2022年教育學(xué)專業(yè)英語復(fù)習(xí)材料

1、一、my pedagogic creed我的教育信條約翰杜越i believe that all education proceeds by the participation of the individual in the social consciousness of the race. this process begins unconsciously almost at birth, and is continually shaping the individuals powers, saturating his consciousness, forming his habits,

2、training his ideas, and arousing his feelings and emotions. 我相信，一切教育都是通過個(gè)人參與人類的社會(huì)意識(shí)而進(jìn)行的。這個(gè)過程幾乎是在出生時(shí)就在無意識(shí)中開始了，它不斷塑造個(gè)人的能力，熏染他的意識(shí)，培養(yǎng)他的習(xí)慣，訓(xùn)練他的思維，并激發(fā)他的感覺和情緒。i believe that the school is primarily a social institution. education being a social process, the school is simply that form of community life in w

3、hich all those agencies are concentrated that will be most effective in bringing the child to share in the inherited resources of the race, and to use his own powers for social ends.我相信，學(xué)校是一個(gè)最主要的社會(huì)機(jī)構(gòu)。教育是一種社會(huì)性的過程，學(xué)校僅僅是社會(huì)生活的一種形式；在社會(huì)生活中所有的這些機(jī)構(gòu)都致力于高效的讓孩子們?nèi)シ窒韨鞒邢聛淼拿褡遒Y源，并且使用自己的力量去實(shí)現(xiàn)社會(huì)目的。i believe that this

4、 educational process has two sides - one psychological and one sociological; and that neither can be subordinated to the other or neglected without evil results following. 我認(rèn)為，這個(gè)教育過程有兩方面：一個(gè)是心理方面，另一個(gè)是社會(huì)方面。它們是平行并重的，哪一方面也不能偏廢。否則，隨之而來結(jié)果是可怕的。in order to know what a power really is we must know what its e

5、nd, use, or function is; and this we cannot know save as we conceive of the individual as active in social relationships. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 1 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -我們?yōu)榱酥滥芰烤故鞘裁?，我們就必須知道它的目的?用途或功能

6、是什么，而這些，是無法知道的，除非我們認(rèn)為個(gè)人是在社會(huì)關(guān)系中活動(dòng)的。to prepare him for the future life means to give him command of himself; it means so to train him that he will have the full and ready use of all his capacities; that his eye and ear and hand may be tools ready to command, that his judgment may be capable of graspin

7、g the conditions under which it has to work, and the executive forces be trained to act economically and efficiently. 準(zhǔn)備兒童使其適應(yīng)未來生活，那意思便是要使他能管理自己，要訓(xùn)練他能充分并隨時(shí)運(yùn)用他的各種能力，這些能力由他的眼、 耳和手去掌控，他的判斷要能抓住那些那些能幫助他作出判斷的條件，他的執(zhí)行力要被訓(xùn)練的節(jié)省而富有效率。in sum, i believe that the individual who is to be educated is a social indiv

8、idual and that society is an organic union of individuals. 總之我信受教育的個(gè)人是社會(huì)人，社會(huì)是許多個(gè)人的有機(jī)結(jié)合。education, therefore, must begin with a psychological insight into the childs capacities, interests, and habits. it must be controlled at every point by reference to these same considerations. 因此，教育必須從心理學(xué)上探索兒童的能量，

9、興趣和習(xí)慣開始，它的每個(gè)方面，教育的每一個(gè)方面都必須被控制在這些考慮之中。二、the secret of childhood童年的秘密瑪利亞蒙臺(tái)梭利in fact in every educational ideal, in all pedagogy up to our own time, the word education has been almost always synonymous with the word punishment. the end was always to subject the child to the adult, who substituted himse

10、lf for nature, and set his reasoning and his will in the place of the laws of life. 精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 2 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -事實(shí)上，在每一個(gè)理想的教育中， 在迄今為止所有的教育理論中，教育這個(gè)詞差不多總是和懲罰這個(gè)詞是同義詞，目的總是要兒童服從成人，成人替代了自然

11、，并且用他的理由和意志替代了生活的法則。in the midst of a continual progress in favor of the adult they have remained as beings not belonging to human society, extra-social, without any means of communication that would allow society to become aware of their condition. they might be victims without societys being aware

12、.在成年人的支持下， 這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)不斷的發(fā)展成主流， 他們?nèi)匀槐徽J(rèn)為不屬于人類社會(huì)， 獨(dú)立于社會(huì)之外， 沒有一種交流方式能讓社會(huì)意識(shí)到他們的情況。沒有被社會(huì)意識(shí)到，這讓很可能讓他們成為犧牲品。they were shut up there, exposed to the enforced torments of society. the narrow chest that brought an acquired predisposition to tuberculosis, came from long hours spent bending over desks, learning to rea

13、d and write. 他們被關(guān)在學(xué)校里， 暴露在社會(huì)強(qiáng)加的痛苦中。 兒童長(zhǎng)時(shí)間伏案讀書寫字，使他們的胸膛受到擠壓而變得狹小，容易患肺病。before going to school some of them had walked miles to distribute milk, or had gone running and shouting through the streets, selling newspapers, or had been working at home. they reached school hungry, sleepy, with the sole wish

14、 to rest. 在他們上學(xué)之前， 有些兒童已經(jīng)步行好幾英里給住戶送牛奶，或在街頭奔走呼喊出售報(bào)紙，或在家里勞動(dòng)，因此，他們到學(xué)校時(shí)又累又餓，昏昏欲睡，他們最大的愿望就是休息。精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 3 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -the child who is punished in school must consign his sentence to

15、his father, so that the father may join with the teacher in punishing him and scolding him. he is then forced to take back to school a writing from his father, as a proof that he has accused himself to his other executioner, who associated himself, at least in principle, with the persecution of his

16、own son. thus the child is condemned to carry his own cross. 一個(gè)孩子 zq在學(xué)校受了懲罰，必須把出發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)告給他的父親，使父親可以和老師一起懲罰和責(zé)罵孩子。然后孩子被迫把他父親的字條送回學(xué)校，證明他已經(jīng)向另一個(gè)劊子手投案，這另一個(gè)劊子手至少在原則上參與了對(duì)自己兒子的迫害。 因此孩子被譴責(zé)而去背負(fù)他自己的十字架。the energy that moves it emanates from the outer world, like an immense impersonal power coming from society as a w

17、hole, and functioning inexorably. forward! ever forward! 推動(dòng)這個(gè)問題的能量是從外部世界出發(fā)的，好像從整個(gè)社會(huì)來的一股巨大的非人格的力量無情的作用著。前進(jìn)！永遠(yuǎn)前進(jìn)！三、general education大眾教育羅伯特赫欽斯it means having a common stock of fundamental ideas . this becomes more important as empirical science advances and accumulate more and more date 它是指對(duì)基本思想有一定的認(rèn)識(shí)

18、。 這是很重要的對(duì)于經(jīng)驗(yàn)科學(xué)的進(jìn)步， 并且積累了越來越多的數(shù)據(jù)。the scheme that i advance is based on the notion that general education is education for everybody , whether he goes on to the university or not. it will be useful to him in the university ,it will be equally useful if he never goes there. 我的計(jì)劃是根據(jù)這個(gè)想法提出的， 即大眾教育是對(duì)每一個(gè)人的

19、教育，不論他是上大學(xué)還是不上大學(xué)。這對(duì)他是有用的在大學(xué)里，如果精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -精品學(xué)習(xí)資料 可選擇p d f - - - - - - - - - - - - - - 第 4 頁，共 5 頁 - - - - - - - - -他從來沒有去上大學(xué)，這也是同樣有用得。material prosperity and adjustment to the environment are good more or less ,but they are not good in th

20、emselves and there are other goods beyond them 。物質(zhì)上的成功和對(duì)環(huán)境的適應(yīng)或多或少是有益的，但是它們本身不是有益的，而是在它們之外還有許多益處。we renounce our intellectual heritage ,read only the most recent books, discuss only current events, try to keep the schools abreast or even ahead of the times, and write elaborate addresses on education and social change. 我們拋棄理智的傳統(tǒng)，只閱讀最近代的書，只討論當(dāng)前的時(shí)事，試圖使學(xué)校與時(shí)代并肩前進(jìn)， 甚至超越時(shí)代， 并寫下關(guān)于教育社會(huì)變遷的精心制作的論述。education implies teaching. teaching implies knowledge. knowledge is truth. the truth is everywhere the same . he