夸張低調(diào)委婉移就

1、Chapter 5 Figures of Speech(4)2314understatementHyperboleTransferred EpithetEuphemism5.11 Hyperbole(夸張) Definition: Hyperbole is the deliberate use of overstatement or exaggeration to achieve emphasis. Chinese sentences 1.他跑起來(lái)，像一陣狂風(fēng)似的 2.去年一點(diǎn)相思淚，至今流不到腮邊。（蘇東坡） 3.他跑地比蝸牛還慢 English sentences 1. I was sca

2、red to death. 2. Its a crime to stay inside on such a beautiful day. 3. I love you. You are the whole world to me, and the moon and the stars 4. She is the prettiest girl in the world. 5. He almost died laughing Hyperbole: simile or metaphor? A hyperbole is a type of figurative language. It is often

3、 confused with a simile or a metaphor because it often compares two objects. Example: His feet were as big as a barge(駁船）. (?) A hyperbole is comparing something “normal” to something really big or extreme. My sister wears so much makeup that When she takes it off, my mom doesnt recognize her.” She

4、weighs 50 pounds more when shes done!” My dog is so ugly We have to pay people to pet it. We have to wait till midnight to take him on walks. He only has cat friends. Effects: 1. emphasize something 2. intensification of feeling or emotion 3. to elevate a person or thing to heroic or mythical status

5、 4. humor or ridicucle 5. used in ads., to emphasize the quality of the goods and attract consumers attention Read P213 (2)(3) 因?yàn)樗苊浪拿朗构廨x燦爛的世界黯然失色，使周?chē)氖挛锒己孟袷且婚W而過(guò)的幽靈景象。 Read P215(9) Noise proves nothing: often a hen who has merely laid an egg crackles as if she had laid an asteroid(小行星）. (Mark Twain

6、) 嗓子大證明不了什么：一只生下一個(gè)蛋的母雞也常常會(huì)咯咯叫，像是生下了小行星似的。 夸張的運(yùn)用：（李亞丹） 1. 夸張的幅度：夸張不是說(shuō)大話，吹牛皮 燕山雪花大如席 廣州雪花大如席（？） 一朵棉花像座山，壓得汽車(chē)兩頭彎 （？） 夸張形式上雖然不符合某種事物的實(shí)際，但它的目的是要確切深刻地顯示那事物的真實(shí)情況。 2. 夸張的新穎性 3. 夸張的明確性：鮮明，確切，一看就是夸張不是寫(xiě)實(shí)。不要模棱兩可5.12 Understatement(低調(diào)陳述/含蓄渲染） Definition： Understatement, is the opposite of hyperbole. It achieves

7、its effect of emphasizing a fact by deliberately understating it, impressing the listener or the reader more by what is merely implied or left unsaid than by bare statement. 寶玉便走進(jìn)黛玉身邊坐下，又細(xì)細(xì)打量一番，因問(wèn)：“妹妹可曾讀書(shū)？”黛玉道：“不曾讀，只上了一兩年學(xué)，些須認(rèn)得幾個(gè)字?！盚ow would you describe them? Please make a sentence.Here we have a p

8、olite and humorous way to describe them: 1,They are not the thinnest people in the world. 2,They are a little on the big side It is not polite to say that they are “fat” 1. For large numbers of people the absence of work is harmful to their health. 對(duì)所有人來(lái)說(shuō)，事業(yè)都不是一件輕松的是事情，在心理和經(jīng)濟(jì)上都要承受巨大壓力。而作者運(yùn)用低調(diào)陳述的方法，輕

9、描淡寫(xiě)，淡化事情的嚴(yán)重性，把失業(yè)（unemployment）這件大事說(shuō)成“不上班”（the absence of work） 2. I have studied psychology, and I knew a thing or two. 句子中“略知一二（know a thing or two）” 表明說(shuō)話人非常謙虛，為人低調(diào)，同時(shí)強(qiáng)調(diào)他見(jiàn)多識(shí)廣，能洞察人情和識(shí)破虛假。 Read P220 (6) (7) (8) (9) Effects: 1. emphasis 2. give readers space of imagination e.g. In fact she was everyth

10、ing you have never read about her.(對(duì)戴安娜王妃的評(píng)價(jià)） 3. irony (把刺激性盡量往低處調(diào)的諷刺) e.g. You may have something of a Newton in yourself.5.13 Euphemism(委婉語(yǔ)) Definition Euphemism = “eu” +“pheme” (well) (speech) It literally means “to speak with good words”. Euphemism is a figure of speech which consists in the sub

11、stitution of an agreeable or inoffensive expression for one that may offend or suggest something unpleasant. substitution of mild or vague or roundabout expression for one that is harssh or direct. The Funtions of Euphemism 1. Taboo Euphemisms originated from primitive society. People believed that

12、language was not merely a symbol but also with magic power. It could bring them misfortunes as well as fortunes, mentioning a certain names ran the risk of being punished, so they usually avoided these taboos. 取代禁忌語(yǔ)的委婉語(yǔ)的適用范圍 1. 生老病死 2. 窮困 3. 職業(yè) 4. 政治Read P223-226 走了水 （遭火災(zāi)） 手頭不方便（窮的叮當(dāng)響） 偶感不適（有病） 老了（死

13、了） 仙逝，長(zhǎng)眠 2. Elegance , Politeness, humor, ironyAccording to Leechs Principle of Politeness, in communication, people usually followed such rules as appropriateness, generosity, praise, modesty, similarity and sympathy, so people often use indirect expressions to achieve politeness “ugly”- plain-look

14、ing Politeness and Elegance 關(guān)于pregnant She is expecting. She is in a family way. She is in a delicate/an interesting condition. She has canceled all her social engagement. 關(guān)于排泄 P223 B 不才 有喜了 犬子 Humor or Irony The student can do better work with help. The student is stupid He depends on others to do

15、his homework. He copy others in class. He has a tendency to stretch the truth. He often tell lies. He fed his family on bowls of sunshine He live on air. If only the good die young, he should live to a ripe old age. 只要好人都遭天譴，他就可以活到白頭。Understatement & Euphemism 低調(diào)陳述是一種委婉的表達(dá)方式。指的是，它具有語(yǔ)氣上的委婉而不是詞語(yǔ)上的

16、委婉。委婉辭格則多半以取代禁忌語(yǔ)的形式出現(xiàn)。 委婉語(yǔ)的使用目的主要是為了避諱和禮貌而取代禁忌語(yǔ)。低調(diào)陳述應(yīng)用范圍很廣。5.14 Transferred Epithet(移就) Definition A transferred epithet, is a figure of speech where an epithet (修飾詞an adjective or descriptive phrase) is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really belong

17、. E.g. I had a sleepless night I was sleepless all through the night. I had a wonderful time. I felt wonderful during that time. I had a happy day yesterday. I was happy yesterday.33 移就是一種特殊的，超乎常規(guī)的語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)象，一種由人們心理的特殊感受而產(chǎn)生的變異修辭方式。它的基本格式是把本應(yīng)該修飾A事物的性質(zhì)、形象、特色、狀態(tài)的定語(yǔ)去修辭B事物，而B(niǎo)事物從本質(zhì)上來(lái)說(shuō)不具備這種性質(zhì)或功能。34 從邏輯上來(lái)分析，這種語(yǔ)言現(xiàn)

18、象是違反常、悖于情理的，但在具體的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中能起到恰到好處、新穎別致的作用。因?yàn)樗挂粋€(gè)詞以嶄新的意義出現(xiàn)。在特殊的語(yǔ)言環(huán)境中改變了搭配關(guān)系，形成了詞語(yǔ)的兩個(gè)成分的故意錯(cuò)位或別出心裁的臨時(shí)組合；呈現(xiàn)出其極強(qiáng)的靈活性、新奇性、概括性，從而激發(fā)讀者的豐富的想象。35 Classifications: 1: adj.+ sb. adj.+ sth. A murderous（殺氣） knife The big man crashed down on a protesting chair. 這個(gè)大個(gè)子一屁股坐了下來(lái)，椅子吱嘎噶地響，好像發(fā)出抗議聲。 The sailors swarmed into a laughing and cheeri