英語二作文總結(jié)

1、;,圖表作文（一）第一節(jié) 圖表作文的類型圖表作文可分為兩大類：表作文和圖作文。表作文表格(Table)可以使大量數(shù)據(jù)系統(tǒng)化，便于閱讀、比較。表格常由標(biāo)題(Title)、表頭(Boxhead)(表格的第一行)、側(cè)目(Stub)(表格左邊的第一列)和主體(Body)部分(表格的其余部分)等部分組成。如下表：用表格表達(dá)的信息具體準(zhǔn)確，而且表格中的各項(xiàng)均按一定規(guī)律排列。閱讀表格時要注意找出表格中各個項(xiàng)目的相互關(guān)系，表格中各個項(xiàng)目的變化規(guī)律。例如，上面的表格中的數(shù)字說明，和1978年相比，1983年大學(xué)入學(xué)的人數(shù)在增加，而小學(xué)的入學(xué)人數(shù)在減少。搞清楚這些變化規(guī)律也就讀懂了表格的內(nèi)容。圖作文圖作文又可分為

2、三種：圓形圖作文、曲線圖作文和條狀圖作文。(1) 圓形圖作文圓形圖(Pie chart)也稱為餅狀圖或圓面分割圖。圓形圖因?yàn)楸容^形象和直觀，各部分空間大小差別容易分辨，所以常用來表示總量和各分量之間的百分比關(guān)系。整個圓表示總量，楔形塊表示分量。有時圓形圖還有數(shù)值表，兩者結(jié)合可把各分量表示得更準(zhǔn)確、清楚。例如：This is a pie chart of the average weekly expenditure of a family in Great Britain. As can be see from the chart, the main expenditure of an aver

3、age British family is spent on food, which accounts for 25% of its total expenditure. The next two significant expending items are transport and housing, which are 15% and 12% respectively. If we take into account clothing and footwear, which makes up 10%, the four essentials of life, that is, food,

4、 transport, housing, and clothing and footwear, amount to 62% of the total expenditure.(2) 曲線圖作文曲線圖(Line graph)也稱為線性圖或坐標(biāo)圖。曲線圖最適合表示兩個變量之間關(guān)系的發(fā)展過程和趨勢。一般來說，曲線所呈現(xiàn)的形狀比某一點(diǎn)所代表的變量的值更有意義。曲線圖有橫軸和縱軸。一般先看橫軸所代表的數(shù)量或時間等，然后再看縱軸所顯示的意義。同時必須找出線條所反映的最高或最低的變化。例如：這個曲線圖的橫軸代表1990年的不同的月份，縱軸代表交通事故的數(shù)量。從交通事故曲線圖上可知，前八個月的交通事故的數(shù)量有

5、升有降。曲線圖在八月份升到了最高點(diǎn)(39)，此后一直呈下降的趨勢，十二月份降到了最低點(diǎn)(16)。可見，1990年的交通事故的數(shù)量總體上呈下降的趨勢。(3) 條形圖作文條形圖(Bar graph)也稱為立柱圖或圓柱圖。條形圖由寬度相同但長度不同的條塊代表不同的量。當(dāng)要比較幾個項(xiàng)目或量時，常用不同顏色來區(qū)分。條形圖主要用來表示：1)同一項(xiàng)目在不同時間的量;2)同一時間不同項(xiàng)目的量。閱讀條形圖時，要先看圖例，再看橫軸、縱橫各代表什么量，每一個刻度所代表的值是多少，最后找出圖中各長條所表示的數(shù)據(jù)及各長條間的相互關(guān)系。例如：左邊的條形圖的橫軸代表時間，縱軸代表期望壽命(Life Expectancy)，

6、這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的是同一項(xiàng)目(期望壽命)在不同時間的量。右邊的條形圖的橫軸也是代表時間，縱軸是代表嬰兒的死亡率(Infant Mortality)，這一條形圖想要體現(xiàn)的也是同一項(xiàng)目(嬰兒的死亡率)在不同時間的量。左邊的條形圖表明1990年的人均期望壽命比1960年的人均期望壽命長20歲，而1990年的嬰兒死亡率比1960年的嬰兒死亡率下降了50%。第二節(jié) 圖表作文的出題形式例1 題目：Changes in Peoples Diet Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the inf

7、ormation given in the table. Write three paragraphs to :1. state the changes in peoples diet (飲食) in the past five years;2. give possible reasons for the changes;3. draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.例2 題目：Car Accidents Declining in Walton CityRemember that your co

8、mposition must be written according to the following outline;1. Rise and fall of the rate of car accidents as indicated by the graph;2. Possible reason(s) for the decline of car accidents in the city;3. Your predictions of what will happen this year.Your composition should be no less than 120 words

9、and you should quote as few figures as possible.例3 For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Health Gain in Developing Countries. Your composition must be no less than 120 words and you should base your composition on the following instructions (given in Chinese):

10、1. 以下圖為依據(jù)描述發(fā)展中國家的期望壽命(life expectancy)和嬰兒死亡率(infant mortality)的變化情況2. 說明引起變化的各種原因從以上例子可見，圖表作文一般在題目中給出作文的標(biāo)題和一個或幾個統(tǒng)計表格、圓形圖、曲線圖或條形圖，有時還用英文或中文提綱的形式給出提示，要求我們：1)用文字描述圖表，客觀解釋圖表中所傳遞的信息，并找出某種規(guī)律或趨勢;2)就圖表中所反映的某種趨勢或問題分析其原因或后果。第三節(jié) 圖表作文的寫作要領(lǐng)圖表作文著重說明事實(shí)，常常是通過對圖表中所反映的具體數(shù)據(jù)的說明、分析、比較，對某種事物或現(xiàn)象的事實(shí)或變化情況等加以說明，并提出結(jié)論或看法。因此，圖

11、表作文常常采用議論文體的寫作方法。寫好圖表作文，關(guān)鍵在于能否讀懂圖表中所提供的信息，把握各信息間的聯(lián)系，用準(zhǔn)確流暢的語言把這一信息表達(dá)出來，并就這一信息發(fā)表自己的看法。圖表作文的寫作步驟寫圖表作文時，要注意遵循以下步驟：1)認(rèn)真分析圖表的含義，弄清圖表中所含的信息及不同信息間的關(guān)系;2)確定文章的主題思想，構(gòu)思出文章的基本框架，篩選出能說明圖表主題思想的典型數(shù)據(jù);3)編列文章的提綱;4)根據(jù)文章的提綱，將各段的提綱內(nèi)容擴(kuò)展成段落，然后將各個段落組成文章，注意段與段之間的銜接與過渡;5)檢查與修改。圖表作文的篇章結(jié)構(gòu)寫圖表作文時，常采用三段式的謀篇方式。文章的第一段往往分析圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)變化反映什

12、么問題或趨勢，概述圖表所揭示的信息。第二段分析造成這一問題或趨勢的原因。第三段則展望未來的情況或提出解決問題的辦法或建議。這一結(jié)構(gòu)可以簡單地表述為：第一段：概述圖表反映的主題思想第二段：分析產(chǎn)生的原因第三段：展望未來或提出方法或建議圖表作文常用的句型(1)常用的開篇句型(即概述圖表內(nèi)容時常用的表達(dá)法) According to the table/pie chart/line graph/bar graph, we can see/conclude that 根據(jù)該表/圖，我們可知 The table/graph reveals (shows/indicates/illustrates/ re

13、presents/points out) that 該表/圖表明 As we can see from the table As can be seen from the line/bar graph As is shown (illustrated/indicated) in the pie chart 如表/圖所示，(2) 描述增減變化常用的句型 Compared with is still increased by The number of grew/rose from to An increase is shown in ; then came a sharp increase of

14、 In the number remains the same/drops to There was a very slight (small/slow/gradual) rise/increase in 1990.There was a very steady (marked/sharp/rapid/sudden/ dramatic) drop (decrease/ decline/ fall/ reduction) in 1998/ compared with that of last year). 下面是根據(jù)例2的題目要求寫的范文。From the graph, we can see t

15、hat the number of car accidents in Walton city fluctuated during the year of 1990. The first two months of 1990 showed an increasing trend. The rate rose to 32 in March but fell to 26 in June. From June on, the rate was rising again and reached the peak point 39 in August. After August the rate bega

16、n to decline remarkably, and eventually dropped to the lowest point 16 at the end of the year. Therefore, its obvious that car accident in Walton city declined in 1990.主題句/概述表格反映的內(nèi)容(5)反映交通事故的變化情況(6)小結(jié)：總結(jié)表格數(shù)據(jù)反映的總趨勢There are several reasons for the decline. First, a new traffic law was made and came i

17、nto force. It provided that in summer every car must be air-conditioned. As a result, the highest rate in August, when humidity and high temperature make drivers impatient and easily lead to car accidents, dropped steadily. Second, new roads were built and some narrow streets were widened, which qui

18、ckened the flow of traffic. Finally, the city administration made great efforts to heighten peoples awareness of observing traffic rules.主題句原因/措施一解釋措施一/次要輔助采取措施一后的結(jié)果原因/措施二原因/措施三With all these new measures, Im sure the rate of car accidents in Walton city will go on falling this year.總結(jié)：展望未來的情況第四節(jié)、 圖

19、表作文練習(xí)及其參考范文下面是寫作練習(xí)，在寫作的過程中注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開頭的結(jié)尾的方法以及文章中的過渡等。練習(xí)1：Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition of no less than 120 words on Changes in Peoples Diet. Study the following table carefully and your composition must be based on the information given

20、in the table. Write three paragraphs to:1. state the changes in peoples diet (飲食) in the past five years;2. give possible reasons for the changes;3. draw your own conclusions.You should quote as few figures as possible.As is shown in the table, there have been great changes in people's diet betw

21、een 1986 and 1990. From the table, we can find that grain, formerly the main food of most Chinese people, is now playing a less important role in people's diet. And the same goes for fruit and vegetables. On the other hand, the consumption of high-nutrition food such milk and meat has increased

22、rapidly.What has caused these changes? There are mainly three reasons (主題句). (6) First, people are much wealthier than before. (7) With higher income, they can afford to buy nutritious foods. (8) Second, people have realized the importance of a balanced diet to their health. (9) Lack of certain amou

23、nt of meat or milk, for example, will result in poor health. (10) Finally, owing to the economic reform, meat and milk, which were scarce in the past, are produced in large quantities.(11) Although milk and meat are important to one's health, eating too much rich food may result in obesity and m

24、ay other diseases. (12)Therefore, people should not only eat a lot of milk and meat, but also enough grain, fruit and vegetable for the sake of their health.;.圖表作文（二）一、圖表作文寫作常識1、圖形種類及概述法：泛指一份數(shù)據(jù)圖表：a data graph/chart/diagram/illustration/table餅圖：pie chart直方圖或柱形圖：bar chart / histogram趨勢曲線圖：line chart /

25、 curve diagram表格圖：table流程圖或過程圖：flow chart / sequence diagram程序圖：processing/procedures diagram2、常用的描述用法The table/chart diagram/graph shows （that）According to the table/chart diagram/graphAs （is） shown in the table/chart diagram/graphAs can be seen from the table/chart/diagram/graph/figures，figures/st

26、atistics shows （that）It can be seen from the figures/statisticsWe can see from the figures/statisticsIt is clear from the figures/statisticsIt is apparent from the figures/statisticstable/chart/diagram/graph figures （that） table/chart/diagram/graph shows/describes/illustrates how3、圖表中的數(shù)據(jù)（Data）具體表達(dá)法數(shù)

27、據(jù)（Data）在某一個時間段固定不變：fixed in time在一系列的時間段中轉(zhuǎn)變：changes over time持續(xù)變化的data在不同情況下：增加：increase / raise / rise / go up 減少：decrease / grow down / drop / fall 波動：fluctuate / rebound / undulate / wave 穩(wěn)定：remain stable / stabilize / level off 最常用的兩種表達(dá)法：動詞+副詞形式（Verb+Adverb form）形容詞+名詞形式（Adjective+Noun form）二、相關(guān)

28、常用詞組1、主章開頭圖表類型：table、chart、diagramgraph、column chart、pie graph描述：show、describe、illustrate、can be seen from、clear、apparent、reveal、represent內(nèi)容：figure、statistic、number、percentage、proportion2、表示數(shù)據(jù)變化的單詞或者詞組rapid/rapidly迅速的，飛快的，險峻的dramatic/dramatically戲劇性的，生動的significant/significantly有意義的，重大的，重要的sharp/sha

29、rply銳利的，明顯的，急劇的steep/steeply急劇升降的steady/steadily穩(wěn)固的，堅定不移的gradual/gradually漸進(jìn)的，逐漸的slow/slowly緩慢的，不活躍的slight/slightly輕微的、略微地stable/stably穩(wěn)定的3、其它在描述中的常用到的詞significant changes圖中一些較大變化noticeable trend明顯趨勢during the same period在同一時期grow/grew增長distribute分布，區(qū)別unequally不相等地in the case of adv.在的情況下in terms of

30、 / in respect of / regarding在方面in contrast相反，大不相同government policy政府政策market forces市場規(guī)率measure n.尺寸，方法，措施v.估量，調(diào)節(jié)forecast n.先見，預(yù)見v.預(yù)測考研英語應(yīng)用文模板1. 祝賀信105 wordsA letter of CongratulationDear _,Good news travels fast! I know how hard you have been working and I am very proud of you for your achievement.

31、Please accept my sincere congratulations to your _.You may cannot imagine how excited I was when I got the good news. Owing to your persistence and hard work and your dream finally comes true. We are just as proud as you are and send our congratulations to you on this important milestone in your lif

32、e, a milestone many failed to cross.Hope that the future each year bring you greater happiness and luckiness. Dont forget me and keep contact with me.Yours sincerely,Li Ming2. 推薦信85 wordsA letter of RecommendationDear _,I am writing to you to recommend _ for _. I take great pleasure in recommending

33、to you _ as _.I want to recommend it to you for the following reasons. First of all, _. What is more, _. Finally, _.With reference to your requirements, I shall, without reservation, recommend _ as an ideal candidate.Therefore, I wont hesitate to recommend it to you. I am confident that _. I am sure

34、 you will be pleased with it. Looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming3. 感謝信89 wordsA letter of ThanksDear _,I am writing this letter to express my gratitude to you for _. We appreciate greatly your aid in not only _, but also _.I am referring to _. Every one agrees that it was you who

35、_. If it had not been for your assistance in giving me aid, I fear that the consequences might have been much more serious.Again, I would like to express my warm thanks to you! Please accept my thanks for your family help, which I will never forget. With personal regards.Yours sincerely,Li Ming4. 道歉

36、信86 wordsA letter of ApologyDear _,I am writing this letter to apologize to you for my failing to _.The reasons is that _ yesterday. I am sorry that I cannot finish in time, but is it possible that I make up the loss by _? If so, I will put everything else aside to do it.I am sorry again for the inc

37、onvenience. I do hope that you can understand my situation and accept my apology. Finally, I feel most obliged to thank you once more. Looking forward to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming5. 請求信102 wordsA letter of RequestDear _,My name is _, and I am _. I have made up my mind to write to you in the

38、 hope that you can furnish me with the information regarding _. The reasons for my urgent need of _ are as follows: 1) _; 2) _; 3) _.At the present I am preparing _, and am in lack of _ that is crucial for the work. Therefore, I will be much obliged if you can help me _. Please feel free to call me

39、at _ for further questions.Thank you for your time and patience, and I look forward to your prompt reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming6. 詢問信84 wordsA Letter of InquiryDear _,My name is _, and I am _. I am writing to see if it is possible for you to provide some information regarding _.At the present, I am

40、 planning _, and am in urgent need of the following things. First of all, _. Secondly, _. Thirdly, _. I would also like to inquire if _. If so, could you please _.Your prompt attention would be highly appreciated, and thank you for your consideration. I am expecting your reply with heartfelt appreci

41、ation.Yours sincerely,Li Ming7. 建議信100 wordsA Letter of SuggestionDear _,I am writing to express my views concerning _. In the first place, I would like to say thank you for the help and everything else you have been offering to us. Meanwhile, I also want to make some advice to better _.From my poin

42、t of view, _. Also, to you, I highly recommend that _. On the one hand, _. On the other hand, _. Besides, it is unnecessary for you to _. Consequently, I believe that _.I hope that my opinions are of help to you, and please feel free to contact me for more questions.Yours sincerely,Li Ming8. 投訴信84 w

43、ordsA Letter of ComplaintDear _,I am _. I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about _.The reasons for my dissatisfaction lie upon three points as follows. In the first place, _. In addition, _. Under these circumstances, I find it difficult to _.I am sure that you

44、 are able to thoroughly understand my discontent, which you are bound to replace with a satisfactory solution. I would be grateful if you could _ as soon as possible.Yours sincerely,Li Ming9. 申請信99 wordsA Letter of ApplicationDear _,I am a senior student in the Department of _, University of _. I wo

45、uld like to apply for the masters program in _ department of your university, an opportunity that I have dreamed since _.During my undergraduate study I have demonstrated excellent academic ability, which is reflected in my grades and accomplishment. I have attached to this letter my resume, a compl

46、ete transcript, and three recommendation letters.I would greatly appreciate it if you could kindly consider my application. If you require more information, please feel free to contact me at _. Looking forwards to your reply.Yours sincerely,Li Ming10. 求職信111 wordsA Letter of Job ApplicationDear _,I have learnt from yesterdays newspaper that you are employing _. I wish to be considered as an applicant for the position, and beg to state m