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1、學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中 “since和”“for的”區(qū)分1) since +過(guò)去一個(gè)時(shí)間點(diǎn)(如詳細(xì)的年、 月、日期、 鐘點(diǎn)、 1980, last month, half past six);i have been here since 1989. 2) since +一段時(shí)間 + agoi have been here since five months ago. 3) since +從句great changes have taken place since you left.considerable time has elapsed since we have been here.

2、 4) it is + 一段時(shí)間 + since 從句it is two years since i became a postgraduate student.since 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作起始時(shí)間,for 用來(lái)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作連續(xù)時(shí)間長(zhǎng)度;i have lived here for more than twenty years. i have lived here since i was born.my aunt has worked in a clinic since 1949.some new oilfields have been opened up since 1976. i have know

3、n xiao li since she was a little girl.my brother has been in the youth league for two years.i have not heard from my uncle for a long time.留意:并非有for作為時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)的句子都用現(xiàn)在完成時(shí);i worked here for more than twenty years.(我現(xiàn)在已不在這里工作;)i have worked here for many years.(現(xiàn)在我仍在這里工作;)小竅門:當(dāng)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)+一段時(shí)間,這一結(jié)構(gòu)中,我們用下面的公式轉(zhuǎn)化,很簡(jiǎn)

4、潔就能排除非連續(xù)動(dòng)詞在完成時(shí)中的誤使;1)(對(duì))tom has studied russian for three years.= tom began to study russian three years ago, and is still studying it now. 2)(錯(cuò))harry has got married for six years.= harry began to get married six years ago , and is still getting married now.明顯,其次句不對(duì), 它應(yīng)改為harry got married six years

5、 ago.或 harry has been married for six years.聲音: sound, noise 與 voice 的區(qū)分sound 表示聽(tīng)起來(lái)像和like 連用,如:its sounds like a bird. 聽(tīng)起來(lái)像鳥(niǎo)在叫;voice 表示嗓音,說(shuō)他的嗓音很動(dòng)聽(tīng),用his voice was good.noise 是雜音,響動(dòng)的意思;如:我聽(tīng)到有動(dòng)靜;i heard a noise .這是一組與 “聲音 ”有關(guān)的名詞,在使用上有區(qū)分;sound 泛指 自然界各種各樣的聲音,不論其高低、是否動(dòng)聽(tīng)等;如:i heard the sound of running wat

6、er.我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)流水聲;light travels faster than sound.光比聲音傳播得快;學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載noise 表示 “噪音、熱鬧 ”,指的是人們不愿聽(tīng)到的聲音或嘈雜聲;它可以作可數(shù)名詞,也可以用作不行數(shù)名詞;如:i heard some strange noises last night. 昨夜我聽(tīng)見(jiàn)一些古怪的響聲;there's a lot of noise here. 這個(gè)地方人聲嘈雜;voice 用于人時(shí),指說(shuō)話、唱歌或發(fā)笑的聲音,也可指發(fā)言權(quán);用于其它方面時(shí),常含動(dòng)聽(tīng)之聲,如鳥(niǎo)鳴聲,樂(lè)器聲音等;如:please speak in a louder voice

7、. 請(qǐng)大聲說(shuō);說(shuō): tell , speak, say,talk 的區(qū)分tell意為 “告知、 表達(dá) ”,指某人把某一件事、一條信息傳送給別人或表達(dá)一件事;tell sb sth 意為 “告知某人某事”; tell sb to do sth意為 “告知某人去做某事”;speak 意為 “說(shuō)話、 講話 ”,后面主要接語(yǔ)言; speak to 意為 “和.講話、 談話 ”; speak of意 為 “提 到 、 說(shuō) 起 ”; speak to sb about sth talk意為 “談話、講話 ”,假如只有一方對(duì)另一方說(shuō)話時(shí),一般用talk to ;假如雙方或多方交談,多用with ;talk

8、about 意為 “談?wù)?. ;”have a talk with意為 “與.交談 ”;say 意為 “說(shuō)”; say sth to sb 意為 “對(duì).說(shuō)”; it is said that.意為 “據(jù)說(shuō) ”; 第一是 say:之后要有說(shuō)的內(nèi)容,如he said nothing. say 一般作及物動(dòng)詞用,著重說(shuō)話的內(nèi)容,它的賓語(yǔ)可以是名詞,代詞或賓語(yǔ)從句; eg: he can say his name. 他會(huì)說(shuō)他的名字;please say it in english.請(qǐng)用英語(yǔ)用;shes saying , dont draw on the wall. 她在說(shuō) “別在墻上畫 ”; spea

9、k 強(qiáng)調(diào)說(shuō)的動(dòng)作,不強(qiáng)調(diào)所說(shuō)的內(nèi)容;作及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),常以某種語(yǔ)言作賓語(yǔ);作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),常見(jiàn)的搭配形式有:speak of something/somebody 談到某事(某人)speak to sb 跟某人講話,此外speak 仍可用于在較為正式的場(chǎng)合了表演講或演說(shuō);can you speak japanese. 你會(huì)說(shuō)日語(yǔ)嗎?she is speaking to her teacher. 她正在跟她的老師說(shuō)話;he spoke at the meeting yesterday. 他昨天在會(huì)上講了話; talk 一般為不及物動(dòng)詞,意思是“交談,談話,著重強(qiáng)調(diào)兩具之間的相互說(shuō)話;eg: she

10、is talking with lucy in english.她正在和露茜用英語(yǔ)交談;what are you talking about.你們?cè)谡務(wù)撌裁??the teacher is talking to him.老師正在和他談話; tell 常作及物動(dòng)詞,意為“表達(dá),告知,動(dòng)詞常跟雙賓語(yǔ);tell sb sth tell sth to sb 告知某人某事;eg: he is telling the children a story.他正在給孩子們講一個(gè)故事;did you tell her the news. did you tell the news to her.你把這個(gè)消息告知她了

11、嗎?used to 與 be used to(1) used to + do:" 過(guò)去常常 "表示過(guò)去習(xí)慣性的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài),但如今已不存在;mother used not to be so forgetful.scarf used to take a walk.(過(guò)去常常漫步)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載(2) be used to + doing : 對(duì)已感到習(xí)慣,或" 習(xí)慣于 " , to 是介詞,后需加名詞或動(dòng)名詞;he is used to a vegetarian diet.scarf is used to taking a walk. (現(xiàn)在習(xí)慣于漫步)將

12、要: be to 和 be going tobe to 表示客觀支配或受人指示而做某事;be going to 表示主觀的準(zhǔn)備或方案;i am to play football tomorrow afternoon.(客觀支配)i'm going to play football tomorrow afternoon.(主觀支配)twice 、two times關(guān) 于 a runs twice faster than b這個(gè)的翻譯,現(xiàn)在都仍存在爭(zhēng)議;有的人認(rèn)為是a 的速度是 b 的 2 倍,有人認(rèn)為是a 比 b 快 2 倍 =a 是 b 的 3 倍;“ a + be + 倍數(shù)+ as

13、+ 計(jì)量形容詞原級(jí)+ as + b ;”表示 a 是 b 的 n 倍;1.this tree is three times as tall as that one.這棵樹(shù)是那棵樹(shù)的三倍高;2.his father is twice as old as he. 他父親的年紀(jì)有他兩倍大;兩倍用 twice ,不用 two times.留意:兩倍一般都用twice , 不用two times例如:this tree is twice higher than that one.=this tree is twice as high as that one.=this tree is twice the

14、 height of that one.倍數(shù) +比較級(jí)+ than .=倍數(shù) + as + 形容詞原形 +as .=倍數(shù) +the +形容詞所對(duì)應(yīng)的名詞 + of .other、another、others、the other( 1) other 后既可接可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)形式又可接不行數(shù)名詞,如:可數(shù), other pencils 其它的鉛筆, other students 其他的同學(xué); 不行數(shù) other tea 別的 /其它的茶, other information 別的/ 其它消息;any other 其他一切的什么( 2) the other 定指其它的,其后可接可數(shù)名詞和單數(shù),如:the

15、 other book另外的一本書,the other map 另一張地圖,其后也可跟可數(shù)名詞的復(fù)數(shù)形式,如:the other flowers其他的花朵, the other teachers 其它的老師們,仍可以接不行數(shù)名詞,如: the other water 剩下的水, the other beer 別的啤酒other 表 “另外的 ”接復(fù)數(shù)名詞, 如與詳細(xì)數(shù)詞連用,就置于數(shù)詞之后, 如:two other boys;但與定冠詞the 連用時(shí), other 要放在數(shù)詞前;如:the other two boystony is going camping with _c boys nex

16、t sunday托尼將于下周日與另外兩個(gè)男孩一起去野營(yíng);a little two other b two little other ctwo other little d little other twomr smith asked me to fetch three other recorders 史密斯先生讓我再拿三臺(tái)錄音機(jī)來(lái);( 3)others 其用法相當(dāng)于復(fù)數(shù)名詞,此詞不能用作定語(yǔ),表示的意思是 “不詳細(xì)的某些東西 ”,如:學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載this chemical is poisonous . others are poisonous, too . ( others = other

17、 chemicals)但是假如 others 前用了 the ,就表示詳細(xì)的別的東西;如:i don t want these books . please give me the othe(rs . the others = the other books( 4)another,作形容詞時(shí), 是指在原有的基礎(chǔ)上再加一(些) ,表示 “再一(些) ”或“另外一個(gè)(些) ”的意思;another 仍可作代詞,意思與作形容詞時(shí)一樣;another+數(shù)詞 =數(shù)詞 +more eg:another one = one more i want another applei want one more a

18、pple習(xí)慣用法:one anotherfrom oneto anotherthe other day = a few days ago every other day/ week/year some, others如:i met mr. smith in the park the other day.前幾天我在公園里碰見(jiàn)了smith 先生;while at the university , he went to the library every other day.在高校時(shí)他每隔一天去圖書館一次;some people like football , others like volleyb

19、all.有些人寵愛(ài)足球,有些人寵愛(ài)排球;they are very different from one another.他們相互之間差別很大;when americans moved from one place to another , they took their dialects with them.當(dāng)美國(guó)人從一個(gè)地方遷移到另一個(gè)地方時(shí),花費(fèi): pay、spend、cost、takesb pay some money for sth. (人做主語(yǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)是pay.for)sb spent some money on sth 或 sb spend some money ( in) doi

20、ng sth(人做主語(yǔ),結(jié)構(gòu)為spend on/spend in dong) sth cost sb some money.(物做主語(yǔ))it takes sb some time/money to do sth (形式主語(yǔ)it )eg:我花了五元錢買這本書.(留意時(shí)態(tài)用過(guò)去時(shí))i paid five yuan for the book.the book cost me five yuan.i spent fiveyuan on the book=i spent five yuan(in ) buying the book.it took me five yuan to buy the book

21、cross、across、crossing、 through、overcross 是動(dòng)詞across 是介詞crossing 是名詞across 指在物體的表面穿過(guò)through 指在物體的空間穿過(guò)over 指崇山峻嶺上穿過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載在前面: in front of、in the front ofin front of沒(méi)有范疇限制,在整體外部的前面in the front of有肯定的范疇限制,在整體內(nèi)部的前面eg:he sat in the front of the bus. (the bus 形成肯定的范疇)he sat in front of me. (無(wú)范疇)遺忘,遺忘: lea

22、ve 與 forgetleave+物+地點(diǎn); leave 表示 “遺忘 ”,通常只用來(lái)表示“把某物忘在某地”; 例如:could i use your english-chinese dictionary. i left mine at home.我可以借用一下你的英漢詞典嗎?我的忘在家里了;when i went to school, i left my books at home.當(dāng)我去上學(xué)時(shí),我把我的書忘在家了;i left my book on the table. don't leave me behind. forget+ 物,不能加地點(diǎn); forget 的意思是 “遺忘;

23、忘卻 ”,遺忘某事或遺忘做某事;例如:i forgot mailing the letter.我遺忘了寄過(guò)這封信;(信已寄出)i forgot to mail the letter.我遺忘寄這封信了;(信未寄出)美麗的: beautiful、handsomebeautiful 指女性handsome 指男性in hospitalin the hostipal (在醫(yī)院)這類詞有很多,加the 不加 the 不一樣in hospital指生病住院in the hospital 指在醫(yī)院工作或去探視at table (在吃飯 =having meals)at the table 在座子旁邊僅指位置

24、攜帶,帶: bring、take、carry、fetchbring 指帶來(lái)take 指帶走fetch 指去取回來(lái)carry 指搬運(yùn)重物some 確定句already 確定句and 確定句too 確定/疑問(wèn)句any 否定 /疑問(wèn)句yet 否定 / 疑問(wèn)句or 否定 /疑問(wèn)句either 否定句goodwell都有“好”之意good 是形容詞well是副詞manymuch 都是“大量的 ” many可+ 數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù) much+不行數(shù)名詞too many、too much、much too 大量的,沒(méi)有 many too 詞組too many+ 可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)too much+ 不行數(shù)名詞much t

25、oo+ 形容詞、副詞學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載每一個(gè)的: each、everyeach 可以和 of 連用every 指三者以上的每一個(gè),不能和of 連用both 指兩者都all 大于等于三者eithe 指兩者中的任意一個(gè)neither 指兩者中的一個(gè)也沒(méi)有none 指三者中的一個(gè)也沒(méi)有find找的結(jié)果see看的結(jié)果hear 聽(tīng)的結(jié)果look for找的動(dòng)作 look at 看的動(dòng)作listen to 聽(tīng)的動(dòng)作和: and、withand 是連詞,能做并列主語(yǔ)with 是介詞,不能做并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)跟with 修飾的主語(yǔ)保持一樣;期望: hopewishhope 不能加人在加to do ,而 wish 可

26、以 .hope to do=wish to dohope +that 從句=wish+that 從句由于: because、because ofbecause+句子because of+短語(yǔ)到達(dá): arrive、get to、reacharrive 不及物,到達(dá)某地要加介詞in/atin+ 大地方at+小地方stop to do stop doing 停止做某事(類似的詞也很多)stop to do 指停止一件事情去做另一件事情stop doing 指停止正在做的事情put onwear indressput on 指穿的動(dòng)作wear 指穿的狀態(tài)in 是介詞 in+ 顏色dress+人從前:

27、ago-beforeago 是過(guò)去時(shí)的標(biāo)志before 是完成時(shí)的標(biāo)志few little a fewa littlefew 表示否定 +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)a few 表示確定 +可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)little 表示否定 +不行數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)a little 表示確定 +不行數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載整個(gè)的: whole、allwhole 用在 the 之后all 用在 the 之前借: borrow-lendborrow 指借入,規(guī)章動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式,過(guò)去分詞:borrowed ,borrowed,常用于 borrow sth from sblend 是借出,不規(guī)章動(dòng)詞,過(guò)去式,過(guò)去分詞:lent,lent ;

28、常用短語(yǔ): lend sth to sb lendsb sth(通常跟雙賓)單獨(dú)的: alone、lonelyalone 單獨(dú)并不孤獨(dú), 主要強(qiáng)調(diào)目前是一個(gè)人的狀況,沒(méi)有同伴;lonely 單獨(dú)仍有情感上的孤獨(dú),主要強(qiáng)調(diào)孤獨(dú)、孤寂的感覺(jué);i'm alone.表示我現(xiàn)在是一個(gè)人,但是不肯定覺(jué)得孤獨(dú),可能我在看電視或者什么的,覺(jué)得很不錯(cuò);i'm lonely.表示我很孤獨(dú),或許身邊有不少伴侶,但是沒(méi)有人懂得我,所以仍是會(huì)覺(jué)得孤獨(dú);所以你可以說(shuō)i live alone , but i dont feel lonely.“我獨(dú)自住著,但并不感到孤獨(dú)!”如此: such、so so+形

29、+a/an+名= such+a/an+形+名;即: such+名詞so+形容詞 /副詞;so 副詞,意思是“如此、這樣 ”,后面常接形容詞或副詞;such 形容詞,意思是“如此、這樣 ”,修飾名詞,即可接可數(shù)名詞,也可以接不行數(shù)名詞;例如: it s such a fine day.it s so fine a day. so+many/much/few/little+ 形+名;假如復(fù)數(shù)名詞前有few , many 等形容詞;不行數(shù)名詞前有l(wèi)ittle ,much 等形容詞,就必需用 so,而不能用such,例如:the camel had such a long neck. 駱駝長(zhǎng)著那樣長(zhǎng)的

30、脖子;don t make so much noise.別那么大聲嚷嚷; such+形+不行數(shù)名詞 /可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)除了,除之外: except、besideexcept 指在整體中除去一部分beside 指除之外仍有真實(shí)的: true、realtrue 指正確與錯(cuò)誤;real 指真假be made o、fbe made from、be made in、be made bybe made up of 由構(gòu)成,由組成be made of 由.構(gòu)成能看出原材料來(lái)(衣服類的全部用be made of) be made from 由.構(gòu)成看不出原材料be made into 被制成.be made in

31、+地點(diǎn)be made by+人學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載in the way、on the way、by the wayin the way 擋道,阻礙on the way 在的路上 by theway 順便問(wèn)一下be good for、be good atbe good for 對(duì)有益be good at 善于=do well insome time、some times、sometime、sometimessome time將來(lái)的某段時(shí)間,將來(lái)的某一天;或者是,一些時(shí)間的意思,給我一些時(shí)間一段時(shí)間;提問(wèn):when will you.some times 很多次,是once twice 的累加;提問(wèn):

32、how many times do you. sometimea. 以前的,某一時(shí)間;ad. 改天,來(lái)日;提問(wèn):when did you. sometimesad. 有時(shí) =at times ,是一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的標(biāo)識(shí);提問(wèn)用how often do you.例句與用法 :after the explosion it was some time before the town resumed its everyday routines.爆炸后經(jīng)過(guò)相當(dāng)一段時(shí)間,這個(gè)城鎮(zhèn)才復(fù)原了正常的生活秩序;after we had haggled for some time , we decided to the

33、bargain , and jones bought the cloth for50 pence per yard.我們?cè)趦r(jià)錢上爭(zhēng)辯了半天,最終打算,瓊斯以每碼50 便士買下了這批布;i'm sorry to trouble you , but i wondered if we could have a word some time.很遺憾要打攪你一下,我想問(wèn)問(wèn)我們什么時(shí)候能聊聊;everyone should invest some time in community service. 每個(gè)人都應(yīng)當(dāng)花些時(shí)間在社區(qū)服務(wù)上;it took me some time to digest w

34、hat i had heard.我花了一些時(shí)間才把聽(tīng)到的東西弄明白;these ideas have been in circulation for some time.這些想法已經(jīng)流行了一段時(shí)間;he is my sometime boss.他是我從前的上司;i hope to see you again sometime next year.我期望明年某一時(shí)候再見(jiàn)到你;let's get together sometime.有時(shí)間我們聚一下吧;sometimes the patient cried for the pain.有時(shí)這個(gè)病人疼得哭起來(lái);sometimes i go by

35、 car.有時(shí)我坐汽車去.sometimes we went to the beach and at other times we sunbathed on the patio.我們有時(shí)去海灘,有時(shí)在院子里做日光浴.更遠(yuǎn)的: fartherfurtherfarther 指距離上的遠(yuǎn)近further 指程度上的學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載更年長(zhǎng)的: olderelderolder 純指年齡上大小elder 含指長(zhǎng)幼輩份關(guān)系a number of,the number ofa number of很多,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用復(fù)數(shù)the number of的總數(shù),的數(shù)目,謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)none,no one,nothingn

36、one(強(qiáng)調(diào)有多少)與 all 是反義詞,用how many 提問(wèn)nothing 與 no one 強(qiáng)調(diào)沒(méi)有nothing 指物,用 what 提問(wèn);no one 指人,用who 提問(wèn)快的: fast 與 quickfast 指速度快,形副同形quick 指時(shí)間上快副詞是 quickly參與: joinjoin in 、take part injoin sb ,join in+ 黨派,團(tuán)體take part in+ 大型的活動(dòng),運(yùn)動(dòng)famous 的用法be famous as 作為而出名a writerbe famous for由于 .而聞名her beauty be famous to 在.

37、的人群中聞名sb.work 的用法work on sth. 就有 “直接平面接觸”地作用于賓語(yǔ),詳細(xì)地轉(zhuǎn)變賓語(yǔ)的狀態(tài)的意思; work at sth. 就沒(méi)有那么詳細(xì)直接,它只表示“點(diǎn)存在 ”,work at從事,致力于 work for為做事,為盡力,被雇傭者work out可以解決,設(shè)計(jì)出,算出,運(yùn)算出,消耗完,擠出去work in引進(jìn),協(xié)作work as 作為 .的工作學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載英語(yǔ)中介詞的用法 時(shí)間或地點(diǎn)介詞in、on、at 的用法區(qū)分:表示時(shí)間時(shí),in 表示在一段時(shí)間里(在將 來(lái)時(shí)句子中就表示在一段時(shí)間之后),on 表示在詳細(xì)的某一天或者某天的上下午等,at 表示在某個(gè)時(shí)刻或者

38、瞬時(shí);表示地點(diǎn)時(shí),in 表示在某個(gè)范疇之內(nèi),on 表示在某個(gè)平面上 或與一個(gè)面相接觸,at 就表示在某個(gè)詳細(xì)的場(chǎng)所或地點(diǎn);如:he was born on the morning of may 10th. (他誕生于五月十日的早晨)/ i usually get up at 7 :00 in the morning. (我通常在早上的七點(diǎn)鐘起床)/ his glasses are right on his nose.(他的眼鏡就架在他的鼻子上)/ he is atthe cinema at the moment.(此刻他正在電影院) after 與 in 表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)分:“after+(詳

39、細(xì)時(shí)刻 /從句) ”表示 “在時(shí)刻之后 ”常用于一般時(shí)態(tài);“in+(一段時(shí)間) ”表示 “在(多久)之后 ”,常用于將來(lái)時(shí)態(tài);如:he saidthat he would be here after 6 :00(. 他說(shuō)他六點(diǎn)鐘之后會(huì)來(lái)這兒)/ my father is coming back fromengland in about a month. (我父親大約一個(gè)月以后從英國(guó)回來(lái)) since 與 for 表示時(shí)間的用法區(qū)分:“since(+ 詳細(xì)時(shí)刻 /that-從句) ”表示 “自從起一直到現(xiàn)在 ”,“for +(一段斶間) ”表示 “總共有 之久 ”,都常用于完成時(shí)態(tài); 如:unc

40、le li has worked in this factory since 1970. (李叔叔自從 1970 年起就在這家工廠工作了) / uncle li has worked in this factory for over 30 years. (李叔叔在這家工廠已經(jīng)工作了 30 多年) by、in 與 with 表示方式的用法區(qū)分: 都可以表示 “工具、手段 ”,但是 by 主要表示 “乘坐”某個(gè)交通工具或“以方式 ”,在被動(dòng)句中可以表示動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者;in表示 “使用 ”某種語(yǔ)言 /文字, with 表示 “使用 ”某個(gè)詳細(xì)的工具、手段;如:we see with our eyes

41、and walk with our feet.(我們用眼睛看東西,用雙腳走路)/ please write that article (文章)in english. (請(qǐng)你用英語(yǔ)寫那篇文章)/ lets go to the zoo by ta(xi.我們打的去動(dòng)物園吧;)/ it was written by lao she.(那是老舍寫的) about 與 on 的用法區(qū)分:都可以表示 “有關(guān) ”,但是 about 的意義比較廣,而 on 主要表示 “有關(guān) (專題 /課程) ”;如: tom is going to give a talk on the history of america.

42、 (湯姆要作一個(gè)美國(guó)歷史的報(bào)告) / they are very excited talking about the coming field trip. (他們津津有味地談?wù)撝磳?lái)到的野外旅行) through 與 across、over 的用法區(qū)分:through 指 “穿過(guò)(門洞 /人群 / 樹(shù)林)”; across和 over 可以指 “跨過(guò) (街道 /河流) ”,可互換,但是表示 “翻過(guò) ”時(shí)只能用 over. 如: justthen a rat (鼠)ran across the road(. 就在那時(shí)一只老鼠跑過(guò)路面)/ there is a bridge across/ove

43、rthe river. (河上有座橋) / they climbed over the mountain and arrived there ahead of time. (他們翻過(guò)大山提前到達(dá)了那里) / the visitors went through a big gate into another park. (參觀者們穿過(guò)一個(gè)大門來(lái)到另一個(gè)公園)( 7)as 與 like 的區(qū)分:兩個(gè)詞都表示“像”,但是 as 譯為 “作為”,表示的是職業(yè)、職務(wù)、作用等事實(shí),而like 譯為 “像一樣 ”,表示外表,不是事實(shí);如:let me speakto you as a father(.我以父

44、親的身份和你講話;)(說(shuō)話者是聽(tīng)者的父親)/ let me speak to youlike a father. (讓我像一位父親一樣和你講話)(說(shuō)話者不是聽(tīng)者的父親)( 8)at the end of、by the end of 、to the end、in the end 的用法區(qū)分: at the end of既可以表示時(shí)間也可以表示地點(diǎn),譯為“在末;在終點(diǎn) ”,常與過(guò)去時(shí)連用;by the end of只能表示時(shí)間,譯為“在前;到為止 ”,常用于過(guò)去完成時(shí);in the end 與 at last 基本等學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載義,表示 “最終、最終 ”,通常用于過(guò)去時(shí); to the end

45、 譯為 “到 的終點(diǎn)為止 ”,前面往往有表示運(yùn)動(dòng)或連續(xù)性的動(dòng)詞; 如: by the end of last term we had learned 16 units of book iii. (到上學(xué)期期末我們已經(jīng)學(xué)習(xí)了第三冊(cè) 16 個(gè)單元) / at the end of the road you can find a big whitehouse with brown windows.(在路的終點(diǎn)你能找到一幢有棕色窗戶的白房子)/ they leftfor beijing at the end of last week. ( 上周末他們動(dòng)身去了北京)/ in the end he suc

46、ceeded in the final exams.(他最終在期末考試中考及格了)/ we should go on with the work to the end.(我們應(yīng)當(dāng)把工作干究竟)/ follow this road to the end and you will see a post office.(沿這條路走究竟就能觀察一家郵電局)( 9)for a moment 、for the moment 、in a moment 、at the moment 的區(qū)分: for a moment “一會(huì)兒、片刻 ”( =for a while ),常與連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞連用;for the mo

47、ment“臨時(shí)、目前 ”,常用于現(xiàn)在時(shí); in a moment “一會(huì)兒、立刻、立刻”( =soon; in a few minutes ),一般用于將來(lái)時(shí);at the moment 此“刻,眼下 ”( =now ),用于現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí);如:please wait for a moment. (請(qǐng)稍等) / lets leave things as they are for the mome(nt.臨時(shí)就維護(hù)現(xiàn)狀吧?。? ill come back in a moment.(我過(guò)會(huì)兒回來(lái))/ i am very busy at the moment. (眼下我很忙)( 10)but 的問(wèn)題:用

48、介詞 but 引出另一個(gè)動(dòng)詞時(shí),要留意:假如前面有 do,后面就用原形動(dòng)詞,前面沒(méi)有 do 時(shí),后面的動(dòng)詞要加 to;如: i could do nothing but wait. (我什么也做不了只能等) / they had no choice (選擇) but to fight. (他們沒(méi)有選擇只有戰(zhàn)役)( 11) in front of與 in the front of : in front of在“ 的前面 ”, 與 in the front of在 “的前部 ”;如:a car was parking in front of the hall. (大廳跟前停著一輛汽車)/ in t

49、he front of the hall stood a big desk. (大廳前部立著一個(gè)大講臺(tái))( 12)except ( for )與 besides的區(qū)分: except “除了 ”,表示排除掉某人物,即不包含; 而 besides “除了 ”就表示包含, 即“不僅又”;如:everyone went to the palace museum except tom. (除了 tom ,大家都去了故宮博物院)(tom 沒(méi)有去故宮)/ besides chinese he also studied many other subjects. (除了漢語(yǔ)之外,他仍學(xué)其他很多功課)(“漢語(yǔ)

50、”也是他學(xué)的功課之一)other than 除了 .之外 . there 're nobody here other than me與.不同 . 與.不同方式 .we can't get there other than by swimming.apart from : with the exception of .; besides. apart form a few scratches, the car was undamaged學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞,也叫終止性動(dòng)詞、終止性動(dòng)詞、非連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞;這類動(dòng)詞所表示的動(dòng)作在瞬時(shí)就可以完成,不能連續(xù)下去,即動(dòng)作從開(kāi)頭到終止

51、所連續(xù)的時(shí)間極短;瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞往往表示動(dòng)作的結(jié)果,或表示短暫性、一次性的動(dòng)作;一般不能同表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用;(一)這類動(dòng)詞常見(jiàn)的有:arrive , become , begin , buy , catch(感染,染上,如: catch a cold ),close ,come, fall ,fall ill,find ,get to( know ),go,hear,hearfrom , join , kill , land (著陸),leave (離開(kāi)),lose , see,等;例如:1. he has joined the club for a long time.(錯(cuò))2. he ha

52、s been a member of the club for a long time .(對(duì))3. his grandfather has died for over 30 years.( 錯(cuò))4. his grandfather has been dead for over 30 years .(對(duì))【留意】之所以將這些動(dòng)詞稱為瞬時(shí)動(dòng)詞,是由于這些動(dòng)詞在瞬間之間發(fā)生并終結(jié);故不能與表達(dá) “段”的長(zhǎng)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)連用,不論是在進(jìn)行時(shí)仍是現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)中;下面的例句是正確的:1. he is dying.2. he has died.一個(gè)生物體是死是活,界與其終結(jié)生命的前與后的一霎那,假如上述例句加上了

53、表達(dá)段的時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),試請(qǐng)問(wèn):該人是死是活?(二)但是,有幾個(gè)表示去向的非連續(xù)性動(dòng)詞如go,come,start ,leave等,可以同表示時(shí)間段的狀語(yǔ)for短語(yǔ)連用;但要留意,這種用法的for短語(yǔ)表示的不是 句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞連續(xù)的時(shí)間,而是該動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作完成后再做某事所需要的時(shí)間;例如:1. she has gone to nanjing for three days.( = she s come he,re three days. )intending to stay for2. alice has left for paris for three months .( = alice has left

54、 for paris, intending to stay there for three months.)3. we are starting for shanghai for two weeks.( = we are going to shanghai,and we are planning to stay there for two weeks.)【留意】假如遇到與第一點(diǎn)所不符的情形,如本點(diǎn)所表達(dá),不要輕易下結(jié)論為“錯(cuò)題 ”,應(yīng)當(dāng)認(rèn)真分析后再做結(jié)論;比如我們學(xué)過(guò)了這樣的結(jié)構(gòu):make somebody do something;而我們??梢?jiàn)到這樣的句子:he made a candle to give light.在這個(gè)句子中的賓語(yǔ)后面明顯帶了to ,與短語(yǔ)所表達(dá)的不符,但我們不要忘了:make的基本意思為“制造 ”,并且,不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在短語(yǔ)中充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),而在例句中充當(dāng)狀語(yǔ);(三) 非連續(xù)性謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞后有非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞時(shí),可與表示一段時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)連用,這時(shí),時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)所修飾的不是句中的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞,而是非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞;學(xué)習(xí)必備歡迎下載如: 1. she went to work for two weeks .( for two weeks修飾to work )2. he

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