船舶油污論文：論船舶油污環(huán)境損害的賠償范圍

1、 船舶油污論文：論船舶油污環(huán)境損害的賠償范圍【中文摘要】自工業(yè)革命以后,海上石油運(yùn)輸越來越繁榮,海洋遭受的石油污染損害也日趨嚴(yán)重。隨著國際上一系列重大油污事件的發(fā)生,海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)與船舶油污損害賠償問題也受到國際公約和國內(nèi)立法的關(guān)注,我國尚無專門的船舶油污環(huán)境損害賠償方面立法,審判機(jī)關(guān)在法律適用上也很不統(tǒng)一。本文主要結(jié)合環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)幕纠碚摷皣鴥?nèi)外立法,針對我國船舶油污的損害賠償實(shí)踐,探究船舶油污的環(huán)境損害賠償范圍。文章第一部分首先界定了船舶油污造成的“海洋環(huán)境損害”的法律概念。從海洋環(huán)境的概念出發(fā),區(qū)分了海洋環(huán)境、海洋資源和海洋生態(tài)三組概念的不同,認(rèn)為海洋環(huán)境包含海洋資源和海洋生態(tài)。本文認(rèn)為

2、當(dāng)前應(yīng)對“環(huán)境損害”概念采狹義解釋,即環(huán)境損害僅指對環(huán)境本身的損害,并在此基礎(chǔ)上以概括加列舉的方式對船舶溢油造成的“海洋環(huán)境損害”進(jìn)行了定義。船舶溢油引起的海洋環(huán)境損害不同于一般的侵權(quán)損害,具有涉及范圍廣、價值難估量、恢復(fù)周期長、評估技術(shù)性強(qiáng)等特點(diǎn)。文章第二部分主要闡述了船舶油污環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)睦碚摶A(chǔ)。環(huán)境權(quán)理論是環(huán)境損害賠償?shù)臋?quán)利基礎(chǔ),本文認(rèn)為環(huán)境權(quán)既然是一項(xiàng)新型的權(quán)利,其權(quán)利的內(nèi)容也不同于傳統(tǒng)的人身權(quán)和財(cái)產(chǎn)權(quán),是環(huán)境自身應(yīng)處于良好的可持續(xù)發(fā)展的權(quán)利。公共信托理論為環(huán)境損害賠償提供了救濟(jì)權(quán)依據(jù),是我國海洋環(huán)境保護(hù)法第九十條第二款的立法依據(jù)。損害“差額說”理論一直是大陸法系損害賠償法領(lǐng)域的權(quán)威

3、學(xué)說,該學(xué)說深刻揭示了損害事實(shí)與賠償范圍之間的關(guān)系,對于研究環(huán)境損害賠償有重要啟發(fā)作用。文章第三部分介紹了當(dāng)前公約體系、美國油污法體系及我國法律體系下船舶油污環(huán)境損害賠償范圍的相關(guān)規(guī)定,認(rèn)為從賠償范圍的規(guī)定和評估準(zhǔn)則方面看,美國油污法體系較公約體系更加科學(xué)、全面,在保護(hù)海洋環(huán)境方面更有力度。在賠償范圍方面,我國法與1992CLC的規(guī)定不完全一致,本文認(rèn)為發(fā)生在我國海域內(nèi)的船舶油污環(huán)境損害賠償,無論是否具有涉外因素,都應(yīng)優(yōu)先適用國際公約的規(guī)定。文章第四部分對船舶油污環(huán)境損害賠償范圍進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)的解構(gòu)。認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)采全面賠償和限制賠償相結(jié)合的原則進(jìn)行賠償范圍的界定,在以上兩原則的基礎(chǔ)上,本文認(rèn)為船舶油污

4、環(huán)境損害賠償范圍應(yīng)包括包括基本的恢復(fù)費(fèi)用、恢復(fù)期間的環(huán)境價值損失、不可恢復(fù)的環(huán)境損失和評估費(fèi)用。針對當(dāng)前我國司法實(shí)踐中存在的索賠項(xiàng)目存在重復(fù)的問題,本文認(rèn)為應(yīng)對相關(guān)評估標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行修訂；在天然漁業(yè)資源損失實(shí)際不能得到公約體系支持的現(xiàn)狀下,本文認(rèn)為應(yīng)該呼吁國際社會盡快對1992CLC進(jìn)行修訂,以實(shí)現(xiàn)對船舶油污環(huán)境損害的全面賠償。本文主要采用了歷史分析、比較分析、案例分析、法律解釋等方法進(jìn)行研究?！居⑽恼縒ith the flourishing of carrying petroleum by sea after the Industrial Revolution, ocean pollution

5、 is becoming serious day by day. The protection to ocean environment and the indemnity to damage from ships oil pollution have been paid attention by international convention and domestic law after sets of oil pollution event happen. From the prospective of legislation of the indemnity to damage fro

6、m ships oil pollution in China, there is still no specialized regulation and displays as disunity in the application process by judgment department. With Integrating the basic theoretic in the indemnity to damage of environment and the situation of legislation in and out of China, basic on the pract

7、ice of the indemnity to damage from ships oil pollution in our country, my thesis is aiming to research the range of indemnity range of damage to environment from ships oil pollution.The first part in my thesis firstly defines the legal concept of “damage to ocean environment” caused by ships oil po

8、llution. Analyzing from the concept of ocean environment, this thesis make distinctions among ocean environment, ocean resource and ocean ecology. This thesis indicates that “damage to environment” should be explained strictly, that is,” damage to environment was just means the damage to environment

9、 but nothing else, basic on which, we could define “damage to ocean environment” caused by ships leaking oil by the way of summarization and enumeration. The places that damage to ocean environment caused by ships leaking oil difference from the other common damage are that, the former affects wider

10、 range, has inestimable value, need more time to resume and is more professional in evaluated technical area.The second part of this thesis mainly states theoretical principles of indemnity of damage to environment from ships oil pollution. Environmental right is the basic to the indemnity to damage

11、 to environment. This thesis thinks that environmental right is a new type of right, whose content is different from traditional personal right and property right, focus on the well sustainable development of environment. Public trust theory which is also the foundation of domestic “marine environme

12、ntal protection law” item 2 of clause 90, is the basic and reference of right of relief for indemnity to damage to environment. Damage to be balanced which is always the authoritative theory in continental legal system deeply indicates that the relationship between damage fact and the indemnity rang

13、e and is important for further researching damage to environment.The third part of this thesis introduces the conventional system now days, “American oil pollution law” system and related regulation of indemnity range of damage to environment from ships oil pollution in domestic law system. From the

14、 perspective of indemnity range and evaluated regulation, “American oil pollution law” system is more scientific and comprehensive, and it is more practical in the protection of ocean environment. From the perspective of indemnity range, domestic law is not the same as 1992CLC. But this thesis suppo

15、rts that, no matter the event includes overseas factors or not, international convention is prior to be applied for indemnity range of damage to environment from ships oil pollution, as long as this damage occurs in ocean area of China.The forth part of this thesis systemically explains indemnity ra

16、nge of damage from ships oil pollution. The indemnity range should be defined with the combined principles of comprehensive indemnity and limited indemnity, further on which, my thesis think that indemnity range of damage from ships oil pollution should includes basic resuming cost, the lost of envi

17、ronmental function in resuming period, lost of environmental function which could not resume and evaluation fee. Relative evaluation standard should be rectified accordingly as per the claiming items are repeated in our juridical practice; accordingly to the situation that piscatorial lost is not in

18、cluded in international convention, we should appeal to international society that 1992CLC should be rectified timely to realize the comprehensive indemnity of damage to environment from ships oil pollution.The author has adopted the research methods of case-analysis, comparison analysis, historical analysis of law, legal interpretation and so