英語邏輯思維匯總

1、-作者xxxx-日期xxxx英語邏輯思維匯總【精品文檔】筆者一直被一個問題所困擾:“ 從初中到高中,學(xué)生積累了一定的詞匯和語法知識,經(jīng)歷了 數(shù)次考試,學(xué)習(xí)也可謂勤奮,但為何依舊成效甚微,不該犯的錯誤卻屢見不鮮 ” ?其具體表 現(xiàn)為:詞匯方面詞義范圍不分,詞性不分,忽視搭配等;語法上主謂不一致,粘連句,虛詞 錯誤等;語用上忽視語境,中英文一一對應(yīng)等。長期教學(xué)實踐中, 筆者終于找到其癥結(jié)所在 -漢語固有的邏輯思維模式。 漢語作為一種東方語言, 英語作為一種西方語言, 它們之間 所蘊涵的邏輯思維是截然相反的。如對地址的表達,漢語的邏輯思維是從大到小, 如:某省 某市某縣某鎮(zhèn);而英語的邏輯思維是從小到

2、大,如:某鎮(zhèn)某縣某市某省。認真分析的話,我 們會發(fā)現(xiàn):從簡單的詞匯,到復(fù)雜的語句成分構(gòu)成,再到地道的語用, 兩種語言的邏輯思維 完全是南轅北轍!正是如此,從而導(dǎo)致了解題和語用中錯誤不斷。為此,經(jīng)過探討和總結(jié), 特將英語中常用的幾種邏輯思維模式總結(jié)如下,以達拋磚引玉。一 分隔 “ ”分隔是指在兩個本應(yīng)緊緊相連的兩個成分或兩個分句之間, 插入其它成分從而被隔開的一種 語序變動現(xiàn)象。分隔現(xiàn)象是英語和漢語之間的一個顯著區(qū)別,因此最容易干擾我們對句意, 文意的理解,打斷正常的解題思路。 能起分隔作用的有短語(介詞短語,分詞短語和不定式 短語等 ,從句和附加成分(插入語,同位語,獨立成分等 。常見分隔方式

3、如下:1 主謂分隔 He, however, didnt understand at all the theory on which I based my invention.(然而, 他對我發(fā)明的理論基礎(chǔ)一竅不通。 Helen was much kinder to her youngest son than to the others, which, of course, made the others envy him. (海倫對她小兒子比對其他孩子和善得多,當然這遭到其他孩子的嫉 妒。 Anyway, that evening, which Ill tell you more about

4、 later, ended up staying at Rachels place. (不管怎樣,那天晚上我就呆在了 Rachel 的住所,這件事我以后還會和你講。 2 動賓分隔It is better for you to take with you whatever you need most anytime.(你最好把你最需要 的任何東西都帶走。 All of us demanded of him whether he had heard from her recently.(我們大家都問他最近 是否收到她的來信。 3 系表分隔Einstein was in the eyes of a

5、young friend, a simple, modest and ordinary man.(在青年朋 友眼里,愛因斯坦是位純樸,謙遜的普通人。 4 定語分隔There is no report to us of any accident.(沒有向我們作任何有關(guān)事故方面的報道。 5 定語從句與先行詞分隔The days are gone when we Chinese were bullied by the invaders.(中國人受侵略者欺負 的日子一去不復(fù)返了。 6 同位語與先行詞分隔The question sometimes comes to my mind whether it

6、 was worth the effort.(有時我會想 到這樣一個問題:是否值得花這么大力氣。 Ther e is no doubt, in my opinion, that what matters is not ones looks, but ones inner thoughts. (我深信,不是一個人的外表重要,而是他的內(nèi)在。 7 介賓分隔I am not interested in, to tell the truth, this town and its people.(實話告訴你,我對這座城 市及城里人不感興趣。 二 前移 “ ”英文中, 為了增強語言表達力, 豐富表達思想,

7、往往會打破常規(guī), 通常將賓語, 賓語補足語, 主語補足語,狀語等前移到句首,給人一種突然的感覺。如下示例:1 Upon the education of the people of this country the fate of this country depends.(賓語 前移一個國家的命運決定于這個國家全體國民所受的教育。Her appearance all admired, while her personality few praised. 大家都羨慕她長得漂亮, 但很少有人稱贊她的個性。Whatever trouble Mr. White had dealing with th

8、e case, he would stick to his own opinion. 無論史密斯先生在解決此事中有多大麻煩,他都將堅持自己的觀點。2 A scandal I call it.(賓補前移我把這叫丑聞。3 So angry was he that he couldnt speak a word.(表語前移他如此生氣以至于一句話也 說不出來。Raining hard as it is, Im going out for a walk.4 Here are some letters for you to type.(地點狀語前移這有幾封信要你給打印出來。 From the valley

9、 came a tinkling sound. 從山谷穿來叮叮的駝鈴聲。5 To sleep late in the morning, he switched off the alarm oclock. (目的狀語前移為了早 上晚起,他關(guān)掉了鬧鐘。Rather than take a bus, he prefers to go to work on foot. 他寧愿步行去上班也不愿乘坐公 交。6 Only by hard study and much patience can one master a foreign language.(方式狀語前 移一個人只有努力學(xué)習(xí)且有耐心才能掌握一門外

10、語。Tom, as does his brother, studies hard. 湯姆和弟弟一樣學(xué)習(xí)努力。7 Should both of us change into 2 butterflies, we would fly away with the wind together.(條 件狀語前移三 反說 “ ”英文中不難發(fā)現(xiàn), 當我們表達某種意義時, 有時不從正面著手, 而是從反面或者側(cè)面入手進 行闡述,筆者將其結(jié)構(gòu)稱為 “ 正話反說 ” :1 表達說話人強烈感情的疑問句含明顯肯定意義。Who does not know? (= Everybody knows.Why not do som

11、e shopping? (= Lets do some shopping.2 “ 否定詞 + without” ,雙重否定,表肯定意義。There is no smoke without fire. 無風(fēng)不起浪。I cannot see the picture without thinking of my mother. 每次見到這張相片我都會想起我媽 媽。3 cannot / never too / over / enough 表示 “ 非常 ” 。You cannot be too careful while driving. 開車時,你越小心越好。He cannot see you so

12、on enough. 他想很快見到你。The importance cannot be over emphasized. 其重要性再怎么強調(diào)也不為過。4 not until “ 直到 才 ” 。The bus didnt leave until all the seats were taken. 直到車上坐滿了乘客,汽車才開走。 Not until he failed did he realize what mistakes he had made. 直到失敗了他才明白所犯的 錯誤是什么。5 “no + 比較級 + than” 結(jié)構(gòu)(= as + 比較級反義詞的原級 + as “ 與 一樣 ”

13、 。I regret to tell you her English is no better than yours. 很遺憾,她的英語和你一樣差。6 “ 否定詞(no / not / never / nothing + v + 比較級 ” 結(jié)構(gòu):I cant agree more. 我完全同意。Nothing is more important than knowledge. 只是最重要。7 “ 否定詞(no / not / never / nothing + v + a / an + 比較級 + 單數(shù)名詞 ” 結(jié)構(gòu)表示 “ 最 的 ” 。We have never seen a more

14、interesting film than this one. 這是我們看過的最有趣的電影。 8 其它一些結(jié)構(gòu): - What did you say?- So you werent listening to me. The WTO cannot live up to its name if it doesnt include a country that is home to one fifth of mankind. 如果世貿(mào)組織不包括一個擁有世界人口五分之一的國家, 那它就名不副實。 Nowhere else in the world can there be such a quiet,

15、 beautiful place.四 避免重復(fù) “ ”避免用詞重復(fù)是英語句子的又一大特點, 主要是通過使用代詞, 同義詞, 近義詞和省略等手 段來避免重復(fù)的。從詞類角度看,重復(fù)的多是名詞,動詞和形容詞這些實詞,而詞義較抽象 的代詞,介詞,助動詞等虛詞則不怕重復(fù),可謂 “ 避實就虛 ” 。受漢語表達習(xí)慣的影響,中學(xué) 生在表達時,常不自覺地加上不必要的修飾語,這點雖符合漢語的表達習(xí)慣,但譯成英文, 則既累贅, 又失表達的準確。 如 “ 請給我們多提寶貴意見 ” , 譯文不必說:Please give us your valuable opinions (valuable多余 。 正確的說法是:Yo

16、ur opinions will be appreciated. 具體 如下:1 使用代詞避免重復(fù)Can you mend this chair? I broke it yesterday.2 使用同義詞避免重復(fù)s extraordinary performance was learning to operate anine, the animal had learned to drive a vehicle. 這只猴子最出色的表演是學(xué)開拖拉機。 到 9歲時,它已學(xué)會獨自駕駛拖拉機了。 (第二句用 animal 和 vehicle 代替上文的 monkey 和 tractor ,雖前者意義寬泛

17、,但在特定的上下文中不會引起誤解,而且行文也顯得活潑了。 3 使用省略避免重復(fù) He spoke for the first motion and against the second. (the second = the second motion (省略名詞 Some books are to be tasted, others (are to be swallowed, and some few (are to be chewed and digest. 書有可淺嘗者,有可盡食者,少數(shù)則需咀嚼消化。 (省略動詞 Robert seemed angry, and George certai

18、nly was (angry. 羅伯特似乎生氣了,而喬治 肯定是生氣了。 (省略形容詞 I didnt notice it until too late. (= until it was too late. 等我注意這事時, 已經(jīng)太晚了。 (省 略從句五 平行結(jié)構(gòu) “ ”平行結(jié)構(gòu)指的是相同的語法結(jié)構(gòu), 它要求有同等重要的思想、 概念, 并列的句子成分要用同 類的語法形式來表達, 要用并列連詞連接。 平行結(jié)構(gòu)是一種修辭手法, 它可以使句子前后保 持平衡和協(xié)調(diào),從而增加語言的連貫性。 如:Fishing is his favorite hobby, and _.A. he'd like t

19、o collect coins as well B. he feels like collecting coins, tooC. to collect coins is also his hobby D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure 此題考查平行結(jié)構(gòu), and 連接兩個以動名詞作主語的平行分句,前一分句是 " 主語 +系動詞 +表語 " ,后一分句是 " 主語 +謂語 +賓語 " ,構(gòu)成平行結(jié)構(gòu)。正確答案為 D 。平行結(jié)構(gòu)常常使用并列連詞,如 and, but, or, neither.n

20、or, either.or, not only.but also, not.but 等, 我們在使用這些并列連詞時要注意它們所連接的應(yīng)該是名詞和名詞, 副詞和副 詞,分詞和分詞,不定式和不定式,動詞對動詞,句子和句子等,而不能其中一個概念用分 詞結(jié)構(gòu)表達, 而另一個概念用不定式或從句來表達。 比如下面兩個句子就違反了平行結(jié)構(gòu)的 準則: Do some nice things for your parents that they don't expect, like cooking, doing the dishes, washing clothes, or clean the floo

21、rs.“ 做飯 ” 、 “ 刷碗 ” 、 “ 洗衣服 ” 、 “ 拖地 ” 在本句中應(yīng)為并列結(jié)構(gòu),故應(yīng)用相同的語法形式,都用動 名詞,所以應(yīng)將 clean 改為 cleaning 。 Mr. Johnson was young, energetic, and having interest in many activities.這個句子中的三個表語具有相同的語法功能, 都是說明主語的, 應(yīng)該放在相同的結(jié)構(gòu)中, 都 用形容詞。 因此, 應(yīng)該把 having interest in many activities改為 interested in many activities。 平行結(jié)構(gòu)有下面幾種

22、常見形式:1. 名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The patient's symptoms were fever, dizziness, and headache. 病人的癥狀是發(fā)燒、頭暈 和頭痛。2. 形容詞、副詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise. 早睡早起使人健康、 富有、聰明。The work is handsomely and skillfully done. 這項工作做得漂亮,有水平。3. 分詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)The boys were running, shouting and laugh

23、ing. 男孩子們一邊跑,一邊喊叫著、笑著。 The old man returned home, disappointed and exhausted. 老人回到了家里精疲力竭,非 常失望。4. 動名詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)Henry's work is reading books and writing book reviews.亨利的工作是讀讀書,寫寫書評。 Alice said she'd prefer swimming to playing tennis in such hot weather.愛麗斯說在這樣的 熱天她寧愿游泳而不去打網(wǎng)球。5. 動詞不定式平行結(jié)構(gòu)Some book

24、s are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested. (Francis Bacon 有些書是應(yīng)當嘗嘗滋味的, 有些書是應(yīng)當吞食下去的, 有少數(shù)書 是應(yīng)當咀嚼和消化的。On the other hand, 40% think that fees should be charged because you need money to pay gardeners and other workers, and to buy plants and young trees. 另一方面, 40%

25、的同 學(xué)認為應(yīng)收門票, 他們認為門票費可以作為支付園林工人及其他工作人員的工資和購買新花 木的費用。6. 介詞短語平行結(jié)構(gòu)We went to the museum by bike instead of by bus. 我們騎自行車而不是坐汽車去博物館。 Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. 讀書使人愉悅,使人高雅,使人聰 慧。7. 謂語動詞平行結(jié)構(gòu)May you keep fit, study well and work hard. 祝你身體好,學(xué)習(xí)好,工作好。8. 整句結(jié)構(gòu)平行Should the wallet,

26、 found in the street, be put into a pocket or turned over to the policeman? Should the extra change received at the store be forgotten or returned? Nobody will know except you. 在大街上撿到的錢包是裝進自己的口袋里還是應(yīng)該交給警察?商店多找給我們 的零錢是被忘掉還是應(yīng)該被歸還?這些除了你自己之外誰也不會知道。六 主句唯一 “ ”1主句專一原則英語為 “ 樹式結(jié)構(gòu) ” , 即任何一個句子中有且只能有一個主句。 就如同一棵樹

27、, 主干是唯一的, 樹枝可以為多個, 每一樹枝有一連接點和樹干相連。 就是說英語每一個分句與主句通過連接 詞與其連接。而漢語為 “ 竹式結(jié)構(gòu) ” ,即各分句間互相并列。例如 “ 你不做,我做 ” ,聽話者肯 定知道兩分句間的邏輯關(guān)系。但要是英文,則可以理解為多種邏輯關(guān)系,如 “ 如果你不做, 我做 ” ; “ 因為你不做,所以我做 ” ; “ 既然你不做,那么我做 ” ; “ 即使你不做,我也做 ” 等。因 此,這點也是中學(xué)生英語學(xué)習(xí)中,因受固有漢語思維模式的影響, 而最容易出錯的地方。故 解題時, 需要首先判斷原題中已經(jīng)給出的句子結(jié)構(gòu), 如果已經(jīng)有一個主句, 那么就絕對不能 夠再出現(xiàn)另一個主

28、句,除非中間有連接詞進行聯(lián)系。例 1:Although he is considered a great writer, _。A. his works are not widely read B. but his works are not widely readC. however his works are not widely read D. still his works are not widely read【分析】 :although 是連詞后加主謂賓 , 是從句;根據(jù)主句專一原則, B C 都是由連詞 but, however 引導(dǎo) , 所以不能選 , 不然就兩個從句無主句。 still 用于肯定句和疑問句中 , 而本句是 否定句 , 要用 yet 并且也只能用于句尾使用才可以,所以本題正確答案是 A ,句意為:“ 盡管 他被認為是一個偉大的作家 , 他的作品并未有普遍地研讀 ” 。例 2:You should make it a rule to leave things _ you can fi