earlybritainmodified

1、BritainPrehistory to RenaissanceThe Bog bodies, Druids, Anglo-Saxons, Romans and Normans.The Beakers 2500BCE While China and Egypt were forming the Worlds first city-states the Beaker people arrived on the British Isles from Western Europe. Beaker is another name for a jar or bottle Beaker technolog

2、y led to the melting of ore to create bronze (bronze age) No written languageThe Bog People Bodies preserved in the earth (bogs) tell us about pre-historic Britain. Earliest one found dates to 5500BCE Many bog bodies show signs of being brutally killedOne well preserved Bog bodyStone CirclesStonehen

3、ge Started being built around 1500BCE Stands on the Salisbury Plain two miles (three kilometers) west of the town of Amesbury, Wiltshire, in Southern England Consists of a series of earth, timber, and stone structures that were revised and re-modeled over a period of more than 1400 yearsPossible use

4、s of Stonehenge Ritual functions: sacrifices to gods, public viewing area, religious performance Astronomical functions: could be used to tell certain seasonal changes, eclipses or other astronomical observations These two functions were probably put together and used by priests as a source of power

5、 Over 1000 stone circles in BritainMost are not as well preserved as StonehengeDRUIDS A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies of Britain Druids combined the duties of priest, judge, scholar, and teacher Reverence for aspects of the natural world, such a

6、s the land, sea and sky Ronald Hutton points out we can know virtually nothing of certainty about the ancient Druids, so that - although they certainly existed - they function more or less as legendary figures.”Modern Druids celebrating the summer solstice at StonehengeCelts We can say Celts (Briton

7、s) were the earliest “civilisation” in Britain The culture originated in Eastern Europe 2000BCE, started running out of tin and bronze and moved westward eventually settling in Great Britain around 700BCE The CeltsDistribution of Celtic PeopleCelt lifestyle Hunters and farmers Drained marshland to c

8、reate land for farming Known in history for their warrior prowess and their ability to frighten the enemy through shrieks and wails Little written history about the Celts Written history begins in 55BCE when the Romans arrived in Britain.The RomansCelts and Romans Celts had trade going with Rome who

9、 ruled France 55BCE Julius Caesar went to Britain with an expedition but did not stay. He was beaten back twice by the Celtic king Cunobelinus The Roman occupation of Britain began in 42AD Roman Emperor Claudius with 40,000 troops was easily able to beat Caratacus, a Celtic king Celts and Romans Rom

10、ans drove many of the Celts to the mountainous areas of Scotland and Wales Romans modernized much of what is now England-built towns, theatres, buildings, roads, irrigation, sanitation. Brought education, medicine, wine, an organized system of government, and silk and cotton from Asia. Movie: “The E

11、agle” (失落的第九軍團(tuán))BoudiccaBoudiccas inspiration Boudicca was a queen in East Anglia and her husband, the king ruled under Roman authority. When her husband died the Romans took over the kingdom The Romans beat Boudicca and raped her daughters Formed army and marched unsuccessfully to London in 60AD Tho

12、ugh she lost her fight, she became a hero for resisting Roman rule Anglo-SaxonsAnglo-Saxons 410AD Romans had to defend their Empire from Germanic tribes so they had to move troops to other parts of the empire After Romans left the Celts in Britain were invaded the Angles, Saxons and Jutes (Anglo-Sax

13、ons) who came from northern Europe After this time the Anglo Saxon Conquest took place in Britain for over 100 years. This was the start of what we call The Dark Ages Anglo-Saxons Celts settled in Scotland, Ireland and Wales while Anglo-Saxons stayed in England. Anglo-Saxons formed the small kingdom

14、s of Kent, Essex, Sussex, East Anglia, Mercia, and Northumbria. Kingdoms often fought with each other until Wessex took over in the 9th century.Anglo-Saxon language point Tuesday-Tiu (God of war) Wednesday-Woden (King of heaven) Thursday-Thor (God of storms) Friday-Freya (Goddess of peace)St Augusti

15、neSaint Augustine 597 Pope Gregory I (Gregorian calendar) sent Saint Augustine to convert heathens into Christians. Saint Columba was Augustines Missionary to the British Isles. Christianity and the one God helped Britain form the monarchy with the King as figured. This began the heyday of the power

16、ful British KingsAlfred the GreatAlfred of Wessex 871-899 Know as “Alfred the Great” and the “Father of the British Navy” for his battles against the Danes (or “Vikings”) After a few lost battles Alfred was able to organise an army and defeat the Danes at the battle of Wedmore 878. In a trade for pe

17、ace Alfred offered the Danes parts of Northern and Eastern England. Became known as Danelaw. Alfreds other contributions to England-promoted education and became a writer. The VikingsDanish takeover After Alfred died in 901 the succeeding kings reconquered the Danelaw and trouble broke out 988 Ethel

18、red the Unready paid the Danes (Viking) invaders to go away but instead of leaving they took the money and became stronger 1016 a Danish king, Sweyn Forkbeard became the king of England The second Danish king was Canute Canute commanding the seaThe Normans The Normans brought an end to the dark ages

19、 and the beginning of the medieval period which went from 1066 to 1485 (the Renaissance) The Norman invasion also the beginning of the Middle English periodOrigin of the Normans Other Vikings who also came from the north like the Danes laid waste and plunder to the North of France and would have con

20、tinued south had the French and Normans not struck a deal. French king offered a portion of northern France The Vikings settled down there and soon adopted French language, customs and habits Became the NormansHouse of Wessex and the King of Normandy 1042: The Anglo-Saxon family of Wessex regains co

21、ntrol of England Wessex King Edward the Confessor dies and promises crown to Harold William, King of Normandy also believed he had been promised the crown Two leaders met for battle in Hastings, southern England, in September 1066William I (The Conqueror).Williams legacy Built the Tower of London as

22、 his personal castle He created the “Domesday Book” which told of his landholdings in England. This determined how much he could collect in taxes. Encouraged the financially astute Jews to settle in England from France to help boost the economy Tower of LondonHenry II Henry II 1154-1189 Henry had on

23、e of the longest and most powerful reigns in the era Controlled much of the west coast of Europe as well as Ireland and Wales Founded Plantagenet dynasty Passed many laws dealing with taxes and courts, most significantly, trial by juryFrench influence on the English language During some the Norman p

24、eriod England was almost a bilingual country. The Normans considered England their new home. Structure of English remained the same Other words dealing with government, land holding, war, hunting, cooking, dress and law were adopted.Examples PorkSwine LambMutton On the menuA la carte CocktailAperiti

25、f NannyAu pair Have a nice tripBon voyage On the wayEn route Type/styleGenre Mashes paperPapier mch You got meTouch There it isVoil ! Respond pleaseRSVP(Rpondez, sil vous plat) GoodbyeAdieu Governing bodyParliament Meet with someonerendez-vousRobin HoodRobin Hood Robin Hood of Sherwood Forest Nottin

26、gham Time of Norman King Richard 1st 1189 - 1199 No evidence that Robin Hood existed although the legend is so strong that it is thought that somebody like him must have Legendary Hero who robbed the tax collectors and local Barons and returned the money to the poor The Magna Carter1215 The Magna Ca

27、rta (Barons Law) Barons were the landowners and supplied the king with troops and taxes also had Serfs (basically slaves) who worked the fields and land The Magna Carta was a deal made between the Kings (King John) at the time and The Barons The Magna Carta was the first attempt at lessening some of

28、 the Kings power Also said that no freeman should be arrested without a trial The Feudal SocietyHundred Years War 1337-1453 Edward III: Believed he had the right to be King of France due to family relations Defeated the French army at the battle of Crcy, 1346. Henry V: Made famous by Shakespeare dra

29、ma of the same name. Briefly took control of France after winning the battle of Agincourt, 1415.Crcy.Agincourt.Hundred Years War 1337-1453 Joan of Arc: heroine in French history United common people against the English Later burned at the stake by the Church After Hundred Years war England and Franc

30、e became two independent states.Joan of Arc.The Peasants RevoltPeasant Uprising 1381 High taxes to fund Hundred Years War (one shilling per head) caused the peasants to unite and revolt. John Ball, Jack Straw and Watt Tyler lead a march on London King Richard II agrees to help them but then crushes them with his army Beginning of the end of serfdom in EnglandThe Black DeathThe Black Death Horrible disease that killed many people in Europe Mid-1300s Black Death arrives from