高一二3 定語從句 反義疑問

1、定語從句3非限制性定語從句 非限制性定語從句起補充附帶說明的作用，缺少它也不會影響全句的理解，譯為漢語時常常不譯作定語，而根據(jù)句意翻譯為相應(yīng)的其他形式的從句。它與主語的關(guān)系不像限定性定語從句的關(guān)系那樣密切。在非限定性定語從句的前面往往有逗號隔開，如果把非限定性定語從句放在句子中間，其前后都要用逗號與主句隔開。1. 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系代詞如下表所示：指代對象指代人指代物主格who賓語whomwhich, as所有格whom, of whom, whosewhich, of which, whose注意：關(guān)系代詞that不能引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句。 引導(dǎo)非限定性定語從句的關(guān)系副詞主要有whe

2、n, where。不可用why。2. 運用非限定性定語從句的情況：（1）關(guān)系代詞指代整個主句內(nèi)容 e.g. Our new house has a lovely garden, which makes us very happy.（2）當先行詞是專有名詞或物主代詞和指示代詞所修飾時，其后的定語從句通常是非限制性的。例如：Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.（3）當出現(xiàn)some, many, few, a few, little, much, most, two of which, whom等結(jié)構(gòu)時 e.g. Y

3、ouve made many mistakes, most of which were due to your carelessness.3. 限制性定語從句與非限制性定語從句的區(qū)別：類別語法意義及特征例句限制性定語從句對先行詞起修飾限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思就不完整明確，這種從句與主句的關(guān)系十分密切，寫時不用逗號分開。The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定語從句對先行詞作附加的說明，與主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，較松散。從句和主句之間用逗號分開，相當于一個插入語，不能用that引導(dǎo)，關(guān)系代詞做賓語時也不能省略。His mother,

4、 whom he loved deeply, died ten years ago.非限制性定語從句主要在以下方面不同于限制性定語從句： 非限制性定語從句和主句的關(guān)系不十分密切，它不是對先行詞進行修飾或確定，只是對先行詞作些附加的說明。專有名詞通常被非限制性定語從句所修飾。例如：地名，人名，國家名等。 非限制性定語從句不是先行詞必不可少的修飾語，因此如果去掉從句，主句的意思仍然清楚。 從句和主句之間往往用逗號分開，翻譯時復(fù)合句通常譯成兩句話。 與限制性定語從句一樣，非限制性定語從句也可用關(guān)系代詞who, which, whom, whose, as和關(guān)系副詞when, where, why 引

5、導(dǎo)。that不引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。例如： We will fly to Xian first, where we plan to stay for a couple of days.我們將先飛往西安，在那里我們打算停留兩天。 My wife, who is a doctor, is working abroad this year.我的妻子是位醫(yī)生，她今年在國外工作。 As is known to all, ice is water in its solid state.眾所周知，冰是水的固態(tài)。非限制性定語從句中值得注意的幾個問題 在which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句，先行詞可以是一個名詞或代

6、詞，也可以是句子的一部分，甚至整個句子。例如： My new car, which I paid several thousand dollars for, isnt running well. 先行詞是car He said that he had never seen her before, which was not true. 先行詞是he had never seen her before which和as引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句比較which和as都可引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句，并且先行詞都可以是一句句子，但which通常指代上文提到的情況，而as則可以指代上文或下文。 as 在這類句子中

7、經(jīng)常有“正如”的意思。另外，as還經(jīng)常與such, the same 等連用。（見第一講中as 引導(dǎo)的定語從句）例如： He has to work on Sundays, which he doesnt like. As we expected, he gave a wonderful performance. Mike is late, as is often the case. I never heard such stories as he told. She knew he felt just the same as she did. 在從句中作賓語的關(guān)系代詞which, who,

8、whom一般不省略。例如： Jeanne was her old friend, from whom she borrowed a necklace. He built a telescope, through which he could study the skies.4. as與which的區(qū)別：定語從句區(qū)別例句限制性定語從句中名詞前有such和the same修飾時，關(guān)系代詞用as,不能用whichHe is not such a fool as he looks.Dont read such books as you cant understand. 非限制性定語從句中as和whic

9、h都可以指代前面整個主句。如果有“正如，象”的含義，并可以放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引導(dǎo)的從句只能放主句后，并無“正如”的意思。They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadnt expected.As is well known, he is a famous film star in the 1980s.關(guān)系代詞as引導(dǎo)的定語從句 和such連用，這時的as相當于who, which。有時such和as連在一起例如： Wendy is not such a fool as

10、she looks. Such cars as I saw were too expensive to me. We had hoped to give you a chance such as nobody else ever had.注意：這種用法和such that 的區(qū)別在such as 中，as是關(guān)系代詞，它在從句中充當成分。例中作looks的表語，在例和中分別作saw和had的賓語。而在such that 中that引導(dǎo)的結(jié)果狀語從句，解釋為“以至于”。that不充當任何成分，只起語法上的連接作用。例如： She gave me such a surprise that I cou

11、ldnt say anything at that moment. His idea was such a good one that we all agreed to use it. 和same連用例如： You must show my friend the same respect as you show me. She wears the same kind of clothes as her sister usually does. 引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句例如： She was the one I met at the party, as you know. As was natura

12、l, she married Robin.5. 定語從句和其它從句的區(qū)分很多高三的同學(xué)在解題時發(fā)現(xiàn)，有時難以區(qū)分定語從句，表語從句，時間、地點狀語從句和強調(diào)句。解決這一問題的關(guān)鍵在于牢記： 定語從句一定有先行詞 定語從句的關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在從句中一定充當成分。我們來看具體的從句的比較：（一）定語從句和表語從句例 1) This is where your father worked when he was young.此句沒有先行詞，where 引導(dǎo)的是表語從句，where相當于“the place where”，解釋為“的地方”。2) This is the shop where my b

13、rother once worked.此句中where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句， 先行詞是：the shop。（二）定語從句和狀語從句例 1) Lets do it when we are free.此句中沒有先行詞，when引導(dǎo)的是狀語從句。2) Lets do it next month, when we are free.這里when引導(dǎo)的是定語從句，先行詞是next month。又如：1) Put it where it was. where引導(dǎo)的是地點狀語從句，無先行詞。2) Put it in the drawer where I keep documents. where引導(dǎo)的是定語從句

14、。（三）定語從句和強調(diào)句例 1) Where did you interview the composer? It was in the hotel _ he stayed.A. where B. that此句看上去很像強調(diào)句型，很多同學(xué)因而錯選B。但選B后意思是：他住在賓館里。不能回答上文中提出的問題。而應(yīng)該選A，句子的意思是：是在他住的賓館。所以，正確地解這一題除了要求對定語從句和強調(diào)句型有很好的掌握以外，還考查了對題目所給出的語境的理解。（四）定語從句和并列句例 1) There are 45 students in our class, of whom two fifths are g

15、irls. of whom/which +分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/ both / all / none / some / many 這樣的結(jié)構(gòu)常出現(xiàn)在定語從句中，尤其是在較正式的文體中。更常見的是：分數(shù)/百分數(shù)/ both / all +of whom/which， 此句是定語從句。2) There are 45 students in our class, and two fifths of them are girls.此句中的第二分句由并列連詞and引起，因此，不是定語從句。反意疑問句 一、基本用法與結(jié)構(gòu) 反意疑問句由“陳述句+簡單疑問句”兩部分組成，第一部分提出一種看法，第二部分用來質(zhì)疑或表示證

16、實。陳述部分與疑問部分的動詞時態(tài)和動詞性質(zhì)應(yīng)保持一致，而且肯定和否定形式彼此相反，即陳述部分為肯定式時，疑問部分用否定式，陳述部分為否定式時，疑問部分用肯定式： He likes English, doesnt he? 他喜歡英語，不是嗎？ He doesnt like English, does he? 他不喜歡英語，是嗎？二、反意疑問句的用法：（一）具體用法整理如下：用 法例 句1. 肯定陳述句后反意疑問句用否定形式，否定陳述句后反意疑問句用肯定形式1. We can still be friends, cant we?2. He doesnt like ice cream, does h

17、e?2. 陳述句中的主語是名詞，反意疑問句中用相應(yīng)的代詞來代替陳述句中的主語。 1）當主語是someone, somebody, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, nobody, no one等不定代詞時， 反意疑問句中的代詞用they或者he. 2）當主語是this, that, something, nothing, anything, 不定式，動名詞，或從句時，反意疑問句中的代詞用it 1. His father cant name the plant, can he?2. Everyone has advised you not to go o

18、n a diet, havent they/hasnt he?3. This is a lovely clock, isnt it?4. Something is shining, isnt it?5. To swim in such cold water is crazy, isnt it?6. What he did really scared me, didnt it?7. Shopping isnt what you want to do, is it?3. 陳述句中動詞是情態(tài)動詞時，一般用情態(tài)動詞+代詞的形式。情態(tài)動詞must用法如下： 1）作“禁止”講時，用must 2）作“必須”

19、講時，用 mustnt / neednt 3）作“肯定”講時，根據(jù)動作發(fā)生的時間，選用不同的時態(tài)。1. He dare not cross the street alone, dare he?2. We neednt finish it today, need/must we?3. Students mustnt be late, must they?4. He must be in his room now, isnt he?5. They must have come back, havent they?6. You must have got the letter when you we

20、re in the office, didnt you?4. 陳述句中用了表示否定意思的neither, none, nobody, nothing, few, little, never, hardly, seldom等詞后，反意疑問句用肯定形式。但陳述句中否定意義前綴或后綴的詞，不影響反意疑問句的形式。 1. Neither of you will have coffee, will you?2. She seldom argues with others, does she?3. No one has found my CD, have they?4. Its unfair, isnt

21、it?5. They are hopeless, arent they?5. 在祈使句后的反意疑問句中， 一般用will you，但在Lets 開頭的祈使句后，一般用shall we。1. Post a letter for me, will you?2. Dont tell him about it, will you?3. Lets go, shall we?4. Let him go, will you?6. 在主從復(fù)合句中，一般與主句的謂語動詞一致，但在主句主語是第一人稱，并且謂語部分為think, believe, imagine, suppose等時，疑問句一般與從句的謂語一致。1

22、. They told me it was not true, didnt they?2. I believe he can make it, cant he?3. We dont believe we were defeated, were we?7. 反意疑問句的回答方式是根據(jù)事實情況回答，而不受提問方式影響。1. We havent been informed, have we?Yes, we have. （不，我們接到通知了。）No, we havent. （對，還沒有。）（二）常見句型的反意疑問句 1. 當陳述部分是there be 存在句型時，反意疑問句的主語也用there。 e.

23、g. There was nothing in the room, was there? 房間里什么也沒有，是嗎？2. 感嘆句的反意疑問句，其謂語要求用否定句。 e.g. What a beautiful day, isnt it? 多好的天氣啊，不是嗎？3. 祈使句后面的反意疑問句問題A) 祈使句是否定形式，反意疑問句用will you。 e.g. Dont forget to post the letter, will you? 請別忘了寄信。B) 祈使句是肯定形式，反意疑問句用肯定、否定均可。 e.g. Please help us, will you/wont you? 請幫幫我們，好

24、嗎？C) Let開頭的祈使句要注意：1. Lets 在意義上包含談話的對方在內(nèi)，表示提出建議或征求對方意見，其反意疑問句往往用shall we。 e.g. Lets go there together, shall we? 我們一起去，好嗎?2. Let us 在意義上一般不包含談話的對方在內(nèi)，表示請求對方允許做某事的含義，let 有allow的意思。附加疑問部分用will you。e.g. Let us go swimming together, shall we? 我們一起去游泳好嗎?3. Let me 開頭表示請求，反意疑問句用will you，或用may I。 e.g. Let me

25、carry the box for you, may I? 我?guī)湍惆嵯渥雍脝?？（三）?fù)合句的反意疑問句 1. 當陳述部分是一個（帶that引導(dǎo)賓語從句的）主從復(fù)合句時，反意疑問句的主謂要和主句的主謂保持對應(yīng)關(guān)系。但是，當陳述部分的主語是：I suppose, I think, I believe, I imagine, I expect等結(jié)構(gòu)時，反意疑問句的主語和謂語要和從句的主語，謂語保持一致關(guān)系。而且要注意到否定的轉(zhuǎn)移問題。 e.g. I think she is right, isnt she? 我認為她是對的，是嗎？2. 當陳述部分是Im sure that,；we are sure；

26、Im afraid that；We are sure that；I feel sure that 等后面跟賓語從句時，反意疑問句與后面的賓語從句一致。 e.g. Im afraid it is going to rain, isnt it? 恐怕要下雨了，不是嗎？ （四）關(guān)于情態(tài)動詞的反意疑問句 1. 陳述部分中有have一詞，且表示“所有”含義時，反意疑問句部分既可用have也可用do。 e.g. You have a bike, havent you/dont you? 你有一輛自行車，不是嗎？2. 陳述部分中有have to，反意疑問句部分用do。 e.g. He had to go t

27、o work when he was very young, didnt he? 3. 含有ought to 的反意疑問句，陳述部分是肯定的，疑問部分用shouldn't/oughtn't +主語。 e.g. He ought to know what to do, oughtn't he/shouldn't he? 4. 陳述部分有used to，反意疑問句部分可用used 也可以用did 。 e.g. He used to get up early, usednt he/didnt he? 5. 陳述部分有neednt時，反意疑問句部分用need但有時也可用

28、must。 e.g. We neednt do it again, need we ? 我們不必要再做一遍了，是嗎？6. 陳述部分有must，且表示“必須”時，反意疑問句部分用mustnt，如果表示“必要”則用neednt。 e.g. You must leave at once, mustnt you?你必須馬上離開，是嗎?You must leave at once, neednt you?你有必要馬上離開，是嗎?7. 陳述部分中是mustnt表示“禁止”時，反意疑問句部分用must。陳述部分中的must表示“一定”、“想必”等推測意義時，反意疑問句部分而是根據(jù)陳述部分的謂語動詞或其助動詞

29、來定。 e.g. You musts smoke here, must you? 你不能在這里抽煙，是吧？He must be there now, isn't he? 他現(xiàn)在一定在那里，不是嗎？8. 陳述部分是I wish，表示詢問或征求意見，反意疑問部分用may I。 e.g. I wish to go with them, may I? 我想同他們一起去，可以嗎？9. 陳述部分的主語是each of.結(jié)構(gòu)時，反意疑問句在強調(diào)整體時用they，當作個別時用he。 e.g. Each of the boys has a map, dont they? 每個男孩都有一張地圖，不是嗎？1

30、0. 陳述部分有neither. nor.(either.or.)做并列主語，反意疑問部分根據(jù)其實際邏輯意義而定。  e.g. Neither you nor I am engineer, are we? 我和你都不是工程師，是吧？11. 陳述部分是：Im .結(jié)構(gòu)，反意疑問句一般用arent I? e.g. Im wrong, arent I? 我錯了，是嗎?12. 陳述部分有had better + v. 疑問句部分用hadn't you?    e.g. You'd better read it by yourself, hadn&#

31、39;t yo 你最好自己看，是吧？13. 陳述部分有would rather +v.，疑問部分多用 wouldn't +主語。 e.g. He would rather read it ten times than recite it, wouldn't he? 他寧愿讀十遍也不愿意背，是嗎？14.  陳述部分有You'd like to +v. 疑問部分用wouldn't +主語。  e.g. You'd like to go with me, wouldn't you? 你想和我一起去，不是嗎？15. 帶情態(tài)動詞dare

32、或need的反意疑問句，疑問部分常用 need (dare ) +主語。  e.g. We need not do it again, need we ? 我們不需要再做一遍，是吧？  He dare not say so, dare he? 他不敢那樣說，是吧？當dare, need 為實義動詞時，疑問部分用助動詞do + 主語。   e.g. She doesn't dare to go home alone, does she? 她不敢一個人回家，是嗎？語法知識拓展（一）選擇適當?shù)年P(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞把下列句子補充完整。1. We should rea

33、d such books _ will make us better and wiser.2. He failed in the exam, _ proves that he wasnt working hard enough. 3. Is it that factory _ this car is produced?4. _ is often the case, we have worked out the production plan.5. She was very kind towards the children, _ her husband seldom was.6. In the

34、 office I never seem to have time until after 5.00 p.m., _ many people have gone home.7. He called on another girl, _ he believed was more suitable for the job.8. The clever boy made a hole in the wall, through _ he could see what was going on inside the house.9. I intended to compare notes with a f

35、riend, _ unfortunately couldn't spare me even one minute.10. Last week, only two people came to look at the same house _ Mr. Black is trying to sell. （三）單項填空1. These houses are sold at such a low price _ people didnt expect. A. likeB. as C. that D. which2. I bought a book written in _ easy Engli

36、sh _ beginners can understand. A. such an, as B. such, that C. so, that D. such, as3. This is so difficult a question _. A. that many students cant answer B. which many students cant answer it C. as no one can answer it D. as nobody can answer4. He tore all my letters and _didnt upset me at all. A.

37、this B. it C. which D. as5. John said he'd been working in the office for an hour, _ was true. A. he B. this C. which D. who6. You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can find them again. A. when     B. where     C. then     D.

38、there 7. The manager decided to give the job to _ he believed had a sense of duty. A. who B. whom C. whoever D. whomever 8. _ I had expected, the number of the audience was well over two thousand. A. As B. Which C. Whom D. That9. After five hours drive, they reached _ they thought was the place they

39、 had been dreaming of. A. that B. where C. which D. what10. Do you like any of the music _ youve listened? A. which B. that C. for which D. to which11. Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, I liked her sweet and hopeful smile. A. who B. that C. when D. which12. Nowadays, more and more students are

40、 working directly on the Internet _ different types of courses are supplied. A. that B. which C. where D. whose13. Is there a supermarket around _ I can get some food? A. where B. that C. which D. from it 14. It was on the farm _ he grown up _ he told me about his childhood. A. where, that B. that,

41、that C. where, when D. that, when15. That was the young man, I think, _ I saw the other day help to catch the thief. A. who B. one C. the one D. which16. You must show my wife the same respect _ you show me.A. as B. that C. who D. what17. _ is known to all, China will be an advanced and powerful cou

42、ntry in 20 or 30 years.A. Which B. That C. As D. It18. New York, _last year, is a nice old city.A. that I visited B. which I visited C. where I visited D. in which I visited19. _ is reported in the newspapers that talks between the two countries are making progress.A. It B. As C. That D. What20. He

43、invited ten friends to his home, _ are foreigners.A. six of whom B. the six of whomC. six of them D. the six of them21. She was _I met at the party, _you knew.A. the one, as B. who, that C. the one what, whichD. that, as22. He tore up my photo and _ upset me.A. this B. it C. which D. what23. The fac

44、tory produces half a million pairs of shoes every year, 80% _ are sold abroad.   A. of which    B. which of      C. of them      D. of 24. Human beings are different from animals in _ they can make tools.A. which B. what C. t

45、hat D. where25. It was in the lab _ was taken charge of by Professor Zhou _ they did the experiment   A. where, that       B. which, whichC. that, where     D. which, that26. We forgot to bring our tickets, but please let us

46、enter, _? A. do youB. can weC. will youD. shall we27. Sarah had her washing machine repaired the day before yesterday, _ she?A. hadB. didC. hadntD. didnt28. He never said he that he was good at mathematics, _?A. was heB. wasnt heC. did heD. didnt he29. There was a loud scream from the backstage imme

47、diately after the concert ended, _?A. wasnt thereB. was thereC. didnt itD. did it30. Bills aim is to inform the viewers that cigarette advertising on TV is illegal, _?A. isnt itB. is itC. isnt heD. is he（五） 真題回顧1. They fly to Washington, _ they plan to stay for two or three days.A. whereB. thereC. w

48、hichD. when2. The Science Museum, _ we visited during a recent trip to Britain, is one of Londons tourist attractions.A. whichB. whatC. thatD. where3. Villagers here depend on the fishing industry, _ there wont be much work.)A. whereB. thatC. by whichD. without which4. Ill give you my friends home a

49、ddress, _ I can be reached most evenings.A. whichB. whenC. whomD. where5. The growing speed of a plant is influenced by a number of factors, _ are beyond our control.A. most of themB. most of whichC. most of whatD. most of that6. For many cities in the world, there is no room to spread out further,

50、_ New York is an example. A. for whichB. in whichC. of whichD. from which7. Yesterday she sold her car, _ she bought a month ago.A. whenB. whereC. thatD. which8. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whomB. whom the hands ofC. which the hands ofD. the hands o

51、f which9. The road conditions there turned out to be very good, _ was more than we could expect. A. itB. whatC. whichD. that10. By nine oclock, all the Olympic torch bccares had reached the top of Mount Qomolangms, _ appeared a rare rainbow soon. A. of whichB. on whichC. from whichD. above which11. It was along the Mississippi River _ Mark Twain spent much of his childhood. A. how B. which C. that D. where12. The English spoken in the United States is only slightly different from _ spoken in England. A. which B. what C. that D. the on