計(jì)算機(jī)專(zhuān)業(yè)英語(yǔ)(霍洪濤)課件Chapter 5

1、Chapter 5 Programming LanguageReviewv終端v領(lǐng)域v內(nèi)核模式v如鯁在喉v杰出的v訴訟v常規(guī)的v占主導(dǎo)的v成見(jiàn)v專(zhuān)利稅2terminalprovince，territorykernel modelawsuitconventionalstereotypeprominent, remarkable, extraordinarya lump in the throatroyaltypredominantReviewvThe Structure of A Computer System 3at the bottom the lowest layer next comes

2、In machine language layeron the top finally A major function of ReviewvLayered Systems Layer 0 dealt with(p71P2L1) 0層處理進(jìn)程的分配，在干擾發(fā)生或者計(jì)時(shí)器終止時(shí)在進(jìn)程件轉(zhuǎn)換。 Layer 1 did (p71P3L1) 1層是內(nèi)存管理。 Layer 2 handled (p71P3L1) 2層控制各進(jìn)程和操作平臺(tái)之間的通信。 Layer 3 took care of (p71P2L2) 3層管理輸入/輸出設(shè)備以及進(jìn)出的信息流緩沖。 Layer 4 was where (p72L1

3、) 4層放置的是用戶(hù)程序。 was located in layer 5 (p71L3).系統(tǒng)操作進(jìn)程放在5層。 4Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev1. Prehistory Herman Hollerith realized that he could encode information on punch cards when he observed that railroad train conductors would encode the appearance of the ticket holders on the train tick

4、ets using the position of punched holes on the tickets(p94L2). 在看見(jiàn)檢票員把乘客的外形通過(guò)穿孔的位置編碼在票上的時(shí)候，Hollerith意識(shí)到他可以把信息編碼在穿孔卡片上。5Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev1. Prehistory The Turing machine was an abstraction of the operation of a tape-marking machine, for example, in use at the telephone companies

5、(p94P2L4). 圖靈機(jī)是一臺(tái)磁帶標(biāo)記機(jī)器的操作的抽象，例如，用在電訊公司。6Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev albeit(p94RL4) conj. 雖然；即使 introduce a fact or comment that reduces the force or significance of what you have just said. 例： Charless letter was indeed published, albeit in a somewhat abbreviated form. 查爾斯的信確實(shí)被刊登了出來(lái)，盡管有

6、些刪節(jié)。v though conj.雖然 introduce a statement in a subordinate clause which contrasts with the statement in the main clause. 例： Everything I told them was correct, though I forgot a few things. 我告訴他們的全部正確，盡管我忘了幾件事。7Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev2. The 1940s The limited speed and memory capacit

7、y forced programmers to write hand tuned assembly language programs(p94RL3). 有限的速度和內(nèi)存容量迫使程序員手工編寫(xiě)優(yōu)化 的匯編程序。 force v.強(qiáng)迫，迫使 drive into 例句：The recession and hospital bills drove them into bankruptcy. 經(jīng)濟(jì)蕭條和醫(yī)院的賬單逼得他們破產(chǎn)了。8Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev3. The 1950s and 1960s-two key innovationsA.The

8、 use of Backus-Naur Form(BNF) for describing the languages syntax. Nearly all subsequent programming languages have used a variant of BNF to describe the context-free portion of their syntax(p95Pr3P2). 使用巴科斯范式來(lái)描述語(yǔ)言的句法。幾乎所有后來(lái)的編程語(yǔ)言都使用了巴科斯范式的變體來(lái)描述語(yǔ)法中與上下文無(wú)關(guān)的那部分。vsyntax n.句法，語(yǔ)法vsubsequent adj. 后來(lái)的，隨后的vva

9、riant n.變體，變化9varied adj.各種各樣的variable n.變量Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev portion n.部分A portion of something is a part of it. 例：Damage was confined to a small portion of the castle. 城堡僅有一小部分受到了損壞。v proportion n.部分A proportion of a group or an amount is a part of it. 例： A large proportion of

10、 the dolphins in that area will eventually die. 那個(gè)地區(qū)的很大一部分海豚最終會(huì)死。v part n.部分A part of something is one of the pieces, sections, or elements that it consists of. 例： I like that part of Cape Town. 我喜歡開(kāi)普敦的那個(gè)地方。10Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev3. The 1950s and 1960s-two key innovationsB. The int

11、roduction of lexical scoping for names in arbitrarily nested scopes(p95Pr3P2). 為任意嵌套作用域的命名引進(jìn)了詞法域vlexical adj.詞法的varbitrary adj.數(shù)任意的；武斷的 arbitrary value 任意值vnest v.筑巢；計(jì)嵌套vscope n.范圍；計(jì)作用域11Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev4. 1967-1978: Establishing Fundamental Paradigms Although the debate raged

12、 hotly at the time, nearly all programmers now agree that, even in languages that provide GOTO, it is bad style to use it except in rare circumstances(p96P3L4). 盡管當(dāng)時(shí)的辯論很激烈，現(xiàn)在幾乎所有的程序員都同意，就算是在提供了GOTO的語(yǔ)言，使用GOTO也是不好的編程風(fēng)格，也只有在極少的情況下才會(huì)使用。paradigm n.范例rage vi. 流行，風(fēng)行；大怒，發(fā)怒rare adj.稀有的，罕見(jiàn)的12Unit 1 History of

13、 Programming Languagevmerit(p96L4) 好處n. its advantages or other good points. 例： They have been persuaded of the merits of peace. 他們已經(jīng)被說(shuō)服，認(rèn)識(shí)到了和平的好處。vadvantage 優(yōu)勢(shì)n. a way in which one thing is better than another. 例： The great advantage of home-grown oranges is their magnificent flavour. 自產(chǎn)橙子的巨大優(yōu)勢(shì)是其極好

14、的味道。13Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev5. The 1980s: Consolidation, Modules, Performance(p96Pr5)1.The 1980s were years of relative consolidation. 20世紀(jì)80年代相對(duì)整合的一段時(shí)期2. One important new trend in language design was an increased focus on programming for large-scale systems through the use of modu

15、les, or large-scale organizational units of code. 語(yǔ)言設(shè)計(jì)的一個(gè)重要的新趨勢(shì)是應(yīng)用模塊或者大型企業(yè)級(jí)代碼來(lái)開(kāi)發(fā)大規(guī)模系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)成為關(guān)注的焦點(diǎn)。14Unit 1 History of Programming Languagev5. The 1980s: Consolidation, Modules, Performance(p96Pr5)3. The 1980s also brought advances in programming language implementation. 20世紀(jì)80年代也帶來(lái)了程序語(yǔ)言實(shí)施方面的發(fā)展。15Unit 1

16、 History of Programming Languagev6. The 1990s: the Internet Age In particular, the Java programming language rose to popularity because of its early integration with the Netscape Navigator web browser, and various scripting languages achieved widespread use in developing customized applications for

17、web servers(p97L3). 特別是，Java編程語(yǔ)言因?yàn)樵缙诤途W(wǎng)景領(lǐng)航員瀏覽器的集成流行起來(lái)。另外，多種多樣的腳本語(yǔ)言在為網(wǎng)絡(luò)服務(wù)器開(kāi)發(fā)定制化應(yīng)用時(shí)得到廣泛應(yīng)用。16Unit 1 History of Programming LanguagevKey wordvpredate(p94L1)vintellectual(p94RL1)visolate(p95L3)vmilestone(p95Pr3P2L1)vinfluential(p95Pr3P3L1)vdescendant(p96L2)vancestry(p96L3)vbewildering(p96P3RL1)17v.(日期上日期上

18、)早于早于; 先于先于adj.智力的智力的v. 隔離；孤立隔離；孤立n.里程碑里程碑a(chǎn)dj.有影響力的有影響力的n. 后裔；子孫后裔；子孫n. 祖先祖先adj.令人疑惑的令人疑惑的Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv Definition(What is OOP?): Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm that uses “objects” to design applications and computer programs(p99L1). 面向?qū)ο缶幊淌鞘褂谩皩?duì)象”來(lái)設(shè)

19、計(jì)應(yīng)用和計(jì)算機(jī)游戲的一種編程范例。v Function(What problems and how the problems are addressed?)： Object-oriented programming in part addresses the problem of maintaining software quality by strongly emphasizing modularity in software(p99P2RL2). 面向?qū)ο缶幊掏ㄟ^(guò)強(qiáng)烈地強(qiáng)調(diào)軟件里的模塊部分解決了保證軟件質(zhì)量的問(wèn)題。18Unit 2 Object-oriented ProgrammingvD

20、ifferences with traditional views： Object-oriented programming may be seen as a collection of cooperating objects as opposed to a traditional view in which a program may be seen as a collection of functions, or simply as a list of instructions to the computer(p99P3L1). 面向?qū)ο蟮某绦蚩梢钥醋鍪且粋€(gè)由相互合作的對(duì)象組成的集合，而傳

21、統(tǒng)的看法則被程序看成有許多函數(shù)組成的集合，或者簡(jiǎn)單的計(jì)算機(jī)指令集合。19Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingvcapable(p99P3L3) adj. If a person or thing is capable of doing something, they have the ability to do it. 有能力的 He appeared hardly capable of conducting a coherent conversation. 他看起來(lái)幾乎沒(méi)有能力進(jìn)行連貫的談話(huà)vcompetent adj. Someone who is comp

22、etent is efficient and effective. 有能力的 例： He was a loyal and very competent civil servant. 他是一個(gè)忠誠(chéng)、很有能力的公務(wù)員。20Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.1 Class A class should typically be recognizable to a non-programmer familiar with the problem domain, meaning that the characteri

23、stics of the class should make sense in context. Collectively, the properties and methods defined by a class are called members(p99RL4). 類(lèi)對(duì)于熟悉問(wèn)題域的非程序員來(lái)說(shuō)通常應(yīng)當(dāng)是可識(shí)別的，也就是說(shuō)，類(lèi)的特征在上下文中應(yīng)該是有意義的。共同地，由類(lèi)決定的屬性和動(dòng)作被稱(chēng)為成員。21Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.2 Object An object is a particula

24、r instance of a class. The set of values of the attributes of a particular object is called its state(p100Pr1.2). 一個(gè)對(duì)象就是類(lèi)的一個(gè)特定的實(shí)例。一個(gè)特定對(duì)象的一組屬性值稱(chēng)為它的狀態(tài)。v1.3 Method A method is an objects abilities(p100Pr1.3). 一個(gè)方法就是一個(gè)對(duì)象的能力。22Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.4 Inheritance Sub

25、classes inherit attributes and behaviors from their parent classes, and can introduce their own. When an object or class inherits its traits from more than one ancestor class, and neither of these ancestors is an ancestor of the other, then its called multiple inheritance(p100Pr1.4L3). 子類(lèi)從它們的父類(lèi)繼承了屬性

26、和動(dòng)作，并且可以引入它們自己的(屬性和動(dòng)作)。當(dāng)一個(gè)對(duì)象或者類(lèi)從不止一個(gè)祖先類(lèi)繼承特點(diǎn)，并且這些祖先類(lèi)相互并不是另一個(gè)的祖先，那么這就叫做多重繼承。23Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.5 Encapsulation Conceals the exact details of how a particular class works from objects that use its code or send massages to it(p100RL4). (封裝)向?qū)ο箅[藏了一個(gè)特定類(lèi)如何運(yùn)作的具體細(xì)節(jié)

27、。對(duì)象只是使用類(lèi)的編碼或者發(fā)消息給類(lèi)。24Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.6 Abstraction Simplifying complex reality by modeling classes appropriate to the problem, and working at the most appropriate level of inheritance for a given aspect of the problem(p101Pr1.6L1). 通過(guò)塑造對(duì)問(wèn)題合適的類(lèi)來(lái)簡(jiǎn)化復(fù)雜的現(xiàn)實(shí)，并且對(duì)

28、于特定方面的問(wèn)題選擇在最合適的繼承層工作。25Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv1. Fundamental conceptsv1.7 Polymorphism Polymorphism is behavior that varies depending on the class in which the behavior is invoked, that is, two or more classes can react differently to the same message(p101Pr1.7L1). 多態(tài)性是根據(jù)在不同類(lèi)被調(diào)用而產(chǎn)生不同的行為，也就是，多個(gè)類(lèi)可以對(duì)同樣的信息有不同的反應(yīng)。26Unit 2 Object-oriented Programmingv2. History Introduceobject IntroduceOOP Develop Increasingly popularvIntroduceobject Objects as programming entities were introduced in the 1960s in Simula 67(p101RP1L1). 對(duì)象作為編程實(shí)體在20世紀(jì)60年代引入Sim