綜合英語(yǔ)第二冊(cè)Unit7講義

1、Unit7 QuoteHistories make men wise; poems witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. Francis Bacon歷史使人睿智，詩(shī)歌使人智慧，數(shù)學(xué)使人細(xì)致，自然哲學(xué)使人深邃，道德使人嚴(yán)肅;邏輯與修辭使人善辯。讀史使人明智,讀詩(shī)使人聰慧,演算使人精密,哲理使人深刻,倫理學(xué)使人有修養(yǎng),邏輯修辭使人善辯。史鑒使人明智；詩(shī)歌使人巧慧；數(shù)學(xué)使人精細(xì)；博物使人深沉；倫理之學(xué)使人莊重；邏輯與修辭使人善辯。

2、4. Questions about the text -What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with? -What is the main idea? -Whats the authors purpose of writing? -How is the text arranged?What issues does the writer of the letter intend to deal with?- How should students regard grades, both good and bad? A

3、re grades as important as they are assumed to be? Do good grades necessarily lead to achievements and bad grades result in failure in a students later life?What is the text mainly about?-.The text is mainly about grades , disappointment and attitudes towards them by considering exactly what the grad

4、e B means and doesnt mean.Whats the authors purpose of writing?-to tell his student that he should view his grades and his disappointment correctly. What type of writing is this essay? -argumentation. Apart from the first paragraph, the rest of the text falls clearly into three parts, each of which

5、is marked at the beginning by a key word or words. Try to find these key words.-Paragraphs 25: Disappointment-Paragraphs 6-8: The student as performer; the student as human being.-Paragraphs 9-10: PerspectivePart 1 （paragraph 1）Understanding the paragraph: 1) What does this part mainly talk about? 2

6、) What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly? 3)What, according to the author, has caused the feeling of disappointment? 4) Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragraph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?Main idea of this part: It introduces

7、the topic of the letter: grade B for the course and the feeling of disappointment.What change about grades has the author mentioned briefly?-The author has mentioned briefly the change in the way grades are regarded, i.e. the norm has shifted upward.What, according to the author, has caused the feel

8、ing of disappointment?-It has to do with the general social climate where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special programs. This is why the author says there is nothing he can do to remove the feeling of disappointment.Has the author stated his purpose of writing in this paragra

9、ph? If yes, what is it? If not, where is it stated in the text?- The purpose of writing the letter is not stated in this paragraph. It is not specifically mentioned until the third paragraph.Ø Im certain that nothing I can say will remove that feeling of disappointment, particularly in a climat

10、e where grades determine eligibility for graduate school and special program. (Paragraph 1)Translation:Ø 我肯定無(wú)論我說(shuō)什么都不會(huì)消除你的沮喪心情，特別是在我們生活的環(huán)境中，考試分?jǐn)?shù)直接決定你是否有資格讀研究生和申請(qǐng)一些特別的學(xué)習(xí)項(xiàng)目。l norm n.1) an accepted standard or a way of behaving or doing things that most people agree withe.g. You must adapt to the n

11、orms of the society you live in.2) the norm = a situation or type of behavior that is expected and considered to be typical e.g. One child per family is fast becoming the norm in some countries. 常態(tài)Derivation: normal a.; normally ad.normalize v. ; normalization n.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，規(guī)范正常的，正規(guī)的 n.正常；標(biāo)準(zhǔn)；常態(tài)常態(tài)使正常，使標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化norm

12、 n. normal a.normality n.normalize v.過(guò)了幾天，洪水才退，生活恢復(fù)了正常。It was several days before the floodwater sank and life returned to normal.我們的關(guān)系正常了。Our relationship has been normalized.l shift vt.& vi.1) to (cause something or someone to) move or change from one position or direction to another, especial

13、ly slightly（使）移動(dòng)，（使）轉(zhuǎn)移2)  to change a situation, discussion etc by giving special attention to one idea or subject instead of to a previous one 轉(zhuǎn)移注意力等3）to change opinions 轉(zhuǎn)變；改變意見(jiàn)、信仰等e.g. She shifted (her weight) uneasily from one foot to the other. 她不安地把重心從一只腳轉(zhuǎn)移到另一只腳。 The wind is expected to sh

14、ift (to the east) tomorrow. The White House hopes to shift the medias attention away from foreign policy issues. 白宮希望把媒體的注意力從外交政策問(wèn)題上轉(zhuǎn)移開。 Public opinion was beginning to shift to the right (= become more right-wing ) 公眾輿論開始右傾。Derivation: shift n.shiftless a. lazy and having no interest in working har

15、d or trying to succeed懶惰的，不求上進(jìn)的，得過(guò)且過(guò)的N. 1) if workers in a factory, hospital etc work shifts, they work for a particular period of time during the day or night, and are then replaced by others, so that there are always people working 工廠、醫(yī)院等輪班制中的當(dāng)班時(shí)間² I work shifts. 我輪班工作。² A shift system h

16、as been introduced.實(shí)行了輪班工作制。² do/work a (10-/12-/24- etc hour) shift Dave had to work a 12-hour shift yesterday. 戴夫昨天要上一個(gè)12小時(shí)的班。² night/day etc shift The thought of working night shifts put her off becoming a nurse. 想到要上夜班，她就打消了當(dāng)護(hù)士的念頭。² early/late shift Im on the early shift tomorrow.

17、 明天我要上早班² shift work/worker/working people who do shift work 做輪班工作的人2). a shift key 鍵盤上的shift鍵，換擋鍵To run the spell-checker, press SHIFT and F7. 要使用拼寫檢查程序l with the result that: in consequence; as a consequence of 因此；從而；其結(jié)果是E.g. To increase sales, firms could hire more people without caring too

18、much about productivity, with the result that growth in revenue correlated closely with growth in headcount. 為了增進(jìn)銷售，各企業(yè)可以雇傭更多的人而不用操心員工的生產(chǎn)力，因此，營(yíng)業(yè)額的增長(zhǎng)與員工數(shù)量的增加呈現(xiàn)緊密的相關(guān)性。Practice： 盜賊戴上手套，因而沒(méi)有留下指紋The burglar wore gloves, with the result that there is no fingerprint to be found.建國(guó)以來(lái)我們犯的幾次錯(cuò)誤，都是由于要求過(guò)急，目標(biāo)過(guò)高，脫

19、離了中國(guó)的實(shí)際，結(jié)果發(fā)展反倒慢了。The mistakes we have made since the founding of the Peoples Republic were all due to over-eagerness: disregarding Chinas realities, setting excessively high targets, with the result that progress was slowed.Translate the following sentences into English.1. 他因急性闌尾炎住院治療，結(jié)果連期末考試都沒(méi)參加。 (

20、with the result that)He was hospitalized with acute appendicitis, with the result that he missed the final examination. l eligibility n. the qualifications or abilities required for doing somethingDerivation:² eligible a.² eligible (for sth. / to do sth.)1)她的資歷和經(jīng)驗(yàn)確定她適合做這項(xiàng)工作。 2) 只有在公司工作三年以上

21、的人才能得到住房補(bǔ)貼。1）Her qualifications and experience confirm her eligibility for the job.2）Only those who have worked in this company for at least three years are eligible for housing allowancePart 2 （paragraph 2-5）Understanding the paragraph:Main idea: The author tells how he understands a grade: a grade

22、, which is just a fuzzy representation of the students mastery of a certain subject but not a precise judgement of the students ability or character, is over-emphasized in American society.Question: 1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment?2) What does the author think has given r

23、ise to a B students feeling of disappointment ?How do you interpret the second sentence in Paragraph 2 “The essence of success is that theres never enough of it to go round in a zero-sum game where one persons winning must be offset by anothers losing, one persons joy offset by anothers disappointme

24、nt”.Explanation:“Zero-sum game” refers to a situation in which if one person gains an advantage from it, someone else involved in it must suffer an equivalent disadvantage.Paraphrase:There does not exist the situation in which all those who are involved will turn out successful and no one feels disa

25、ppointed. Wherever there are winners, there are losers. When someone feels happy about his success, someone else may feel disappointed at his failure. In a highly competitive society where the importance of winning is emphasized so much, it is inevitable that those who fail in the competition will f

26、eel disappointed.Translation: Ø 我們所生活的社會(huì)就像一個(gè)零和游戲，只要有人贏，就會(huì)有人輸；只要有人感到幸福，就會(huì)有人感到沮喪。從來(lái)都不存在大家都成功而沒(méi)有人失落的情況。這就是成功的核心因素。 winning is not the most important thing its the only thing.Explanation: This is a special type of negation. The author is not negating the importance of winning; rather, with the sent

27、ence that follows the negative one, the author gives the utmost emphasis to the importance of winning. What the author wants to say is “Winning is of primary importance; nothing could be more important than winning.”Translation: 成功不是最重要的事情它是唯一的事情e.g. To improve your oral English, practicing is not t

28、he most important thing its the only thing.Ours is a time of information explosion; to keep up with the times, updating our knowledge is not the most important thing its the only thing.To lose, to fail, to go under, to go broke these are deadly sins in a world where prosperity in the present is seen

29、 as a sure sign of salvation in the future.Paraphrase: Being unsuccessful in ones life and career and financially disadvantaged are regarded as shameful or even sinful because in this world people tend to think that only those who are successful now can be saved from evil in the future. In a differe

30、nt society, your disappointment might be something you could shrug away. But not in ours. Paraphrase: If you are in a different society, you could just ignore you disappointment, but in our society, its inescapable. Translation: 假如你處在另一個(gè)社會(huì)里，你可以對(duì)你的沮喪置之不理，但是在我們這個(gè)社會(huì)里是無(wú)法回避的。l inadequacy 1) U a feeling t

31、hat you are not as good, clever, skilled etc as other people 人不夠好，不勝任 Unemployment can cause feelings of inadequacy and low self-esteem. 失業(yè)會(huì)使人缺乏自信，產(chǎn)生自卑感。2) U the fact of not being good enough in quality, ability, size etc for a particular purpose 質(zhì)量、能力、大小等不足，欠缺 + of the inadequacy of local health ca

32、re 當(dāng)?shù)蒯t(yī)療保健服務(wù)的不足3) .C usually plural,一 a fault or weakness 缺點(diǎn)，不足之處 Im quite aware of my own inadequacies. 我很清楚自身的不足之處。Derivation:inadequate a.inadequately ad.Antonym:adequacyExercise: Use the following words to fill in the blanks.inadequacy inadequately adequacy adequate adequately1. Unemployment can

33、often cause feelings of and low self-esteem. 2. He doubted her for the job. 3. Will future oil supplies be to meet world needs? 4. While some patients can be cared for at home, others are best served by care in a hospital. 5. Our scientific research is funded. l essence n. the most basic and importa

34、nt idea or qualityE.g. The essence of his argument was that education should continue throughout life. Yet change is the very essence of life. Collocation:² in essence 本質(zhì)上，大體上 In essence, both sides agree on the issue.² of the essence 非常重要的，不可缺少的 In any of these discussions, of course, hon

35、esty is of the essence.Derivation:essential a. & n.essentially ad.l go round1) The main road was flooded so we had to go round by narrow country lanes.-繞道2）It is unprofessional to go round criticizing your colleagues. -（四處活動(dòng)，在交際方面活躍） There is a rumour going round that she has been arrested.-（流傳，

36、傳播）There is a lot of flu going round at that moment.-（傳染，流行）3）（0f a number or quantity of sth）be enough for everyone to have a share (指某物的數(shù)或量）足夠每人一份There arent enough chairs to go round.椅子不夠坐。Is there enough food to go round? 食物夠每人一份嗎？前來(lái)聽(tīng)講座的人數(shù)遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出原來(lái)的估計(jì)，分發(fā)給大家的講義不夠了。As many more people came to the lec

37、ture than expected, there were not enough handouts to go round.l offset vt. to counterbalance or compensate forIn basketball, he offsets his small size by his cleverness and speed. Forests can help offset human-caused climate warming, and scientists want to know how big a role these particular fores

38、ts will play.Collocation:offset sth. by sth. / doing sth.l go under to fail; to be overwhelmed 破產(chǎn)，沉沒(méi)，失敗，屈服 His business went under because of competition from the large corporations.Poor Donaldson had no head for（在某方面缺少天分）business, and it was not long before he went under.l go / be broke to become p

39、enniless; to go bankrupt 破產(chǎn)了，沒(méi)錢，身無(wú)分文的，窮的The business kept losing money and finally went broke.I cant afford to go on holiday this year Im broke. A lot of small businesses went broke during the recession.經(jīng)濟(jì)不景氣，很多小公司都倒閉了。v. a.n.salvagesalvageablesalvation打撈，搶救可搶救的，可打撈的得救，拯救；贖罪房子里沒(méi)有什么東西可救的了。There is no

40、thing that is salvageable in the building.天氣干旱了這么久，這場(chǎng)雨成了農(nóng)民的救星。After so much dry weather, the rain has been the farmers salvation. Questions:1) How does the author explain the notion of disappointment? (Paragraph 2).-Disappointment is a negative feeling. It is the stuff bad dreams are made of. What d

41、eserves our attention here is that the author explains disappointment in relation to success.2) What does the author think has given rise to a B students feeling of disappointment.-As far as the author is concerned, the cause of the students disappointment is to a large extent social. In a society w

42、here the importance of winning is overemphasized, it is considered shameful to be a loser. Whats more, prosperity in the present is assumed to ensure ones salvation in the future. In this general social climate, therefore, a B student will naturally feel disappointed. Paragraph 3What is the main ide

43、a?It reveals the purpose of writing this letter: the students should learn how to correctly deal with the grade B and disappointment from it.What does the phrase “put sth. in perspective” mean? (Paragraph 3)-It means “judge the importance of sth. correctly.” So what the author wants to do is to show

44、 the students how they should regard / view their disappointment correctly.l perspective n. 1） a way of regarding situations, facts, etc.； 思考問(wèn)題的角度，觀點(diǎn)，想法2）a sensible way of judging and comparing situations so that you do not imagine that something is more serious than it really is 對(duì)事物的合理判斷，正確認(rèn)識(shí)3） a m

45、ethod of drawing a picture that makes objects look solid and shows distance and depth, or the effect this method produces in a picture 透視（畫）法；透視效果，透視感e.g.His fathers death gave him a whole new perspective on life.The novel is written from the perspective of a child.I think Tom has lost all sense of

46、perspective . The artist took the use of perspective.² in / out of perspective: 可見(jiàn)物體的位置或比例正確/不正確； 恰當(dāng)/不恰當(dāng)E.g.The background of this picture is all out of perspective.² view / put / see sth. in perspective ： 從角度觀察、處置、看待 sthE.g.He sees things in their right perspective.l take at face value to

47、 accept something for what it appears to beE.g.She took his stories at face value and did not know he was joking. If you take his remarks only at their face value, you will not have understood his full meaning.Translation:如果這一生中我學(xué)會(huì)了一件事的話，那就是絕不要聽(tīng)什么就相信什么。If there is one thing I have learned in life, i

48、t is never to take anything you are told at face value. 我們不應(yīng)只看到失敗的表面，而要從失敗中得出經(jīng)驗(yàn)教訓(xùn)。We shouldnt take failures at face value. Instead, we should learn from our failures.他的話，你得好好想一想，千萬(wàn)不要他說(shuō)什么你就信什么。l be apt to to have the tendency toE.g.A careless person is apt to make mistakes.E.g.My pen is rather apt to

49、 leak.Synonym:be inclined tobe likely tol mislead: make you think or act wrongly 誤導(dǎo)，誤入歧途E.g.He deliberately misled us about the nature of their relationship. 關(guān)于他們究竟是什么關(guān)系，他故意給我們留下錯(cuò)誤印象。E.g.This sentence has misled us into thinking that the answer was wrong. 這句話誤使我們認(rèn)為那個(gè)答案是錯(cuò)誤的。Paragraph 4Questions:1) Wh

50、y does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )2) Try to find out what a grade means and what it does not mean. (Paragraphs 4 5)Ø Lacking more precise measurement tools, we must interpret your B as a rather fuzzy symbol at best, representing a questionable judgment of your m

51、astery of the subject. (Paragraphs 4 )Ø Translation-由于缺乏更精確的衡量工具，我們至多只能把B看作一個(gè)模糊的符號(hào)，表示對(duì)你掌握某一科目的程度的判斷，不過(guò)這種判斷的準(zhǔn)確性很值得懷疑.熟練的，精通的熟練，精通proficient ficiency n.我可以說(shuō)對(duì)唱歌很在行。Id say I am quite proficient at singing.l correspond to to match; to be similar or equal to,相當(dāng)于，符合于The American Congress correspo

52、nds to the British Parliament.假定，設(shè)想；承擔(dān)；認(rèn)為假定，假如假定，設(shè)想 assumption of sthv.conj.n. assumeassumingassumption我以為你能講流利的英語(yǔ)。I assumed you could speak English fluently.假定那是真的，我們現(xiàn)在該怎么辦？Assuming that it is true, what should we do now?l assumption n. what is thought to be true or will happen, without any real pr

53、oofThese calculations are based on the assumption that prices will continue to rise.Im working on the assumption that the money will come through.Collocation:assumption of sth. Translation:1. 這一理論是以一系列錯(cuò)誤的設(shè)想為根據(jù)的。The theory is based on a series of wrong assumptions.2. 看見(jiàn)不明飛行物時(shí)，有些人就設(shè)想在其他行星上有生命。Some peo

54、ple assume that there is life on other planets when they see UFOs.inadequacy assumption correspond to essence offset conventional go under perspective proficiency be apt to4. A great many companies in the fierce financial risk. 5. Everyone sees things from his or her own 6. She live in the country,

55、but her husband wanted to live in the city. 7. Toms as a professor is well known. 8. English is always thought to be a nation. 9. The working of this machine that of the human brain. 10. The of their sons coming back after the war proved to be wrong. Why does the author think that grades are misleading? (Paragraphs 4 )-A grade is just a symbol, which is supposed to reflect the level of a students performance, and the students performance is assumed to correspond to his knowledge. But the students may have acqui