脊柱解剖學課件

1、 脊 柱vertebral column基礎醫(yī)學院人體解剖教研室基礎醫(yī)學院人體解剖教研室 the vertebral column脊柱脊柱 consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum, and the coccyx. 一、一、vertebrae 椎骨椎骨vthere are 33 vertebrae in children, arranged as follows:vcervical vertebrae 頸椎頸椎 c.7vthoracic vertebrae 胸椎胸椎 t.12vlumbar vertebrae 腰椎腰椎 l.5vsacral vertebrae

2、骶椎骶椎 s.5 sacrum 骶骨骶骨vcoccygeal vertebrae 尾椎尾椎 co.34 coccyx尾骨尾骨general features of vertebraevvertebral body 椎體椎體vvertebral arch 椎弓椎弓pedicle of vertebral arch 椎弓根椎弓根: sup. and inf. vertebral notch 椎上、下切跡椎上、下切跡 lamina of vertebral arch 椎弓板椎弓板vprocess (7): spinous process 棘突棘突transverse process 橫突橫突sup.

3、 and inf. articular processes 上、下關(guān)節(jié)突上、下關(guān)節(jié)突vvertebral foramen 椎孔椎孔 vvertebral canal 椎管椎管vintervertebral foramen 椎間孔椎間孔regional variations of vertebraecervical vertebraevvertebrae body: small vvertebral foramen: larger and triangularvspinous processes: short and bifid in c3 to c5, long in c6,and longe

4、r in c7vtransverse processes: short and bifid, transverse foramen橫突孔橫突孔varticular processes: horizontal atypical vertebeaevatlas寰椎寰椎 (c1) body and spinous process absent, consists of anterior and posterior arches, and two lateral massesgroove for vertebral artery 椎動脈溝椎動脈溝vaxis樞椎樞椎 (c2): distinguishe

5、d by dens齒突齒突 which articulates with dental fovea of anterior arch of atlasvcarotid tubercle: 頸動脈結(jié)節(jié)頸動脈結(jié)節(jié): anterior tubercle of transverse process of c6vvertebra prominens 隆椎隆椎(c7):contains long and non-bifid spinous process, it is visible with neck flexed, used as clinical landmark in counting cervi

6、cal and thoracic spinous processesthoracic vertebrae vvertebrae body ： heart-shape, superior and inferior costal fovea 上、下肋凹上、下肋凹vvertebral foramen： smaller, rounder vspinous processes： long, point obliquely downward vtransverse processes： transverse costal fovea 橫突肋凹橫突肋凹 varticular processes: coron

7、al lumbar vertebrae vvertebrae body： larger, kidney-shape vvertebral foramen: larger and triangular vspinous processes: projects horizontally vtransverse processes: long varticular processes: sagittal sacrum vanterior surface: promontory岬岬, anterior sacral foramina 骶前孔骶前孔(four pairs) vposterior surf

8、ace: median sacral crest 骶正中嵴骶正中嵴, posterior sacral foramina (four pairs), sacral hiatus骶管裂孔骶管裂孔，sacral cornu 骶角骶角vlateral part: auricular surface耳狀面耳狀面, sacral tuberosity骶粗隆骶粗隆二、二、articulations of vertebrae 椎骨的連結(jié)椎骨的連結(jié)joints of the vertebral bodiesjoints of the vertebral arches1.joints of the verteb

9、ral bodies 椎體間的連椎體間的連結(jié)結(jié)intervertebral discs 椎間盤椎間盤 between bodies of adjacent vertebrae, composed of:vnucleus pulpous髓核髓核, an inner soft, pulpy, highly elastic structure (gelatinous core )vannulus fibrosus纖維環(huán)纖維環(huán) an outer fibrous ring consisting of fibrocartilageanterior longitudinal ligament 前縱韌帶前縱韌

10、帶vstrong band covering the anterior part of the vertebral bodies and intervertebral discs running from the anterior margin of foramen magnum to the s1s2 vmaintains stability of the intervertebral disc and prevents hyperextension of the vertebral columnposterior longitudinal posterior longitudinal li

11、gamentligament后縱韌帶后縱韌帶vattached to the posterior aspect of the intervertebral discs and posterior edges of the vertebral bodies from c2 vertebra to sacrumvprevents hyperflexion of the vertebral column and posterior protrusion of the discshernia of nucleus pulpous 髓核脫出髓核脫出 2.joints of the vertebral a

12、rches 椎弓間的連結(jié)椎弓間的連結(jié)vligamenta flava 黃韌帶黃韌帶 elastic ligament, unite laminae of adjacent vertebrae, and complete the posterior wall of vertebral canal; tend to prevent hyperflexion of the vertebral columnvinterspinal ligament 棘間韌帶棘間韌帶vsupraspinal ligament 棘上韌帶棘上韌帶vligamentum nuchae項韌帶項韌帶 vintertansvers

13、e ligament橫突間橫突間韌帶韌帶 vzygapophysial joint 關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)關(guān)節(jié)突關(guān)節(jié)三、三、atlantooccipital joint 寰枕關(guān)節(jié)vbetween superior articulating surfaces of atlas and occipital condylesvsupported by membrances and ligaments that join occipital bone and atlasvaction nodding of head, lateral tilting of head四、四、atlantoaxial joint 寰樞

14、關(guān)節(jié)vthree synovial joints between atlas and axislaterally, paired joints between articulating facesmedian joint between dens of axis and anterior arch of atlassupported by ligaments apical ligament of dens 齒突尖韌帶齒突尖韌帶alar ligament 翼狀韌帶翼狀韌帶transverse ligament of atlas寰椎橫韌帶寰椎橫韌帶 tectorial membrane 覆覆膜膜action allow atlas (and head) to pivot on the axis and vertebral column五、五、normal curves of vertebral columnvcervical curvature頸曲頸曲 convex forwardvthora