UnitTheRealTruthaboutLies綜合教程三PPT課件

1、Watch the video clip and answer the following questions.Why do people tell white lies?2. What are the common white lies?Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBecause theyre white and more polite and make people feel all right. I say Im 10 when Im 9 and a half; I pretend Im asleep when my dad wal

2、ks in, etc.第1頁/共156頁Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information第2頁/共156頁I say Im 10 when Im 9 and a halfMy uncle tells a joke and I try to laughIn gym I fake a headache when I want to quitI say I love the sweater that my grandma knitBut thats a white lieWhite lieThats the kind you want to tell, a whi

3、te lieWhite lieSo your mom wont have to yell, a white lieWhite lieEverybody does it cause it feels all rightAnd its more politeBut a lies still a lie, even when its whiteI pretend Im asleep when my dad walks inI said I ate my chicken but I just ate the skinAudiovisual SupplementCultural InformationF

4、rom Lie to Me第3頁/共156頁Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationYour face can say youre lyingWhen your mouth says youre notYour peds are on fire but theyre not too hotWhen its a white lieWhite lieIts the kind you want to tell, a white lieWhite lieSo your dad wont have to yell, a white lieWhite lieEv

5、erybody does it cause it feels all rightAnd its more polite, but a lies still a lieEven when its whiteWhile it might be hard to say whats trueWould you want a white lie told to you?第4頁/共156頁Audiovisual SupplementCultural InformationBut thats a white lieWhite lieThats the kind you want to tell, a whi

6、te lieWhite lieSo your mom wont have to yell, a white lieWhite lieEverybody does it cause it feels all rightAnd its more politeBut a lies still a lieEven when its white第5頁/共156頁Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information1. A white lie is one that lacks evil intent, as opposed to a black lie, which is

7、 most certainly malevolent, though normally we dont bother to specify that lies are evil. A white lie is harmless or trivial, which is frequently said in order to avoid hurting someones feelings. 第6頁/共156頁Prosocial: Lying to protect someone, to benefit or help others.Self-enhancement: Lying to save

8、face, to avoid embarrassment, disapproval or punishment.Selfish: Lying to protect the self at the expense of another, and/or to conceal a misdeed.Antisocial: Lying to hurt someone else intentionally.2. Behavioral scientist Wendy Gamble identified four basic types of lies for a University of Arizona

9、study in 2000:Audiovisual SupplementCultural Information第7頁/共156頁 In this text, the author asserts the ubiquitous presence of petty white lies, analyzes its causes, discusses its grave consequences, and concludes that some lies are justifiable, while others are to be avoided.This is a piece of persu

10、asive writing. It is of journalistic style. Structural AnalysisText Analysis第8頁/共156頁Structural AnalysisText Analysis The author begins with the results of two surveys. Then he comments on the consequences of telling lies. In the end, he discusses which lies should be avoided.Part I (Paras. 1-6) int

11、roduces the topic by reporting two survey results.Part II (Paras. 7-11) shows that people often tell white lies so as not to hurt others.Part III (Paras. 12-15) deals with the consequences of telling lies.Part IV (Paras. 16-18) discusses whether lies should be avoided at all costs.第9頁/共156頁Detailed

12、ReadingThe Real Truth about LiesRandy Fitzgerald1 At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to volunteer for an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told.2 One st

13、udent and six Charlottesville residents professed to have told no falsehoods. The other 140 participants told 1535.第10頁/共156頁3 The lies were most often not what most of us would call earth-shattering. Someone would pretend to be more positive or supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really

14、 was, or feign agreement with a relatives opinion. According to DePaulo, women in their interactions with other women lied mostly to spare the others feelings. Men lied to other men generally for self-promoting reasons.4 Most strikingly, these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deception

15、s caused them “l(fā)ittle preoccupation or regret.” Might that, too, be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude towards casual use of prevarication is common.Detailed Reading第11頁/共156頁5 For example, 20,000 middle and high-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics a no

16、nprofit organization in Marina del Rey, California, devoted to character education. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous year, and 73 percent characterized themselves as “serial liars,” meaning they told lies weekly. Despite these admissions, 91 p

17、ercent of all respondents said they were “satisfied with my own ethics and character.”Detailed Reading第12頁/共156頁6 Think how often we hear the expressions “Ill call you” or “The check is in the mail” or “Im sorry, but he stepped out.” And then there are professions lawyers, pundits, public relations

18、consultants whose members seem to specialize in shaping or spinning the truth to suit clients needs.7 Little white lies have become ubiquitous, and the reasons we give each other for telling fibs are familiar. Consider, for example, a corporate executive whom Ill call Tom. He goes with his wife and

19、son to his mother-in-laws home for a holiday dinner every year. Tom dislikes her “special” pumpkin pie intensely. Invariably he tells her how wonderful it is, to avoid hurting her feelings.Detailed Reading第13頁/共156頁Detailed Reading8 “Whats wrong with that?” Tom asked Michael Josephson, president of

20、the Josephson Institute. Its a question we might all ask.9 Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-laws point of view. Suppose that one day Toms child blurts out the truth, and she discovers the deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law, “Thank you for caring so much?” Or i

21、s she more likely to feel hurt and say, “How could you have misled me all these years? And what else have you lied to me about? ”第14頁/共156頁Detailed Reading10 And what might Toms mother-in-law now suspect about her own daughter? And will Toms boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own c

22、haracter?11 How often do we compliment people on how well they look, or express our appreciation for gifts, when we dont really mean it? Surely, these “nice lies” are harmless and well intended, a necessary social lubricant. But, like Tom, we should remember the words of English novelist Sir Walter

23、Scott, who wrote, “What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive.”第15頁/共156頁Detailed Reading12 Even seemingly harmless falsehoods can have unforeseen consequences. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns us that they can put us on a slippery slope. “After the first lies, others can come more

24、easily,” she wrote in her book Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life. “Psychological barriers wear down; the ability to make more distinctions can coarsen; the liars perception of his chances of being caught may warp.” 13 Take the pumpkin-pie lies. In the first place, it wasnt just that he

25、wanted his mother-in-law to feel good. Whether he realized it or not, he really wanted her to think highly of him. And after the initial deceit he needed to tell more lies to cover up the first one.第16頁/共156頁Detailed Reading14 Who believes it anymore when theyre told that the person they want to rea

26、ch by phone is “in a meeting”? By itself, that kind of lie is of no great consequence. Still, the endless proliferation of these little prevarications does matter.15 Once theyve become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt encourage a certain cynicism and loss of trust. “

27、When trust is damaged,” warns Bok, “the community as a whole suffers; and when it is destroyed, societies falter and collapse.”第17頁/共156頁Detailed Reading16 Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of what ethicists re

28、fer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring, “l(fā)ike telling children about the tooth fairy, or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party,” Josephson says. “Still, we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and associates the authority to lie to us wheneve

29、r they think it is for our own good.”第18頁/共156頁Detailed Reading17 Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth, will he thank you for caring? Or will he feel his long-term trust in you has been undermined?18 And if youre not sure, Mark Twain has given us a good rule of

30、 thumb. “When in doubt, tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends.”第19頁/共156頁What is the result of Professor Bella DePaulos survey? What conclusion can we draw from the result? According to the survey done by Professor DePaulo, 140 out of 147 people admitted having told

31、lies. As some of the lies are well-intentioned, people may not regard them as lies. This result shows that telling lies is common. Detailed Reading第20頁/共156頁What is the result of the survey conducted by Josephson Institute of Ethics? What can we learn from it? According to this survey, among 20,000

32、students surveyed, 92 percent professed to have told lies and meanwhile, 91 percent never doubted about their own ethics or character. Again, this result shows that telling lies is common and people seldom relate telling lies to morality.Detailed Reading第21頁/共156頁According to the writer, what could

33、be considered “nice lies”? According to the writer, all these could be considered “nice lies”: complimenting people on their appearance, expressing appreciation for gifts or food. Detailed Reading第22頁/共156頁What is the grave consequence of telling lies? The ubiquitousness of lies may cause people to

34、be distrustful of each other, thus leading to the collapse of the whole society.Detailed Reading第23頁/共156頁Class ActivityGroup discussion: What does this sentence “What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive” mean? Can you give an example to illustrate its meaning?Detailed Reading第

35、24頁/共156頁profess v. say that you do, are, etc. sth., especially when it is not really truee.g.James professed to know everything about sculpture.He professed the greatest respect for the law.Detailed ReadingPractice:她自稱對此事一無所知。She professed total ignorance of the matter. 他聲稱對該陰謀毫不知情。He professed tha

36、t he knew nothing about the plot.第25頁/共156頁Detailed Readingearth-shattering a. of the greatest importance to the whole world e.g.After years of hard work, they finally made an earth-shattering discovery.The new invention is of earth-shattering importance.第26頁/共156頁feign v. pretend to have or be, put

37、 on a false air ofe.g.She feigned to be ill in order not to do the exercises.He feigned surprise and they all believed him.Detailed Readinge.g.“Oh really!” he said, trying to feign interest.Sometimes its best just to feign ignorance (=pretend that you do not know anything).Collocation:feign interest

38、 / surprise / ignorance / illness (formal) pretend that you are interested, surprised, etc.第27頁/共156頁Detailed Readinge.g.Mark closed his eyes and pretended to be asleep. She shouted but he pretended that he hadnt heard her.Synonym:pretend v. deliberately behave as though something is true when you k

39、now it is not, either for fun or to deceive people 第28頁/共156頁spare ones feelings avoid doing sth. that would upset sb.e.g.He simply wished to minimize the fuss and to spare her feelings.We carefully avoided mentioning the news to spare his feelings.Detailed Reading第29頁/共156頁preoccupation n. a strong

40、 interest in sth., usually because you are worried about it, with the result that you do not pay attention to other thingse.g.Because of his preoccupation with his books, he didnt realize we were already back.Such preoccupation with your work isnt healthy.Detailed Reading第30頁/共156頁prevarication n.th

41、e state of avoiding giving a direct answer or making a firm decisionDetailed Readinge.g.After months of prevarication, a decision was finally made.When we questioned the authorities on the subject, we were met by prevarication. 第31頁/共156頁devote togive all or a large part of ones time or resources to

42、 (a person, activity, or cause)e.g.I want to devote more time to my family.He devotes himself to philanthropy. Detailed Reading第32頁/共156頁Detailed Readingprofession n. a form of employment, esp. one that is possible only for an educated person and that is respected in society as honorablee.g.She inte

43、nds to make teaching her profession.According to the report, forty percent of the lawyers entering the profession are women.第33頁/共156頁pundit n. a person who is an authority on a particular subject; an expert e.g.Mr. Johnson is a well-known political pundit.Weve invited a foreign-policy pundit to giv

44、e us a lecture.Detailed Reading第34頁/共156頁Detailed Readingshape or spin the truth modify the truth第35頁/共156頁a solicitor and his cliente.g.Detailed Readingclient n.sb. who pays for services or advice from a person or an organization第36頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingBy the end of last century, the computer had

45、 become ubiquitous. We are now confronted with the ubiquitous spread of English.e.g.ubiquitous a.seeming to be everywhere第37頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingHave you ever told fibs?She told innocent fibs like anyone else.e.g.fib n. a small unimportant lie第38頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingIts invariably wet when I tak

46、e my holidays. She invariably forgets to take her keys.e.g.invariably ad.always 第39頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingTo our surprise, he blurted his secret out at table.John blurted out that he dreamed of becoming a computer programmer.e.g.blurt out v. say sth. suddenly and without thinking, usually because on

47、e is nervous or excited第40頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingThat all-important task acts as a social lubricant, minimizing frictions.e.g.lubricant n. a substance such as oil that one puts on surfaces that rub together第41頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingAfter listening to his speech I thought his ideas and opinions were

48、so tangled that I could not vote for him.The floor of the forest was covered with tangled growth.e.g.tangled plicated or made up of many confusing parts第42頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingMy shoes have worn down at the heel.Your back tyres are badly worn down; you should fit new ones. e.g.wear down reduce or

49、become weaker until useless第43頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingLeft in the garage where it was damp, the wooden frame had warped.The door must be warped. It wont close properly.e.g.warp v. bend or twist and to be no longer in the correct shape第44頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingWe think highly of your suggestion.I can

50、assure you that the management thinks very highly of you.e.g.think highly of have a good opinion of第45頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingSmoking triggers off cell proliferation.Over the past two years, we have witnessed the proliferation of TV liferation n. a rapid increase in the amount or numb

51、er of sth.第46頁/共156頁Detailed Readingcynicism n. the belief that people always act selfishly第47頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingHe is not a friend, but a business associate.Georges party was boring it was full of his business associates.e.g.associate n. sb. who you work or do business with第48頁/共156頁Detailed Re

52、adingShe jealously tried to undermine our friendship.Lack of food has undermined his health.e.g.undermine v. gradually make sb. or sth. less strong or effective第49頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingI never weigh anything when Im cooking just do it by rule of thumb.As a rule of thumb, a cup of filter coffee cont

53、ains about 89mg caffeine.e.g.rule of thumb a rough method of calculation, based on practical experience第50頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingIt astounds me that anyone could every consider declaring war. He used to astound his friends with feats of physical endurance.e.g.astound v. make sb. very surprised or sh

54、ocked第51頁/共156頁Might that, too, be a lie? Is it possible to consider that a lie?Might here means “possibility”. Note that may, when used to mean “possibility”, is normally not used in a question. Detailed Reading第52頁/共156頁What a tangled web we weave, when first we practice to deceive. Paraphrase: Wh

55、en we start to tell a lie, we would have entered a very intricate situation, as a lie often requires other lies until the whole structure of lies becomes so complex that it ensnares the liar.Detailed Reading第53頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingPsychological barriers wear down: the ability to make more distinct

56、ions can coarsen; the liars perception of his chances of being caught may warp. Paraphrase: One is less inhibited from lying: his ability to tell the truth from the falsehood is dulled, and he may become less cautious against being caught.第54頁/共156頁Detailed ReadingThe most understandable and forgiva

57、ble lies are an exchange of what ethicists refer to as the principle of trust for the principle of caring. Paraphrase: The most understandable and acceptable lies are those which are told for the sake of love and care at the expense of trust, according to the ethicists.第55頁/共156頁Phrase Practice Word

58、 DerivationSynonym / AntonymVocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar第56頁/共156頁4) Did you ever why the man deserted his wife and four children?1) The governor is trying hard to the scandal. VocabularyTranslation Integrated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammarcover up_2) Sam

59、antha was amazed when late one evening, Adam that he loved her.blurted out_3) He claimed that he had been after drugs were discovered in his suitcase.set up _find out_Fill in the blank in each sentence with an appropriate phrasal verb or collocation from the text.第57頁/共156頁VocabularyTranslation Inte

60、grated SkillsOral ActivitiesWritingGrammar5) Wind and water slowly the mountains jagged edges.wear down_6) They are going to a restaurant which Mexican food.7) A modest scholar never have exhausted his subject. 8) The press them their breakthroughs in the research into the causes of cancer. speciali