InternationalBusinessEnglish國際商務(wù)英語(英文版)

1、international business english國際商務(wù)英語lesson 1 international business第一課國際商務(wù)*intcrnational busincss refers to transaction bctwccn parties from different countries. sometimes business across the borders of different customs areas of the same country is also regarded as import and export, such as busine

2、ss between hong kong and taiwan.*tnternstiorml business invoives more factors and thus is more complicated than domestic business. the following arc some major differences between the two.1) . the countries involved often have different legal systems, and one or more parties will have to adjust them

3、selves to operate in complianee with the foreign 1 aw.2) . different counties usually use different currencies and the partics concerned will have to decide which currency to use and do everything necessary as regards conversion etc. uncertainties and even risks are often involved in the use of a fo

4、reign currency.3) cuitural di fferences including 1anguage, customs, traditions, religion, value, behaviour etc. often constitutc challcnges emd even traps for people engaged in international business.4) . countries vary in natural and economic conditions and may have different policies towards fore

5、ign trade and investment, making international business more complex than domestic business.*with the dcvclopmcnt of economic globalisation, few people or companics can completely stay away from international business. some knowledge in this respect is necessary both for the benefit of enterprises a

6、nd personal advancement.*tnternstiorml business first took the form of commodity trade, i.e. exporting and importing goods produced or manufactured in one country for consumption or resale in another. this form of trade is also referred to as visible trade. later a different kind of trade in the for

7、m of transportation， communication, banking, insuranee, consuiting, information etc. gradually became more and more important. this type of trade is called invisiblc trade. today, the contribution of service industries of the developed cou nt ries const it utes over 60% of t heir gross domes tic pro

8、ducts and account for an increasing proportion of world trade. another important form of international business is supplying capital by resi dents of one coun try to anot her, know n as in ter nati orml i nves tments.such investments can be classified into two categories. the first kind of investmen

9、ts，foreign direct investments or fdi for short is made for returns through controlling the enterprises or assets invested in in a host country.*thc host country is a forcign country where the investor operates，while the country where the headquarters of the investor is located is called the home cou

10、ntry. the second kind of investment, portfolio investment, refers to purchases of foreign financial assets for a purpose other than controlling. such financial assets may be stocks, bonds or certificates of deposit.stocks are also called capital stocks or bonds. bonds are papers issued by a governme

11、nt or a firm with promise to pay back the money lent or invested together with interest. the maturity period of a bond is at least one year, often longer, for example five, or even ten years. certificates of deposit generally involve large amounts, say 25 thousand us dollars besides trade and invest

12、ment, international licensing and franchising are sometimes taken as a means of entering a foreign market. in licensing, a firm leases the right to use its intellectual property to a firm in another country. such intel 1ectual property may be trademarks, brand names, patents, copyrights or tc chnolo

13、gy. firms choose lice rising because they do not have to make cash payments to start business, and can simply receive income in the form of royaltybesides, they can benefit from locatiorrnl advantages of foreign operation wi thout any obi i gat ions in own ership or man ageme nt. the use of 1 i cens

14、 ing is particularly encouraged by high customs duty and non-tariff barriers on the part of the host country. however it is not advisable to use licensing in countries with weak intellectual property protection since the licensor may have difficulty in enforcing licensing agreement. franchising can

15、be regarded as a special form of 1 icensing. under franchising, a firm, called the franchiscc, is allowed to operatc in the name of another, called the franchiser who provides the former with trademarks, brand names, logos, and operating techniques for royalty. in comparison with the rela tion bet w

16、ee n the licenser and the licensee, the franchiser has more control over and provides more support for the franchisee.*the franchiser can develop internationally and gain access to useful information about the local market with little risk and cost, and the franchisee can easily get into a business

17、with established products or services. franchising is fairly popular especial 1y in hotel and restaurant busincss.other forms for participating in international business are management contract, contract manufacturing, and turnkey project.under a management contract, one company offers managerial or

18、 other specialized services to another within a particular period for a flatpayment or a percentage of the relevant business volume. sometimes bonuses based on profitability or sales growth are also specified in management contracts.govcrnmcn t policies often have a lot to do with managem ent cont r

19、ac ts. when a govcrnmcn t forbids forcig n own ership in cor tain indus tries it con siders to be of strategic importance but lacks the expertise for operation, management contracts may be a practical choice enabling a foreign company to operate in the industry without owning the assets*by contract

20、manu fac tu ring, a firm can conce nt rate on t heir str on gest par t in the value chain，e. g. markcting, while contracting with forcign companies for the manufacture of their products. such firms can reduce the amount of their resources devoted to manufacture and benefit from location advantages f

21、rom production in host countries. however, loss of control over the product!on process may give rise to problems in respect of quality and time of delivery.*for an international turnkey project, a firm signs a contract with a foreign purchaser and undertakes all the designing, contracting and facili

22、ty equipping before handing it over to the latter upon completion. such projects are often large and complex and take a ion百 period to complete. paymcnt for a turnkey projeet may be made at fixed total price or on a cost plus basis. the latter way of payment shifts the burden of possible additional

23、cost over the original budget onto the purchaser *bot is a popular variant of the turnkey projeet where b stands for build, 0 for operate and t for transfer. for a bot projeet, a firm operate a facility for a period of time after building it up before finallytransferring it to a foreign company. mak

24、ing profit from operating the project for a period is the major difference between bot and the common turnkey projeet needless to say, the contractor has to bear the financial and other risks that may occur in the period of operation.*somc words and expressions customs area關(guān)稅區(qū)in compliance with遵從，遵照

25、conversion n貨幣兌換visible trade冇形貿(mào)易 resale n.轉(zhuǎn)售invisible trade 無形貿(mào)易 gross domestic product 國內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總 值for short縮寫為account for 占比例headquarters n.總部 trap n陷阱,圈套portfolio investment 證券投資 stocks n.股票bonds n.債券maturity n.（票據(jù)等）到期，到期日 certificate of deposit 大額存單 other than而不是 licensing n.許可經(jīng)營 franchising n.特許經(jīng)營n

26、.商標(biāo)advisable adj可行的,適當(dāng)?shù)?patent n.專利royalty n.專利使用費(fèi)，許可使用費(fèi), 版稅copyright n版權(quán)l(xiāng)icensor n.給予許可的人 licensee n.接受許可的人 franchiser n.給予特許的人 franchisee n.接受特許的人 logo n.標(biāo)識，標(biāo)記 management contract 管理合同 expertise n.專門知識 bonus n.紅利，獎金，津貼 flat adj.律的，無變動的 con tract manu facturing 承包生產(chǎn) value chain 價值鏈 turnkey project交

27、鑰匙工程 bot(bu訂d, operate, transfer) 建 設(shè)，經(jīng)營，移冬stand for表示，代表 variant n.變形,變體lesson twoi ncome level and the world market第二課收入水平和世界市場this lesson discusses the relation between the income level and the market potential, and the features of high income, middle income and low income markets .special analys

28、es are made on triad, i.e. the markets of north america, european union and japan, as well as other markets that are closely related with china.the first two paragraphs mainly deal with gnp and gdp, two important concepts usedto indicate the total size of an economy gdp, gross domestic product, stre

29、sses the place of production while gnp, gross national product, on the ownership of production factorsgdp is used by most countries now where as gnp was more popular before the 1990s the actual figures of a country's gnp and gdp are, however, quite similar in most cases and we can use whichever

30、figure that is available.text:tn assessing the potential of a market, people often look at its income level since it provides clues about the purchasing power of its residents the concepts national income and national product have roughly the same value and can be used interchangeably if our interes

31、t is in their sum total which is measured as the market value of the total output of goods and services of an economy in a given period, usual 1 y a year.the differenceis only in their emphasis the former stresses the income generated by turning out the products while the latter, the value of the pr

32、oducts themselves gross national product, gnp, and gross domestic product, gdp, are two important concepts used to indicate a country's total income. gnp refers to the market value of goods and services produced by the property and labor owned by the residents of an economy. this term was used b

33、y most governments before the 1990s國民牛產(chǎn)總值（gnp）是最重耍的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)指標(biāo)，它是指一個國家地區(qū)的國民經(jīng)濟(jì)在一定時期（一般1年）內(nèi)以貨幣衣現(xiàn)的全部最終產(chǎn)品（含貨物和服務(wù)）價值的總和。gdp是與所謂國土原則聯(lián)系在-起的。按照這一原則，凡是在本國領(lǐng)土上創(chuàng)造的收入，不 管是不是本國國民所創(chuàng)造的，都被計入本國的gdpo特別是，外國公司在某一國資公司的 利潤都應(yīng)計入該國的gdpo而該國企業(yè)在外國子公司的利潤就不應(yīng)被計入。the difference between gnp and gdp is that the former focuses on ownership

34、 of the factors of production while the latter concentrates on the place where production takes placefor example, the dividend returned by the subsidiary of microsoft in china is included in the us gnp but not in its gdp. and the production of the same subsidiary is included in china's gdp but n

35、ot in its gnp. the difference between gnp and gdp can be ignored since it is very small in most cases. people can use whichever term that is more easily available and they can compare a country's gnp the third paragraph tells us the significance of per capita income in assessing a market the fig

36、ure shows the average income level of an economy and is therefore important for marketing consumer durables.in assessing the potential of a country as a market, people often look at per capita income. similar to the case of national income and national product, per capita income and per capita gdp d

37、o not have much difference. so let's use per capita gdp to illustrate an economy's income level. it is calculated by dividing its total gdp by its population. total gdp indicates the overall size of an economy, which is important in marketassessment for durable equipment or bulk goods such a

38、s grain, steel, or cement. per capita gdp reveals the average income level of consumers, which is important when marketing consumer durables. for example, china has a large gdp of roughly usd! .4 trillion in 2003, being the seventh largest economy in the world .if adjusted by ppp, the figure would p

39、robably be as large as usd6.4 trillion, accounting for 12% of the world's total and ranking the second only after the usaso china is not only a newly emerging producer but also an important newly emerging market. though $1000 per capita income is believed by experts to be the level at which cons

40、umerism begins to emerge, the chinese figure is still rather low, ranking only the 111th in the world. in contrast, singapore has a gdp of roughly a bit over $100 billion, but a per capita income as high as $32,810. obviously china and singapore represent two different kinds of market.the fourth par

41、agraph deals with the income distribution of an economy. different industries may be interested in the respective sizes of different sections of people such as the rich and the middle income.text:business people are also concerned about the income distribution of a market i.e. the proportions of its

42、 rich, middle income and poor people. producers of quality electrical appliances such as color tvs are interested in the size of a country's middle class, while manufacturers of expensive cars such as rolls-royces may want to know the number of its millionaires.paragraphs 57 set the respective s

43、tandard for high-income, middle-income and low-income countries with enumeration of the specific countries under each group. brief accounts are also made of their respective roles in trade and investment.countries of the world are divided by the world bank into three categories of high-income, middl

44、e-income and low-income economies. those enjoying annual per capita income of $9386 and above are classified as high-income countries this group comprises three types of countries the first type includes most members of the organization for economic cooperation and development (oecd). the second typ

45、e is rich oil producing countries of the middle east such as kuwait, saudi arabia, and the united arab emirates.the third type consists of small-industrialized countries or regions such as israel, singapore, hong kong and taiwan. high-income countries often have good infrastructure, high purchasing

46、power, advanced technology, efficient management, and favorable environment for trade and investment. they offer prime markets for expensive consumer goods and are both attractive sources and destinations of investment. countries with annual per capita income below $9,386 but above $765 are regarded

47、 as middle-income countries included in this category are most east european countries and most members of the commonwealth of independent states, six oecd members that are not up to the level of high income countries, quite a number of latin american countries and some comparatively developed count

48、ries in asia, such as indonesia, malaysia, the philippines, and thailand among the african countries, south africa and oil-producing libya, nigeria and algeria belong to this category. china with a per capita income of over $1100 is a middle-income country though it was a low income country just a f

49、ew years ago.lower income countries are those that have per capita incomes of only $765 or even less. most african countries, some asian countries and a few latin american countries are included in this groupthese countries usually have poor infrastructure, low consumer demand and unfavorable busine

50、ss environment. but that does not mean they should be neglected in international business activities, because they constitute markets for lower-priced staple goods, provide cheap labor and are often rich in resources. what is more important, market is something to be developed. once tapped, the busi

51、ness potential of these countries will one day become real business opportunities paragraphs 8-12 deal with triad and its extension quad. those are the richest and most important markets in the world. the former refers to the united states, western europe and japan, and the latter is an extension of

52、 triad to include canada. the economic and market conditions of those regions are specified in the 5 paragraphs, hopefully to give the learners an overall picture of these markets.text:the term triad refers to the three richest regions of the world the united states, the european union and japan tha

53、t offer the most important business opportunities any international enterprise must bear triad in mind if they want to be successful in the increasingly competitive world marketwith a per capita income of about $ 30,000, the united states is the richest country in the western hemisphere. though the

54、per capita income of a few small countries like switzerland is much higher than that of the united states, the overall size of the u.s economy of about $ 10 trillion gdp, roughly a quarter of the world total, coupled with its political stability puts the country on a unique position in the world. it

55、 accounts for about 15% of world visible and invisible trade.the u.s. dollar is the invoicing currency for about half of the international transactions and is an important component of foreign currency reserves of the world.the united states has been regarded by many people as a safe haven who tend

56、to keep their wealth in us dollar when they lose confidence in the value of their own currency. and for many years the country remained the largest recipient of foreign investment. over 160 of the world9 s 500 largest corporations have their headquarters in the united states including 24 of the top

57、100. the country's large middle class make it an attractive market for enterprises all around the globethe second component of triad is western europe that mainly refers to the european union. with an average per capita income of over $ 20,000, all the members before its eastward expansion are c

58、lassified as high income countriesits total gdp of over 10 trillion us dollars is the largest, larger than that of the united states. germany, france, britain and italy are the 4 richest, most populous and developed countries of eu these countries are each an attractive market, and combined they con

59、stitute the largest rich market in the world .in the present intensely competing world, it is necessary and beneficial to diversify our major markets, and the importance of eu as one leg of triad cannot be overstressed.japan is the third component of triad and the second largest economy of the world. it is an important supplier of high-tech products and a major importer of raw materials. while exports have greatly spurred japan's development, tra