,我國公交企業(yè)的總體技術手段落 后,新的公交運營調度技術 ,例如車輛自動定位技術、 乘客自動技術等 ,基本上沒有應用。3

6、，發(fā)展大運量快速公共交通體系 大運量快速交通工具速度快、 運量大、耗能低、 污染 少,并且可靠、準時、舒適、安全 ,但它需要專用道路 , 處于封閉狀態(tài) ,目前我國城市無論從資金上還是技術 上,都不可能在短期內建成完善的快速交通體系 ,因此 建立我國城市大運量快速公共交通可考慮按如下三 個階段依次實施 ,即:設立公共汽車專用道 ;發(fā)展公共 汽車列車 ;開辟軌道交通。4，建立智能公共交通系統(tǒng) ,開展響應需求服務 智能公共交通系統(tǒng)是城市的一個重要組成部分 ,在保 持與外部有關部門 （如交管 ）協(xié)調銜接的基礎上 ,著眼 于改善公交乘客的信息服務 ;改善公交公司營運調度 與企業(yè)管理 ;改善公共交通服務的

7、安全性與可靠性 ,提 高其營運效率 ,降低其營運成本 ;建立電子付費系統(tǒng)。 響應需求是一種新型的公交運營模式 ,其特點是 :無固 定運行時刻表、路線及汽車停靠站 ,乘客享受門到門 的運輸服務 ,是一種機動靈活而且效率較高的公交運*營模式5，財政補償對于公共交通企業(yè)政策性虧損應予以財政補償，具體 措施如下：(1)制定公共交通法，依法為公共交通發(fā) 展提供專向資金；(2)建立專門的公共交通專向資金發(fā) 放與監(jiān)管機構及公交企業(yè)政策性補償額的評估體系， 對政策性補償額進行核算、發(fā)放、審計與監(jiān)管，確保 公共交通專向資金發(fā)揮應有的作用。Urba n public tra nsport problemsand

8、coun termeasuresFirst, the urban public transport the mainproblemsWith the citys econo mic developme nt,urba n populati on also in creases, and the n travel the populati on also in creased sharply. Ride hard and lack of tran sport facilities, a serious impact on economicdevelopme nt, result ing in t

9、he mostfun dame ntal reas on for these problems ofurba n public tran sport system isimperfect. Despite the impleme ntati on of a*series of policy measures, but there are stillsome problems. These problems un derm inethe adva ntages of public tran sportati on,limiti ng the developme nt of publictran

10、sportati on. In particular in:1,low share of urba n public tran sport. At prese nt, although in some major cities in theoptimization of the implementation of a series of public tran sportati on policy, and bus tran sportati on volume on the rise, but the proporti on of public tran sport to travel is

11、 still very low. Some city buses not only failed to become the subject of urba n passe nger tran sport, and the proporti on of public tran sport also showed a dow nward trend.2,the low level of bus service. Mainly as follows: slow, i nconvenient to tran sfer car, the road is un reas on able, low den

12、 sity, eve n bli ndspots in some places there is publictran sportati on. Since reform and ope ning,Chin as largest city road space has bee ngreatly improved, but still far beh ind trafficgrowth.3, poor bus service. Low level of public tran sport service quality of passe nger compla ints and ofte n *

13、become the object of media exposure, direct impact on their commitment to passenger ratio. Low level of public tran sport service quality ofte n engen dered by bus takes too long, poor comfort, safety accide nts, bus atte ndants and poor service.4,bus in frastructure, lack of un ifiedpla nning. Con

14、stitute a major urba n publictransit network to rely on public transportationhub, to achieve point to point conn ecti on. As along time, Chin as urba n public tran sportin frastructure is weak, the lack of un ifiedpla nning, especially in the old urba n ren ewaland develop ing new facilities without

15、 the businto the un ified pla n, to the tran sportoperators, man ageme nt, and reside nts travelinconvenience.5,the public transport network planningunreasonable. Development of publictransport and keep the main roads clear isthe twin goals of urban transport workers.Butin recent years, as Chinas ur

16、ban publictransport development, increasing the amount*of public vehicles to increase delivery, easedtravel difficult contradictions, the contradictionis driving hard to become increasinglyprominent. Particular train of buses, theminibus stops by frequently to form a dynamicbottleneck, seriously aff

17、ected the major roadtraffic order.Second, solve the problem of urban publictransport meansUrban public transport on the lives of theresidents have a great impact on the residentsof public transport must be to facilitate thepurpose of the act, taking into accounteffectiveness of public transportenter

18、prises. Therefore, urban public transportfor the curre nt major problems arise, take thefollowi ng measures:1, the optimization of public transportroutesUrba n public tran sport ultimately serve thereside nts of urba n travel, the buspasse ngers.To establish a reas on able bus lines,it is importa nt

19、 that passe ngers on the buspsychology, travel behavior research, tofurther determ ine the optimal bus route modeloptimizati on objectives and con stra in ts. Referto large amounts of data at home and abroad,comb ined with the characteristics of the city, i nthe optimizati on of urba n public tran s

20、itnetwork, it must consider the following factors: to provide services to more passe ngers; (2)the total travel time of thepassengers minimum, reduce transfer times; (3)the maximum efficie ncy of the route; (4) toen sure good accessibility, particularly toreduce the walk ing dista nee of bus passe n

21、gers;(5) expa nsion of bus services and reduce thebus bli nd spot.2, the use of adva need in tellige nt scheduli ngtech no logy busWith the in crease in the amount of urba ntravel, urba n public tran sport can not meet travel dema nd. To make public tran sport to maximize the adva ntages of travel f

22、rom the:un dame ntal soluti on to traffic problems, torely solely on the optimization of bus lines andin creased road in frastructure is not eno ugh, this must be the in troducti on of adva need urba n traffic man ageme nt tech niq ues, such as to in troduce adva need City In tellige nt Public Tran

23、sportati on man ageme nt. Study of the system should pay atte nti on to the follow ing issues: the establishment of appropriate scheduli ng of public tran sport en terprises optimize systems. Major research in this area is suitable for optimiz ing the scheduli ng of public tran sport en terprise sys

24、tem model, a variety of new tech no logies such as Automatic Vehicle Locati on System tech no logy, comb ined with Scheduli ng possibilities, as well as bus routes traffic based on the line with the nu mber of tech ni cal model cars. At prese nt, public tran sport en terprises lag beh ind the gen er

25、al tech ni cal means, the new bus operator scheduli ng tech niq ues, such as automatic vehicle locati on tech no logy, passe nger auto tech no logy, virtually no applicati on.3, the developme nt of Mass Rapid PublicTran sport SystemMass Rapid tran sport speed, large volume, low en ergy con sumpti on

26、, less polluti on, and reliable, pun ctual, comfortable, safe, but it requires dedicated road, i n a closed state, the current city in terms of financial or tech ni cal, can not improve in the short term rapid tran sit system built in, so in Urba n Mass Rapid public tran sport may be con sidered fol

27、lowed by the impleme ntati on of the followi ng three stages, n amely: the establishme nt of bus Ian es; the developme nt of a bus train; ope n up rail tran sport.4, the establishment of intelligent public tran sport system to carry out resp onse to dema nd servicesIn tellige nt public tran sport sy

28、stem is an importa nt part of the city, while mai ntai ning and exter *nal departme nts (such as traffic control) on the basis of coord ination of con verge nee, focus on improv ing bus passe nger in formati on services; improve the operati on of bus scheduli ng and bus in ess man ageme nt compa ny; to improve public transport services The safety and reliability, improve operati onal efficie ncy, reduce operati ng co